2021版新高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) Module 6 Unexplained Mysteries of the Natural World學(xué)案 外研版必修4

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1、Module 6 Unexplained Mysteries of the Natural World 一、語基必備知識(shí) (一)重點(diǎn)詞匯——分類記憶 Ⅰ.閱讀詞匯——在不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞匯前劃√ monster n．　　　　　　 footprint n. creature n. grey adj. journal n. sighting n. mysterious adj. surface n. dive vi. sceptical adj. extinct adj. evolve vi. fierce adj. generous adj. unpre

2、dictable adj. border n. myth n. positive adj. Ⅱ.核心詞匯——寫其形 1．a(chǎn)ttack vt.　　　　　 襲擊；攻擊 2．sharp adj. 鋒利的；尖的 3．claim vt. 聲稱 4．calm adj. 平靜的 5．cover vt. 占地(多大面積) 6．reputation n. 名譽(yù)；名聲 7．indicate vt. 象征；暗示 8．identity n. 身份；特性 Ⅲ.拓展詞匯——通其變 1．fright n．害怕→frighten vt.使害怕→frighteni

3、ng adj.嚇人的→frightened adj.害怕的；受驚的 2．exist vi.存在→existence n．存在 3．unlikely adj.不可能的→likely adj.可能的 4．a(chǎn)dapt vi.適應(yīng)；適合→adaptation n．適應(yīng)；改編，改寫 5．disappear vi.不見；消失→appear vi.出現(xiàn)(反義詞) 6．destroy v．破壞→destruction n．毀壞→destructive adj.破壞性的 7．fortune n．運(yùn)氣；命運(yùn)；財(cái)富→fortunate adj.幸運(yùn)的→fortunately adv.幸運(yùn)地 1

4、.由calm所想到的 ①cool adj.　　 　　 冷靜的 ②quiet adj.　　 安靜的 ③still adj. 不動(dòng)的 ④silent adj. 沉默的 2.“五顏六色”大世界 ①grey　　　　　 灰色的 ②pink 粉色的 ③brown 褐色的 ④purple 紫色的 ⑤yellow 黃色的 3.fortune“一家人” ①misfortune n．　　　　 厄運(yùn) ②fortunate adj. 幸運(yùn)的 ③unfortunate adj. 不幸的 ④fortunately adv. 幸運(yùn)地 ⑤unfortu

5、nately adv. 不幸地 (二)重點(diǎn)短語——記牢用活 1．die__out　　　　　　　　　　　 滅絕 2．cut__off 阻擋；切斷 3．throw__light__on/upon 幫助弄清楚；闡明某事 4．come__straight__to__the__point 談?wù)}；開門見山 5．due__to 由于；因……造成 6．get__close__to 接近；靠近 7．stick__out 突出；伸出 8．a(chǎn)dapt__to 適應(yīng) 1．light相關(guān)短語薈萃 ①throw light on/upon　　 幫助弄清楚；闡明

6、某事；照亮 ②bring...to light 揭露；披露 ③come to light 為人所知 ④see the light 恍然大悟 2．“喜歡”短語集錦 ①go for　 　 選擇；喜歡　?、赽e fond of　愛好；喜愛 ③be keen on 熱衷于；喜愛 ④care for 關(guān)心；喜歡 ⑤go in for 愛好；喜歡 (三)重點(diǎn)句式——背熟巧用 句型公式 教材原句 句型1：動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式：to have done He claims to__have__seen a round black creature moving

7、 quickly through the water. 他聲稱看見一個(gè)黑黑的、圓圓的動(dòng)物在水中快速游動(dòng)。 句型2：be unlikely to do sth.做某事是不可能的 They say that the low-temperature lake is__unlikely__to__be__able__to__support such large living creatures. 他們說，水溫這樣低的湖泊不可能生存有體型如此巨大的動(dòng)物。 句型3：be＋of＋名詞 Other members of the royal family were allowed to wear

8、dragon symbols, too, but with fewer claws and of__a__different__colour. 也允許皇室的其他成員穿帶有龍標(biāo)志的袍子，但袍子上龍的爪子少了并且顏色也不同。 二、語境強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練 Ⅰ.語境填詞——根據(jù)提示寫出該詞的適當(dāng)形式 A．根據(jù)漢語提示寫出下列單詞 1．Jamie keeps having a positive(積極的) attitude and running after his goals. 2．The older a person is, the slower it will be for him to ada

9、pt(適應(yīng)) to changes. 3．He is a well-respected teacher and has won a good reputation(名聲) for all he has done for the kids. 4．Ms. Alice is considered a generous(慷慨的) lady by us, for she often helps the poor people. 5．In China, children are given lucky money in a red envelope to bring good fortune(運(yùn)氣)

10、 in the New Year. B．根據(jù)所給單詞寫出適當(dāng)形式 6．A huge amount of environmental damage has been brought about by the destruction(destroy) of the rainforests. 7．The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket covering(cover) the desert. 8．She didn’t really see her attacker(attack)． 9．This knife is hard to

11、cut something in two, and it needs sharpening(sharpen)． 10．Mrs.Green didn’t realise there was a gap existing(exist) between her and her son. Ⅱ.語境品詞——寫出加黑詞匯在語境中的意義 1．(2019·全國卷Ⅲ) When a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student.攻擊；抨擊 2．

12、(2019·全國卷Ⅰ) Does Kilimanjaro deserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace？聲譽(yù) 3．a(chǎn).(2019·江蘇卷) Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.鋒利的 b．(福建卷)Now

13、adays, there is a sharp increase in children’s creativity, for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents.(角度、變化等)急劇的；明顯的 Ⅲ.選詞成篇 stick out; be sceptical about; be related to; throw light on/upon; die out There exists a problem why so many species have 1.died__out. As for it, some scient

14、ists think it 2.is__related__to extreme climate change, while others 3.are__sceptical__about it. However, neither side can help 4.throw__light__on/upon the real reason. Hopefully, with the development of science and technology, the real reason will come to light. close to; come straight to the poin

15、t; cut off; go for; due to I like reading and 5.go__for travelling, because by travelling I can relax myself and get 6.close__to nature. Once I visited a mountainous village, which is almost 7.cut__off from the outside world. 8.Due__to the fact that the scenery there was amazingly beautiful, I stay

16、ed for almost a month. Ⅳ.完成語段 He 1.is__said__to__have__made__great__progress(據(jù)說取得了很大進(jìn)步) in the past weeks. As far as he is concerned, one who doesn’t work hard 2.is__unlikely__to__succeed(不可能成功). Therefore, 3.his__friends__of__different__kinds(他不同類型的朋友) are willing to learn from him. , exist　vi

17、.存在，生存，生活，繼續(xù)存在 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①You can’t imagine what difficulty they have existing on the little money he’s earning. ②(2019·北京卷)A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing(exist) relationships. ③(2019·江蘇卷) So scientists are trying their best to

18、save the species from going out of existence(exist). [能力提升]——完成句子 ④有一個(gè)解決現(xiàn)存的交通堵塞問題的好辦法。 There__exists a good solution to the existing traffic congestion problem. ⑤關(guān)于一開始宇宙是如何產(chǎn)生的，科學(xué)家們有多種論說。Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came__into__existence/came__into__being． (1)ex

19、ist in　　　　　　 在于…… exist on＝live on 靠……生存 There exist(s) ... 有…… (2)existence n. 存在；實(shí)有；生活；生活方式 come into existence 出現(xiàn)；產(chǎn)生 (3)existing adj. 現(xiàn)存的；現(xiàn)行的　 [名師點(diǎn)津] (1)exist只用作不及物動(dòng)詞，因此沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，且通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。 (2)There exist(s)．..表示“存在……，有……”， there不能換成it。 claim　v．聲稱；主張；認(rèn)領(lǐng)；索賠；(疾病，意外)奪去(生命)　n．聲明；聲稱

20、 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①So far nobody has__claimed(claim) the money discovered in the library. ②a.There are a number of products and technologies that claim to__provide(provide) these benefits. b．Fishermen and sailors claimed to__have__seen(see) monsters in the sea. [能力提升]——完成句子 ③據(jù)說幽默不僅影響病人的情緒，而且還有助

21、于病人快速康復(fù)。 It__is__claimed__that humor not only affects patients’ moods, but also helps them recover faster. (1)claim to do.../that...　 聲稱/主張做…… claim to have done sth. 聲稱做過某事 It is claimed that... 據(jù)說…… (2)make a claim for... 要求；對……提出賠償要求　 [佳句背誦] Earthquakes have claimed more than 1.6

22、million lives in the last hundred years. 在過去的100年中，地震奪去了超過160萬人的生命。 adapt　v．(使)適應(yīng)；改編 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①a.The movie that had been adapted for children was adapted from a novel. b．(江西卷)To all of you, fresh students, how to adapt yourselves to the new environment is the first thing that you have t

23、o face. ②a.I hold the firm belief that she will deal with the changes very well, because she is very adaptable(adapt)． b．Mike, Mary and I had a discussion about the adaptation(adapt) of the classic literature yesterday. [能力提升]——完成句子/句式升級 ③(普通表達(dá))The culture made__it__difficult__for__him__to__adap

24、t__to(使得他很難適應(yīng)) the new environment abroad. ④(高級表達(dá))It__was__the__culture__that__made__it__difficult__for__him__to__adapt__to__the__new__environment__abroad.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句) (1)adapt to　　　　　 適應(yīng) adapt oneself to(＝adjust oneself to) 使自己適應(yīng)…… (2)adapt...from... 根據(jù)……改編…… adapt...for... 改編……為……用 (3)a

25、daptable adj. 有適應(yīng)能力的；可修改的 adaptation n. 適應(yīng)；改編；改寫本　 [名師點(diǎn)津] 比較adapt和adopt apt適當(dāng)?shù)摹鷄dapt[根義](使)適合→[多義]①使適應(yīng)②改編，改寫 opt選擇→adopt[根義]選取→[多義]①采用②收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng) fortune　n．運(yùn)氣；命運(yùn)；財(cái)富 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①I had the good fortune to__be__chosen(choose) for a trip abroad. ②a.(北京卷)We are fortunate(fortune)that in suc

26、h a large, high-pressure office we all get along so well. b．(2018·全國卷Ⅱ)Fortunately(fortune), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner. [能力提升]——根據(jù)提示完成小片段 In the 1980s, Tom went to the south ③to__try__his__fortune(碰運(yùn)氣)．But he

27、 ④made__no__fortune(沒有發(fā)財(cái))．⑤It__was__fortunate(幸運(yùn)的是) that he met with a boss who fed pigs. With his help, Tom ⑥made__his__fortune(發(fā)財(cái)) later by feeding pigs. (1)make a fortune　　　　　 發(fā)財(cái) seek one’s fortune 尋找出路 try one’s fortune 碰運(yùn)氣 (2)fortunate adj. 幸運(yùn)的，運(yùn)氣好的 be fortunate in doing/to do sth

28、. 有幸做某事 (3)fortunately adv. 幸運(yùn)地　 [名師點(diǎn)津] fortune作“機(jī)會(huì)，運(yùn)氣”講時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞；作“財(cái)產(chǎn)”講時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞。 due to　因?yàn)?；?yīng)支付；歸功于 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①(2018·江蘇卷)Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong investment. ②Any money that is due to you will be paid before the end of the month. ③a.The

29、English version of the novel is due to be__published(publish) next year. b．The bus should have arrived at 5 p．m., but it arrived one hour late due to being__held(hold) up by the heavy fog. [能力提升]——詞匯升級 ④(普通表達(dá))Because of my English teacher’s help, my English scores are always on the top of my clas

30、s. (陜西卷) (高級表達(dá))Due__to/Thanks__to my English teacher’s help, my English scores are always on the top of my class. be due to sb.　　　　 應(yīng)付給某人；歸因于某人 be due to do sth. 預(yù)定/預(yù)期做某事　 [佳句背誦] The meeting was due to start at 4, however, it had to be put off to 5 due to bad weather.　會(huì)議預(yù)計(jì)4點(diǎn)開始，然而，由于惡劣的天氣不得不

31、推遲到5點(diǎn)。 [名師點(diǎn)津] (1)當(dāng)due to意為“由于；因……造成；應(yīng)給予”時(shí)，其中的to是介詞，并且在句中常常作表語或狀語；當(dāng)due to意為“即將/預(yù)期做……”時(shí)后接不定式。 (2) 表示原因的介詞短語有：due to, because of, on account of, owing to, thanks to, as a result of等。 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式 (教材原句)He claims to have seen a round black creature moving quickly through the water. 他聲稱看見一個(gè)黑黑的、圓圓的動(dòng)物在

32、水中快速游動(dòng)。 [基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)]——單句語法填空 ①(福建卷)To learn more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to__take(take) Chinese folk music as an elective course. ②(陜西卷)Marco Polo is said to__have__sailed(sail) on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. ③The boy pretended to__be__concentrating(

33、concentrate) on his lesson, but in fact his mind was wandering. [能力提升]——完成句子 ④(全國卷Ⅲ)我非常抱歉，給你帶來這么多不便。 I’m terribly sorry to__have__caused__so__much__inconvenience__to__you． (1)不定式的一般式為to do，表示動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同一時(shí)間發(fā)生或動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。 (2)不定式的進(jìn)行式為to be doing，表示動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同一時(shí)間發(fā)生，并且動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 (3)

34、不定式的完成式為to have done，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前?！? [佳句背誦] She is proud to have taken part in competitions and to have broken a record. 她對自己參加比賽并打破了紀(jì)錄感到自豪。 維度一　在空白處填入括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式 1．He said they did not want war with anyone, but if attacked(attack) they would fight to the death. 2．The bell indicating(i

35、ndicate) the end of the class rang, which interrupted our heated discussion. 3．The university, covering(cover) an area of 100 square kilometers, is surrounded with trees and flowers. 4．The police seem to__have__found(find) the new evidence of his crime, which made him very worried. 5．If a nuclea

36、r war ever breaks out, many people will be unlikely to__survive(survive)． 維度二　在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~ 1．(福建卷)The water shortage is severe mainly due to global warming, environmental pollution and the ever-increasing population. 2．Since Mr.Smith took over the firm last month, he has adapted to the busy sche

37、dule. 3．There’s no point in beating around the bush. Let’s come straight to the point. 4．The telephone operator cut us off before we had finished our conversation. 5．Although Jack has made good preparations for the match, he is still sceptical about his chance of winning. 維度三　派生詞練習(xí) 1．To his fri

38、ght,__the frightening scene frightened the other frightened children into crying. (frighten) 2．Fortunately,__he came to the new island safely. It was also fortunate for him to make his fortune here. (fortune) 3．People destroy forests and rivers for their own benefit. Their destructive activities a

39、re likely to cause the destruction of the earth. (destroy) 4．There exists an old hospital at the corner, but no one knows when it came into existence．(exist) 5．It’s easy to identify the victim but its identity is kept secret.(identity) 維度四　完成句子/句型轉(zhuǎn)換 1．當(dāng)你去外國時(shí)，你必須使自己適應(yīng)新的習(xí)俗。(adapt) When you go to

40、a foreign country, you must adapt__yourself__to__new__customs． 2．目前有一個(gè)解決現(xiàn)存問題的好辦法。(exist) There__exists__a__good__way__to__solve__the__existing__problem at present. 3．這項(xiàng)工程由于缺乏資金而不得不放棄。(due to) The project had to be abandoned due__to__a__lack__of__money． 4．It’s said that the book has been transla

41、ted into several foreign languages. →The book is said to__have__been__translated into several foreign languages. 提能一　語段填空(短文中黑體部分為本模塊核心知識(shí)點(diǎn)，請補(bǔ)全短文，并背誦體會(huì)黑體部分用法) The 1.existence(exist) of rare animals is believed to have made our world lively and 2.colorful(color). However, some research 3.indica

42、tes(indicate) that some animals are dying 4.out. In my opinion, they go extinct mainly not only because they 5.are__attacked(attack), 6.but also because they can’t adapt 7.to the changing environment which is due to human activities. As we all know, many hunters exist on 8.hunting(hunt) animals and

43、even destroy their habitats9.to__make(make) a fortune. Now, to our relief, the government claims 10.to__have__taken(take) effective measures to protect the animals. 提能二　話題寫作(用本模塊詞匯、句式和語法知識(shí)寫滿分作文) 百慕大三角神秘莫測，關(guān)于它的傳說數(shù)不勝數(shù)。請你按以下寫作要點(diǎn)介紹一個(gè)神秘事件：①1981年一艘載有6名水手的船在百慕大三角神秘消失；②8年后這艘船在同一地方再次出現(xiàn)；③無人能解釋原因。 1．補(bǔ)全要點(diǎn)句(黑

44、體部分請用本模塊所學(xué)詞匯) ①百慕大三角是世界上最變化莫測的地方之一，有許多關(guān)于百慕大三角的神秘事件。 There__have__existed__many__mysteries in Bermuda Triangle, one of the__most__unpredictable__places in the world. ②1981年，一艘載有6名水手的船在經(jīng)過百慕大三角時(shí)突然消失了，這使得人們很害怕。 In 1981, a boat with six sailors disappeared__suddenly when passing the Bermuda Triangle,

45、 and it made__people__frightened． ③每個(gè)人都懷疑他們是否有幸活著。 Everyone was__sceptical__whether__they__were__fortunate__to__be__alive． ④八年后這艘船在同一個(gè)地方再次出現(xiàn)，船上的6名水手仍然活著。 The boat appeared__a__second__time eight years later in the same spot, with all the six sailors alive on board. ⑤他們聲稱他們不可能曾經(jīng)失蹤，因?yàn)閷τ谒麄兌?，八年只是?/p>

46、會(huì)兒。 They claimed__that__they__were__unlikely__to__have__been__lost,__because to them, eight years was just a moment. ⑥直到現(xiàn)在沒有任何證據(jù)能幫助弄清楚這個(gè)謎。 No evidence has__thrown__light__on__the__mystery so far. 2．升級平淡句 ⑦用非限制性定語從句升級句② In__1981,__a__boat__with__six__sailors__disappeared__suddenly__when__pass

47、ing__the__Bermuda__Triangle,__which__made__people__frightened. ⑧用主語從句升級句⑤ It__is__claimed__that__they__were__unlikely__to__have__been__lost,__because__to__them,__eight__years__was__just__a__moment. 3．銜接成美文(注意用適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡銜接詞匯：surprisingly) _______________________________________________________________

48、_________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ One possible version： There have existed many mysteries in Bermuda Triangle, one of the most unpredictable places in the world. In 1981, a

49、boat with six sailors disappeared suddenly when passing the Bermuda Triangle, which made people frightened. Everyone was sceptical whether they were fortunate to be alive. Surprisingly, the boat appeared a second time eight years later in the same spot, with all the six sailors alive on board. It is

50、 claimed that they were unlikely to have been lost, because to them, eight years was just a moment. No evidence has thrown light on the mystery so far. (建議用時(shí)：40分鐘) Ⅰ.閱讀理解 A (2020·武漢調(diào)研) The boy sat on his chair, with his hands above the keyboard. He thought about what to write. He recall

51、ed that the competition deadline was merely a week away. But he still had not even started on his piece. He looked at the brochure again. “WRITING COMPETITION！” the title read. His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition, and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holid

52、ays. As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts, he realized how hopeless his task of winning was. Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories. He had little imagination, and unfortunately, imagination was the key to writing. Suddenly, he had a brainwave. This time, he came up w

53、ith an original and imaginative story. The words shot towards him like a storm of leaves. Words were coming easily, flowing through him, faster than he could type. He typed faster than he ever had before. He continued to type, amazed how easy writing this story was. The boy could not stop writing.

54、He looked at the word count and saw the number “248” staring right back at him. He was not even halfway yet. Then he heard his mother’s call of saying time for bed. He continued writing the piece, ignoring her. He had to make up for the time he had lost in thinking about a topic to write. Finally,

55、 he finished. The word count now read “498”． “Perfect，” he thought, “just under the word limit.” He knew this was the story that would win. He went to the website and searched for the competition. He found the page but there was no “Enter” button. Confused, he then reread the page again. It read

56、COMPETITION CLOSED. 【解題導(dǎo)語】　本文是一篇記敘文。小男孩坐在電腦前，冥思苦想地進(jìn)行寫作。他參加的是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫作比賽，可是怎么也想不出寫作主題。好一會(huì)兒后，他茅塞頓開，快速敲擊鍵盤，可是等到他寫好文章準(zhǔn)備提交時(shí)，頁面上卻顯示“COMPETITION CLOSED”。 1．What caused the boy to take part in the writing competition? A．A new computer.　　　B．The prize money. C．His own interest. D．His mom’s encouragement. D　

57、解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段尾句“His mom had encouraged him to enter the writing competition, and now he was taking it on as his personal task for the holidays.”可知，他的媽媽鼓勵(lì)他參加寫作比賽，現(xiàn)在他把寫作作為假期的個(gè)人任務(wù)；據(jù)此可知，他參加寫作比賽是他媽媽鼓勵(lì)的，故D項(xiàng)正確。 2．How did the boy finish his earlier writing? A．His mom helped him. B．He copied others’ idea

58、s. C．His friends assisted him. D．He used his imagination. B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Every story he ever wrote was based on other stories.”可知，他之前寫的每一個(gè)故事都是以其他故事為基礎(chǔ)；據(jù)此可知，以前寫作時(shí)，他總是仿照別人的故事寫，故B項(xiàng)正確。 3．Why did the boy delay his writing? A．Because he was terribly lazy. B．Because he didn’t know what to write.

59、 C．Because he wasn’t confident. D．Because he read too many stories. B　解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“He thought about what to write.”及第三段的內(nèi)容“As the boy reflected on his previous writing efforts, he realized how hopeless his task of winning was...He had little imagination, and unfortunately, imagination was the

60、 key to writing.”及倒數(shù)第五段尾句“He had to...write.”可知，想象力是寫作的關(guān)鍵，而他又缺乏想象力；另外，由于他不知道寫什么，所以他延誤了寫作時(shí)間，故B項(xiàng)正確。 4．Which might be the maximum word limit for each entry? A．100. B．250. C．500. D．1，000. C　解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第七段“Finally, he finished. The word count now read ‘498’．”可知，他寫了498個(gè)詞，終于完成了；結(jié)合第八段第一句“‘Perfect，’ he t

61、hought，‘just under the word limit.’”可知，他認(rèn)為太完美了，剛好低于限定的詞數(shù)；據(jù)此可以判斷，文章的最高限定詞數(shù)可能為500，故C項(xiàng)正確。 B (2020·南昌重點(diǎn)中學(xué)段考) Learning New Vocabulary During Deep Sleep Sleeping time is sometimes considered unproductive time.This raises the question whether the time spent during sleeping could be used more productive

62、ly, e．g. for learning a new language. Sleep research to date focused on the stabilization and strengthening of memories that had been formed during previous wakefulness. However, learning during sleep has rarely been examined. There is considerable evidence for wake-learned information undergoing re

63、vision by a replay in the sleeping brain. The replay during sleep strengthens the still weak memory traces and embeds(嵌入) the newly acquired information in the pre-existing store of knowledge. If the replay during sleep improves the storage of wake-learned information, then first-play, i. e. the in

64、itial processing of new information, should also be possible during sleep. The research group of Katharina Henke examined whether a sleeping person is able to form new semantic associations between played foreign words and translation words during the brain cells’ active states, the so-called “Up-s

65、tates”. It turned out to be that what they thought was reasonable. When we reach deep sleep stages, our brain cells progressively coordinate their activity. During deep sleep, the brain cells are commonly active for a brief period of time before they jointly enter into a state of brief inactivity. T

66、he active state is called “Up-state” and the inactive state “Down-state”. The two states alternate(交替) about every half-second. New evidence for sleep-learning challenges current theories of sleep and theories of memory. The concept of sleep as an encapsulated(被概括的) mental state, in which we are separated from the physical environment is no longer reasonable. “We could disprove that complex learning be impossible during deep sleep，” says Simon Ruch, co-first-author. “In how far and with what co