工作安全 Workplace Safety
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1、工作安全 Workplace Safety Part 1 LISA CULLEN for years worked as a corporate safety and health manager. She was so distressed by what she saw that she quit her job and vowed to write a book,now published as A Job to Die For : Why So Many Americans Are Killed, Injured or Made 111 at Work and What
2、 To Do About It, about what is wrong in the U. S. workplace. 利薩.卡倫多年從事公司安全和健康管理者的工作。她所看到的讓她很悲傷,以至于放棄了工作發(fā)誓要寫一本書,現(xiàn)在這本書出版了,即《為之獻身 的工作》:為什么那么多的美國人在工作中失去了生命,受傷或生病?如何解決這個問題?美國人的工作地點有什么不對? (A = Interviewer B = Lisa Cullen) (甲=記者 乙=麗莎.卡倫) A: Why did you write A Job to Die For? 甲:你為什么寫《為之獻身
3、的工作》這本書? B: As a nation, our occupational injury and illness rate rivals that of AIDS, Alzheimer’s,certain types of cancers. There is very little research on it. There is very little public awareness of it. There is very little investigative journalism about corporate behavior as to worker protec
4、tion. 乙:作為一個國家,我們的職業(yè)傷病率可以匹敵艾滋病,阿茲海默癥(老人癡呆癥)及某些癌癥。對此卻少有研究。公眾對此也少有意識。新聞業(yè)也很少調(diào)查公司保護工人的行為。 A; How many people die in the United States from work-related injuries? 甲:在美國,有多少人死于與工作相關(guān)的傷害? B: The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that only 16 workers die a day from work-related injuries. The 18 num
5、ber I rely on is based on a study that was done by a team of experts headed by J. Paul Leigh and originally released in 1997. 乙:美國勞動統(tǒng)計局說每天只有16名工人死于與工作相關(guān)的傷害。我信賴的數(shù)字是18,這個數(shù)字的依據(jù)是以保羅?利為首的一個專家小組所作的一個研究,結(jié)果最早公布于1997年。 A: These numbers are way down from 30 years ago. Are safety programs working? 甲:這
6、些數(shù)字是三十年前的。安全規(guī)劃起作用嗎? B: Well, many companies do have good safety programs. But compared to 30 years ago, we don’t know the trend. Occupational diseases are poorly detected and tracked. Also, while the overall Bureau of Labor Statistics injury rates are going down, the injury rates have increased f
7、or women, miners and Hispanic workers and within certain industries. 乙:嗯,很多公司確實有很好的安全規(guī)劃。但是跟30年前相比,我們不知道發(fā)展趨勢。職業(yè)病無法偵察和跟蹤。而且,在美國勞動統(tǒng)計局總體的傷害 率在下降的同時,對婦女,礦工,具有拉丁美洲或西班牙血統(tǒng)的美國人以及某些行業(yè)人員的傷害率提髙了。 A: One hundred and sixty five die every day from occupational diseases, 18 die every day from work-related inj
8、uries,36,400 suffer non-fa tai injuries, and 3,200 get ill from occupational diseases, every day. You say that all of these cost $ 155 billion a year. 甲:每天有165人死于職業(yè)病,18人死于與工作相關(guān)的傷害,36,400人遭受非致命性傷害的折磨,3,200人因職業(yè)病倒下。你說這些每年要花費一千五百五十億美元。 B: Yes, according to the Leigh team. Another study put out jus
9、t this year by Liberty Mutual — the nation’s largest workers’ compensation carrier — puts that number at between $ 160 billion and $ 240 billion a year. These are direct and indirect costs. These do not include pain and suffering. These are also only the costs businesses are covering, not those paid
10、 directly by the injured or ill workers. 乙:那是根據(jù)利的研究。今年由美國利寶(美國最大的工人賠償航母)進行的另一項研究得出的數(shù)字是每年一千六百億美元到兩千四百億美元。這些是直接和間接的花費不包括疼痛和遭受的痛苦。這些還只是企業(yè)支出的花費,不是由受傷人員或生病的工人們所直接支付的花費 Part 2 A: Since the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created in 1970,the death rates from injuries in
11、the United States have gone down. 甲:自從1970年建立職業(yè)安全與健康管理局以后,美國的因傷死亡率就下降了。 B: OSHA has been successful on many different fronts. But OSHA has been so poorly supported by Congress and by the public; With their current budget and staffing — there are 2,238 federal and state OSHA inspectors for 8 mi
12、llion workplaces — it would take OSHA 119 years to inspect every work place. It is just not possible. Now, I don’t think we would want an OSHA that is capable of going out and physically inspecting every workplace. We need employers to run their workplaces in a safe and healthy manner to begin with.
13、 乙:職業(yè)安全與健康管理局在很多方面都很成功。但是卻沒有從議會和公眾那里獲得多少支持。以他們現(xiàn)有的預(yù)算和員工(現(xiàn)在共有2,238名聯(lián)邦 和州的職業(yè)安全與健康管理檢察員,檢查八百萬工作場所),職業(yè)安全與健康管理局要花119年才能查遍每一個工作場所。這是不可能的。 A: How frequently are criminal penalties imposed for employers exposing their workers to dangerous conditions? 甲:雇主讓工人進行危險作業(yè)會被刑事處罰,這種事情多嗎? B: I was looking r
14、ecently to find out how many people actually received jail time for willful OSHA violations. I couldn’t find one. I don,t know if anybody has served any serious jail time for a workplace fatality. 乙:最近我在查有多少人由于故意違反職業(yè)安全與健康管理局條例而真正受到入獄的處罰,一起案例也沒找到。我不知道是否有人由于工地死亡事件而人獄脤刑。 A: You worked with compan
15、ies as a safety officer. Why can’t companies by themselves assure a safe workplace? 甲:你曾經(jīng)是公司的安全官員。為什么公司不能確保安全生產(chǎn)呢? B: Many can and many do. Many want to keep their workers safe and healthy. But as with anything, there are those that need more pressure to do things the right way. Sometimes it co
16、sts money. The threat of an inspection or a penalty helps push some employers — who may choose to take a short cut — to do the right thing. 乙:很多公司都能做到并且很多公司也做了。很多公司想保證工人的安全和健康。但是和其他事情一樣,有些公司需要更多的壓力才能做正確的事。 有時這需要錢。檢查或懲罰的壓力就是要推動這些想選擇捷徑的雇主們做正確的事情。 A: Do the majority of employers want to do the ri
17、ght thing? 甲:大多數(shù)的雇主想做正確的事情嗎? B: I would hope so, yes. 乙:是的,我希望如此。 A: They know that a strong OSHA helps them do the right thing. .Why don’t the businesses organize to give OSHA a little more muscle? 甲:他們知道強有力的職業(yè)安全與健康管理局能幫助他們做正確的事情。為什么企業(yè)們不組織起來,給職業(yè)安全與健康管理局更多一點的權(quán)利呢? B: They do the opp
18、osite, A company will protect their workers to the point that they know it is necessary. They don,t want to lose people and incur replacement costs, training new staff, lost productivity. But there are certain things that are more insidious. Carpal tunnel syndrome might cause employees pain but not
19、cause them to lose work time. Also, long-term illnesses — those with latency periods — might not show up on a particular employer’s watch.In some gray areas,OSHA helps keep the playing field level - if they would consistently apply the regulations and enforce them. Unfortunately, it doesn,t work tha
20、t way. 乙:他們做的正相反。公司在他們認為必要的程度上保護工人,他們不想失去人員,招致交替成本,比如培切丨新職員,損失生產(chǎn)力。但這里面有更陰 暗一些的東西。腕管綜合癥會痛但不會影響工作時間的長短。同樣,慢性疾病,那些處于潛伏期的疾病,雇主是觀察不到的a 如果他們不斷地應(yīng)用這些規(guī)則并加強它們的話,在某些灰色領(lǐng)域,職業(yè)安全與健康管理局幫助保持游戲場的平衡。不幸的是,事情并不是那樣的。 Part 3 A: In your book, you point out that occupational disease and injury affects not just bl
21、ue collar workers. 甲:在書里你指出職業(yè)病和傷害影響的不僅僅是藍領(lǐng)工人。 B: Over the past 20 years, employment has shifted from manufacturing to service industries. There are hazards, diseases and injuries posed by all jobs.Twenty percent of fatalities occur in construction sites. We are seeing violence and homicide on
22、the job in retail jobs. Indoor air quality affects white collar workers. Occupational injuries and illnesses don,t discriminate. 乙:在過去的20年里,雇傭從制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向了服務(wù)業(yè)。各行各業(yè)都會造成危險,疾病和傷害。20%的死亡事件發(fā)生在建筑工地。我們也看到了暴力和死亡事件發(fā)生在零售業(yè)的工作崗位上。室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量影響白領(lǐng)的健康。職業(yè)傷害和疾病不搞行業(yè)歧視。 A: You say that the surveillance system set up by the
23、 federal government has failed us. 甲:你說由聯(lián)邦政府建立的監(jiān)察體系是失敗的? B : The Bureau of Labor Statistics is supposed to count how many injuries and illnesses that we have. One problem with this system is that employers are self-reporting injuries and illnesses. There is a natural incentive to underreport.
24、 乙:美國勞動統(tǒng)計局本來是統(tǒng)計傷害和疾病數(shù)量的。這個系統(tǒng)的問題是雇主們都是自我報告?zhèn)图膊?這自然就存在少報漏報 A: Part of 0SHA,s job is to issue new health and safety standards. How is it doing on this front? 甲:職業(yè)安全與健康管理局的部分工作是發(fā)布新的健康和安全標準。在這方面它做得怎樣? B: OSHA^s standard setting process has been completely derailed. I can;t see how OSHA can pr
25、oduce reliable standards anymore. 乙:職業(yè)安全與健康管理局的標準制定過程完全地出軌了。我無法看到它如何能再制定出可靠的標準。 A: Most people who use computers assume electronics is a clean industry. 甲:使用電腦的大部分人認為電子是干凈的行業(yè)。 B: It is not. They use strong acids, metals like arsenic and lead,solvents and toxic gases to make the parts tha
26、t make up a computer, like the circuit boards and silicon chips. 乙:不是。他們使用強酸,砷和鉛之類的金屬,有溶解力和有毒的氣體來制作電腦零部件,比如電路板和硅片。 A: Do we know what the rate of occupational disease is among workers making computers? 甲:我們知道職業(yè)病在電腦制造工人中的比率嗎? B: No one really knows because the industry is still fairly new
27、 and cancer typically takes 20 to 25 years to show itself. Occupational surveillance is close to nil. 乙:沒人知道,因為這個行業(yè)還是相當新的,癌癥通常要有20到25年才能被發(fā)現(xiàn)。職業(yè)監(jiān)管接近于零。 A: You make the point in your book that while we say that injuries and deaths are the result of accidents, in a sense they are not accidents.
28、 甲:在書里你提到,當我們說傷害和死亡是事故的結(jié)果時,在某種意義上并不是事故 B: An accident has the connotation that these things are out of our control. These injuries and deaths are preventable. So, I don’t like to call them accidents. We have the technology and knowledge to do a much better job and we can save people’s lives. W
29、e can stop families from being destroyed when their bread winner is put out of work. We can do much better 乙:事故暗含的意思是我們控制力之外的事情。這些傷害和死亡是可以避免的。因此,我不想管它們叫做事故。我們有技術(shù)和知識來做得更好,我們可以挽救人們的生命。我們可以阻止家庭由于勞動力無法工作而被毀。 我們可以做得更好。 經(jīng)典句型 Maintaining your work environment free from safety and health hazards is
30、a demanding challenge. 保持工作環(huán)境遠離安全和健康危害是個巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。 Some employers in the food processing industry pressure workers to avoid reporting safety hazards and accidents. 一些食品加工廠的雇主向工人們施加壓力以避免他們報告安全危害和意外事件。 Across all industries a growing body of research indicates that workplace accidents are well
31、 underreported. 縱觀所有企業(yè),越來越多的研究顯示工廠事故被瞞報漏報。 Interviews with workers suggested that managers discouraged them from complaining about pains and injuries on the job. 對工人的采訪表明管理者們不鼓勵他們抱怨因工作而引起的傷痛。 Supervisors put tremendous pressure on workers not to file complaints. 監(jiān)督人向工人施加巨大壓力不讓他們申訴。
32、 One study released earlier this year by Michigan State University researchers found that U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on workplace safety might miss as many as two-thirds of work-related illnesses and injuries in its official count. 密歇根大學(xué)的研究者今年早些時候發(fā)布的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)美國勞工工作安全統(tǒng)計 局在官方統(tǒng)計中可能漏掉了多達三分之二的與工作相關(guān)
33、的疾病。 A workplace tragedy is a fatality, life-altering injury or occupational disease. 車間悲劇是致命性的,轉(zhuǎn)變一生的傷害或職業(yè)疾病。 The vast majority of work-related fatalities and illnesses are preventable. If you look at the best and worst countries or best and worst companies in various sectors, there’s a big
34、 difference in the number of deaths at work. That’s clear evidence that most of those fatalities could be prevented. 大部分與工作相關(guān)的不幸和疾病是可以預(yù)防的。如果你看看在不同領(lǐng)域中做得最好的和做得最糟的國家,或者做得最好的公司和做得最糟的公司,在工作中死亡的數(shù)目大不相同。這是個很明顯的證據(jù)說明大部分的死亡事件是可以避免的 A key role of the Agency is to raise awareness of workplace risks and, ju
35、st as importantly, disseminate information on how to prevent them. 代理處的一個主要任務(wù)是提高工廠安全意識,同樣重要的,傳播如何進行防范的信息。 To get our message across, especially to the smaller companies, is a big challenge. 讓我們的信息被理解,尤其是被小公司理解,是個很大的挑戰(zhàn)。 固定搭配 work-related fatalities and illnesses 與工作有關(guān)的死亡和疾病 safety
36、 and health field 安全和健康領(lǐng)域 safety practitioner 安全從業(yè)者 Bureau of Labor Statistics 美國勞動 統(tǒng)計局 Occupational Safety and Health Ad-ministration 職業(yè)安全與健康管理局 知識百科 有關(guān)工作安全的事實 勞工世界的眾多領(lǐng)域都已取得進展。但因工死亡、意外事故和疾病仍然是關(guān)注的焦點。每年大約有200萬男性和女性死于職業(yè)事故和與工作相關(guān)的疾病。全世界每年大約發(fā)生2.7億起職業(yè)事故和1.6億例與工作相關(guān)的疾病。 關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計: 每天,
37、平均有6 000人死于與工作相關(guān)的事故和疾病。一年總計有超過220萬人因工致死,其中,大約有35萬例死亡出自工作場所事故,超過170萬例死亡是由于. 工作相關(guān)的疾病。此外,每天上下班途中發(fā)生的事故中死亡人數(shù)達到15.8萬例。 每年,迫使工人缺勤三天或三天以上的事故大約為2.7億起,每年大約有1.6 億例與工作相關(guān)的疾病傷害。 由于傷害、死亡和疾病帶來的缺勤、治療、傷殘和幸存者救濟,使得全世界國民生產(chǎn)總值損未大約4%。 有害物質(zhì)每年致使43.8萬工人死亡,而且皮膚癌患者中大約有10%是由于 長期暴露在工作場所的有害物質(zhì)中。 每年,僅石棉就導(dǎo)致10萬例死亡,而且數(shù)字還在逐年
38、遞增。盡管自從70年代以來全球石棉產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)下降,但是在美國、加拿大、英國、德國以及其他工業(yè)化國家, 每年有越來越多的工人由于過去曾暴露在石棉塵埃環(huán)境下而死亡。 矽肺病——由于暴露在硅粉塵環(huán)境下而導(dǎo)致的一種致命肺病——仍然折磨 著世界上數(shù)千萬的工人。在拉丁美洲,37%的礦工都在某種程度上患有這種疾病,對于50歲以上的礦工患病比例上升到50%。在印度,超過50%生產(chǎn)石筆的工人和36%的石匠患有矽肺病。 2005世界工作安全和健康日:. 建筑業(yè) 建筑業(yè)給世界上許多國家和地區(qū)帶來大量的就業(yè)機會,.同時它又是一個與工作 相關(guān)的事故和疾病發(fā)生比例相當高的行業(yè)。盡管已實現(xiàn)機械化,但是
39、該行業(yè)仍然屬于勞動力密集型,同時工作環(huán)境經(jīng)常變化且涉及許多不同方面。該行業(yè)還有一個傳統(tǒng), 就是以較低的工資成本雇傭流動的農(nóng)民工,他們的工作是短期的而且不穩(wěn)定。 每年,全世界建筑工地上至少發(fā)生6萬起的死亡事故。也就是說每10分鐘就 會發(fā)生一起致命事故。 每6起因工死亡事故中,有一起來自建筑工地。 在工業(yè)化國家,發(fā)生在建筑工地上的死亡人數(shù)在與工作相關(guān)的死亡中占據(jù)的比例高達25%至40%,而該行業(yè)雇傭的勞動力在全部勞動力中所占比例為6%至 10%。 在某些國家,估計有30%的建筑工人患有背痛或其他肌骨骼損傷疾病。 年輕工人和老年工人 世界經(jīng)濟體系中,年輕工人(年齡
40、在15至24歲之間)的數(shù)量正曰益增長,這給職業(yè)安全和健康領(lǐng)域提出了 一個特殊問題。與其他同事相比,年輕工人更容易遭遇嚴重的非致命事故,因為他們往往缺乏工作經(jīng)驗和對工作場所危險的理解,也缺少安全和健康培訓(xùn),并且其身體和情感還未完全成熟。例如在歐盟,年輕工人發(fā)生非致命事故的比率要比其他年齡段工人高出50%。 在勞動力的另一端,老年工人數(shù)量的增長正使得許多組織開始重新審視老年工人所面對的職業(yè)危險。盡管衰老是一種個體過程,但是諸如手工搬運重物、長期暴露在噪音環(huán)境下或者工作時間不規(guī)則等惡劣工作條件會加速衰老進程。歐盟指出,老年工人發(fā)生工作中致命事故的比例是最年輕的工作群體的兩倍多。 來源英客在線口語培訓(xùn);
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