2020高考英語 最后30天語法精講 從句

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1、2020;2020高考英語 最后30天語法精講 從句 從句的基本構(gòu)成形式 一、（引導(dǎo)從句的）關(guān)聯(lián)詞 + 陳述句 常見的關(guān)聯(lián)詞： 1、引導(dǎo)多種從句的常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞： what , when, where, who, which, why, how, that, as, since, whether, which, whatever, whenever, if, etc. 2、引導(dǎo)一種從句（常為狀語從句）的常見關(guān)聯(lián)詞： until, till, after, before, than, so long as, as far as, as soon as, t

2、he moment, every time, each time, as if, now that, even if(thought), by the time, in order that, as…as, once, in case, immediately, how long, etc. 二、主語從句 主語從句三要素： 1、關(guān)聯(lián)詞不能省略 2、謂語動詞用單數(shù) 3、從句用陳述語序 常見引導(dǎo)詞 what, when, where，which, who, that，whether, how ，whatever, whoever Wheth

3、er it will do us harm or good remains to be seen. I don’t think that whatever happens is right. Is what you told me really true? NOTICE: What we need most are books. 三、表語從句 1、關(guān)聯(lián)詞不能省略 2、從句用陳述語序 常見引導(dǎo)詞 what, when, where, why, whether, how, that, because, which, What surprised m

4、e most was that he spoke English so well. The question is how what you’ve said can be put into practice. The reason (why ) he didn’t come is that he was ill. It (This , That) is because iron contains more carbon than steel. 四、同位語從句 1、關(guān)聯(lián)詞不能省略 2、從句用陳述語序 從句的名詞后接同位語 fact, idea, wor

5、d，promise, saying，problem, news 常見引導(dǎo)詞 that, whether, where, how, etc. The facts that he succeeded in the experiment pleased us. An idea came to her that she might do that in another way. Scientists have argued over the problem whether there is life on other planets. 五、賓語從句 1.從句用陳述語

6、序 Parents generally buy whichever books their children want. Free movie tickets will be given to whoever comes first. I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say. I once read that “The beauty of life is its changes “ and that “The art of life lies in a constant readjustmen

7、t(適應(yīng)）to our surroundings.” Sleep-teaching will only hammer into(強(qiáng)硬灌輸）your head what you have studied already while you are awake. 2 . it可做形式賓語代替飽雨從句 We all thought it a pity that he didn’t come. 六、名詞性從句的綜合問題 １、whether if If 只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句，不能引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句 The question is whether it is

8、worth doing ２、which ,what 不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句 ３、whatever, whichever, whoever可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，“一切，任何，無論” Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. Whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help. Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to se you. 七、What-clause 1、what = something that /which

9、（即含“內(nèi)容”） 2、可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句 3、在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語 Show me what you have written. He is not what he was a few years ago. FIU has opened (that ) what it says is the first computer art in the US. What matters most is good health. What money I have has been given to you. 4.引導(dǎo)插入語 He is handsome,

10、 and what is more, very rich, _____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. A. It B. This C. What D. As （08山東）C 此題考查主語從句連詞的選擇。此題的關(guān)鍵在于看出she told me是插入語，從結(jié)構(gòu)上不影響整個句子的表達(dá)。根據(jù)題意“她告訴我，對她來說最重要的是她的家庭”可知，第二個was 是整個句子的謂語動詞。所選詞須是連詞用來引導(dǎo)主語從句。故可排除A,B。as不能引導(dǎo)主語從句，也可排除。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句在從句中做主

11、語。 八、狀語從句 狀語從句 引導(dǎo)從句的連詞 　備　　注 時(shí)間 after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as long as, as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when, No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…) hardly, no sooner在句首，引導(dǎo)的從句 要部分倒裝． since引導(dǎo)的從句注意看啟動詞是否是 　瞬間動詞還是延續(xù)性動詞． whe

12、n 引導(dǎo)的從句注意其特殊用法． 一些名詞也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句． 地點(diǎn) where , wherever 后者表示強(qiáng)調(diào)． 方式 as, as if, as though, as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句多在句首． 原因 because, since, as, now (that) 語氣一個比一個弱．for可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，但它只能位于句末． 結(jié)果 so …that, 　　such (a)… that, so that, 　　　that so…that中的so在句首，主句要部分倒裝． 目的 so that, in order that, that,

13、 so, so that 使用最普遍． 條件 if , unless, in case , as long as, 注意分清if從句中是否該用虛擬語氣． 讓步 though, although, even if, even though, as, in spite of the fact, while, no matter wh- , as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句要倒裝． 　 常 見 引 導(dǎo) 詞: 時(shí)間 when, while, as, as soon as, whenever, after, before, until, till, once,

14、 since, by the time, the moment 地點(diǎn) where, wherever, anywhere 原因 because, as, since, now that 條件 if, as / so long as, unless, on condition (that) 方式 as, in the way (that), as if 讓步 though, although, as, even if, no matter when / how / where 比較 than, as…as 目的，結(jié)果 so…that,

15、 in order that 1. when; while; as; whenever ◇ when 從句 ∣ ● ———— （● 點(diǎn)動作，瞬間動作） ————∣———————————— 主句 ∣ ● ———— （—— 段動作，延續(xù)動作） I’ll speak to him when he arrives. When (While , As) he stayed there, he began to study German. ◇ while 從句 ∣ ——

16、—— ————∣———————————— 主句 ∣ ● ———— While (When) we were in Paris, we saw him twice. The doorbell rang while (when) we were watching TV. ◇ as 從句 ∣ ———— ————∣—————————— (多表示主從句動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行) 主句 ∣ ———— She sang as she did her homework. As his brother was going out, it bega

17、n to rain. ◇ whenever(無論何時(shí)） Whenever you (may) call(看她), you’ll find her sitting by the window. ★ when表示并列(just at that time)，用在句子中部 I am going out (I am about to go out) when the phone rings. ★ 兩個短動作同時(shí)發(fā)生用as，或 just as，有時(shí)也用 when，長動作同時(shí)發(fā)生用 while I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. H

18、e stood quietly while the guards searched his clothes. ★ while 可表示對比轉(zhuǎn)折 She is in red while her sister is in yellow. ★ while 還可表示“趁......時(shí)” We should go and look at the monkeys while they are still there. ★ while 表示“盡管，雖然”（多放在句首） While they are my neighbours, I don’t know the well. ★ while 表示“

19、只要” While there is life ther is hope. ★ as 表示兩種發(fā)展或變化的情況，“隨著......” As it grew, it became loder. ★ when 引導(dǎo)的從句，用一般時(shí)態(tài)表示未來的事情 Come to me when you like. 2. till (until); not …till(until) 1).肯定 主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)動詞,表達(dá)動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)“到……為止”（即：主句動作或狀態(tài)到until或 till表達(dá)的時(shí)間結(jié)束） 從句 ∣ until / till ————∣———

20、—————∣—— 主句 ∣ ----→∣（結(jié)束） We’ll stay here till it stops raining. 2).否定 主句謂語動詞是短暫動詞,表達(dá)動作或狀態(tài)“直到……才開始”（即：主句動作或狀態(tài)到until或till表達(dá)的時(shí)間才開始做 從句 ∣ until / till ————∣—————∣———— 主句 ∣ （開始）∣-→ He didn’t leave the office until his boss came. 倒裝： Not until he saw his mother did the li

21、ttle boy smile. 強(qiáng)調(diào)： It was not until he say his mother that the boy smiled. 3．by the time, next time，every time, each time， the day, the week，etc. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. The day he returned , his father was already dead. they arrived, we had already left.

22、 By the time they arrive, we will have already left. 4．a(chǎn)s soon as, the moment, on doing, no sooner…than , hardly…when As soon as I saw him I knew there was no hope → The moment (that) I saw him I knew there was no hope. → On seeing him I knew there was no hope. → No sooner had I see

23、n him than I knew there was no hope. 5. where, wherever A driver should slow down where there are schools. 對比: He will work in the factory where we need hm most. (定從) He will work where we need him most. （狀從） （定語從句前必有被修飾的地點(diǎn)名詞，而狀語從句前沒有） Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself

24、at home. 6. because, for， as , since ◇ because 表示產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的直接的必然的原因； ◇ for 用來補(bǔ)充說明理由，不放在句首，“倒果為因” because the sun has risen. The day breaks for the birds are singsing. Because it rained last night,the ground is wet this morning. It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. ◇

25、 since 原因是人們已知的，以既知事實(shí)說明理由“既然……就” Since you can’t answer the question,we’d better ask someone else. ◇as 原因、理由比較明顯，語氣比較弱，“由于……” As I am ill, I won't go. 介詞表示因果: We had an accident because of his carelessness. We had an accident due to his carelessness. （由于、歸于） Owing to his carelessness we

26、had an accident. (由于) Thanks to John’s kind help, we finished early. 7. so that,so as to do ; in order that, in order to do （目的） We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view. We climbed high so as to get a better view. I spoke slowly in order that the audience could understand me

27、. I spoke slowly in order for the audience to understand me. get a better view, we climbed. A. In order B.In order to C.So as D.So as to 8. so …that, such…that, such that （結(jié)果） The house is so expensive This is such an expensive house This is so expensive a house that

28、I can’t afford to buy it. So expensive is the house Such an expensive house is this 比較 so as to do sth: “以便”，表示目的； so/such…as to do sth: “如此…以致于”，表示結(jié)果； Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. He was so foolish as to believe her. He was such a fool as to believe her. 9.though,altho

29、ugh,as, 1) 句首常用although，而though較為普遍 2）though, as可以倒裝 Young as(though) he is,he is knowledgeable. Try as(though) he might,he couldn’t get out. 3）though: 可用在句尾，表示“然而” It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. 4) 介詞表示讓步 (in spite of, despite) In spite of the heavy rain, she went to the shop. 5)

30、 although /though 不和 but連用，但可用yet/still 10 . than等 表示倍數(shù) longer than A is three times as long as than B. the length of ◇ no more…than You are no taller than he. = You are not tall and he is not tall, either. 11．if so, if not, if only 1)if so 用來代替完整的句子 Have you

31、 got a free evening next week? If so,let’s have dinner. 2)if not用來代替完整的句子 Is anybody feeling cold? If not, let’s open the window. 3)if only后常用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)，可以表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的愿望或遺憾 If only I knew what you wanted ! If only you hadn’t told him what I said,everything would have been all right. 12.as soon a

32、s, as(so) far as, as long as, as well as 各有兩種情況 ◇ as soon as ① Finish it as soon as you can (possible). ② The students were quiet as soon as the teacher came in ◇ as (so) far as ① You’d better walk as far as the foot of the hill. （遠(yuǎn)至） ② As far as I know, he is a good doctor. （就……而言） ◇ as

33、(so) long as ① You can stay as long as you like. （長達(dá)） ② So long as you need me, I’ll stay. （只要） ◇ as well as ① She cooks as well as her mother (does). （一樣好） ② She sings as well we he plays. （不但彈得好而且唱得好） She sings as well as playing the piano. （重點(diǎn)在前面） 13.狀語從句的其它幾個問題： 1）省略： ◇

34、主從句主語一致時(shí)； ◇ 從句主謂語是it is(was)時(shí)； ◇ 常用詞：when, while, if, until, after, until, although, than, etc. ◇ 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：從屬連詞＋adj. /n. / -ing/ -ed When a student in the university,he read a lot. Though tired, he wouldn’t stop working. Since coming to Paris,I have made many new friends. If not necessary, you’d

35、 better leave tomorrow . 2）in case ◇萬一......的話，在......的情況下； ◇以防，免得 In case anything important happens, please call me up. Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting. 3) no matter what (who, when, where...) 引導(dǎo)狀語從句，可相當(dāng)于whatever, whoever, whenever…，但前者不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 No matter what happened,he

36、 would not say a word. She was going to be a singer no matter what difficulties she met. No matter what you do don’t touch the switch. I’ve decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what. Talk to me about whatever is troubling you . Whatever she says goes. I’ll just say whatever comes into my head.

37、 After all, whatever her faults ( are, 省略), she’s Tommy’s mother. Use the simple whenever (it’s) possible. While she did most of the cooking, her daughter was of some help, however small. 九、定語從句 1.總論 定語從句在句中使用頻率非常高，它分為限制性或非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句上用來修飾人物事物，它與所修飾的名詞或名詞詞組不可分割，非限制性定語從句是用來對修飾的人或物作補(bǔ)充說明。

38、 定語從句的關(guān)鍵是：①引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞；②被定語從句所修飾的先行詞 。 關(guān)聯(lián)詞的三要素：①引導(dǎo)功能（引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主從句）；②替代功能（代表所修飾的先行詞）；③成分功能（在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分） 2.關(guān)系代詞： that which who whom whose as ① 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作主語，此時(shí)，從句謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和先行詞一致。 He does’t like the book which (that) is very thick. (He doesn’t like he book. It is very thic

39、k.) ② 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作賓語，此時(shí)，從句中要注意不要重復(fù)賓語，而且which, that, who, whom還可以省略. The letter (which, that) I received was from Miss Li. (The letter was from Miss Li. I received it.) He is the man (who,whom) we met in the hotel. (He is the man. We met him in the hotel.) ③ 關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作定語，whose可指人

40、也可指物. I haven’t met Mr Li,whose son is my teacher now. (I haven’t met Mr Li. His son is my teacher now.) The computer whose CPU doesn’t wok has to be repaired. (The computer has to be repaired. Its CPU doesn’t work.) 3.關(guān)系副詞 when where why 它們引導(dǎo)定語從句并在從句中作狀語 when = in / on / at

41、+ which (時(shí)間) where = in / on / at + which (地點(diǎn)) why = for which (原因) 比較: This is the day that I’ll never forget. This is the day when (on which) we met (him). (This is the day. We met on that day.) We’ll go to the factory that you visited. We’ll go to the factory where (in

42、 which) he works. (We’ll go to the factory. He works there.) We don’t know the reason why (that) he fell ill. 4.which, that的區(qū)別 ① that 可指人或物，which只能指物 I'll never forget the persons and the school that I saw. ② 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)，用that This is the longest pencil (that) I have ever seen. ③ 先行詞

43、是all , little, -thing, 或者被all, no, every,little,only等修飾時(shí)，用that That’s all (that) I want to say. ④ which 可以引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，而that不可以 The book is red, which surprises me, ⑤ that前不加介詞 This is the house in which he lives. (that he lives in) 5.帶介詞的定語從句 ① 介詞通常放在which, whom之前 Is this the factory in whic

44、h you work? NOTICE: ⑴ 含介詞的短語動詞，介詞不提前 That’s the boy you are looking for. ⑵ 非限制性定語從句中，介詞一般提前 The man, about whom we had heard, was here yesterday. ② n. (pron.) + of which / whom The persons, most of whom were students, enjoyed the play. There are pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which (of w

45、hich the largest) is the Great Pyramid. ③ 復(fù)雜介詞 + which / whom（通常倒裝） They stayed in a big hotel, in front of which was a garden. He came to a house, on the door of which was a plate. 6. as作關(guān)系代詞 ① 可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作主語、賓語和表語，從句既可以放在句首也可以放在句子后部。“正如……”，“象……（一樣的）” He was strongly against the plan as

46、could be expected. As everybody can see, he has done what he should do. ② such (…) as , the same (…) as I have the same trouble as you (have). My hometown is no longer the same as it was. Such views as he has mentioned should be discussed. ③ 比較練習(xí)：so…as ; so…that; such (…) as; such(…)

47、 that ⑴Here is so big a stone (such a big stone) no one can lift. ( no one can lift it. ⑵The instrument is not I saw on the exhibition. ⑶The weather was I couldn’t go out. ⑷She isn’t such a careless student you think she is. (KEY: ⑴as (that) ⑵such as ⑶such that ⑷as ) 7.其它 ① 插入語: He ran from the station which I thought was impossible. ( which, I thought, was…) ② 并列主從句，兩個或多個定語從句由and, but, or連接，共同修飾一個詞 I’m talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, and who make life worth living.