2013屆中考英語 考點(diǎn)精講5 名詞

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1、 2013屆中考英語 考點(diǎn)精講5名詞 名詞在使用中的難點(diǎn)在于名詞的數(shù)，即可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，所以它通常只有單數(shù)形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量加以計(jì)算的名詞，所以它具有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種。可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是： 1. 一般情況加s,如：pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀[s]，在元音和濁輔音后讀[z]。如:map-map ， boy-boys. 2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞

2、后面加es，如：bus-buses,class-classes,其讀音為[iz]。 3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為[iz]。 4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作[z]，如：factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boy-boys,day-days。 5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;ph

3、oto-photos,radio-radios,piano-pianos 6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。 7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒有規(guī)律可循，如:man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice 8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer… 9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變

4、化，其主格可作主語，賓格可作賓語。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加's其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s'，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加's，如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's，如：a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers (二) 正誤辨析 [誤]Please give me a pa

5、per. [正]Please give me a piece of paper. [析]不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞，這種原因是對英語中可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的概念與中文中的能數(shù)與不能數(shù)相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯(cuò)誤，因paper在英語中是屬于物質(zhì)名詞一類，是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來表達(dá)，如：two pieces of paper. [誤]Please give me two letter papers. [正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper. [析]paper作為紙講是不可數(shù)名詞，而作為報(bào)紙、考卷、

6、文章講時(shí)則是可數(shù)名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. [誤]My glasses is broken. [正]My glasses are broken. [誤]I want to buy two shoes. [正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes. [析]英語中g(shù)lasses-眼鏡，shoes-鞋，trousers-褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應(yīng)用a pair of glasses而這時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與量詞相一致。如：This pai

7、r of glasses is very good. [誤]May I borrow two radioes? [正]May I borrow two radios? [析]以o結(jié)尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復(fù)數(shù)形式，但如果o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來語時(shí)則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos. [誤]This is a Mary's dictionary. [正]This is Mary's dictionary. [析]如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或

8、所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。 [誤]There are much people in the garden. [正]There are many people in the garden. [析]可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：The people are planting trees here. [誤]I want a few water. [正]I want a little water. [析]不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可

9、用many,few來修飾。 [誤]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. [正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. [誤]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us. [正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us. [誤]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me. [正]I'm s

10、orry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me. [析]集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，則應(yīng)視為單數(shù)，如指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù)。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team等。 [誤]Don't eat too much meats. [正]Don't eat too much meat. [誤]Food in that restauran

11、t is very good. [正]The food in that restaurant is very good. [析]物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good. [誤]Please give me two waters. [正]Please give me two glasses of water. [正]Please give me two coffee

12、s. [析]物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread, a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： I'll tell you a piece of good news. 但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee. [誤]Can you give me the newspape

13、r of today? [正]Can you give me today's newspaper? [析]加's構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的習(xí)慣用法中對時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如：a five minutes' walk. [誤]Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. [正]Please make room for the lady in the school bus. [析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的， 如： room為可數(shù)

14、名詞時(shí)為"房間"，如：I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時(shí)為空間上面一句話應(yīng)譯為"請給老婦人在校車上留個(gè)地方。"這樣的詞還有：glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林 [誤]There is a flowers garden behind my house. [正]There is a flower garden behind my house. [析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外，還可以用來修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe f

15、actory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報(bào)),night school (夜校),head master (校長),a law school (法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。 [誤]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. [正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning. [析]英語中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, C

16、hinese (中國人), means (方法)。所以應(yīng)講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應(yīng)譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。 [誤]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. [正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend. [析]英語中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cl

17、oth則是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。 [誤]I offered my son my congratulation on his success. [正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success. [析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands. [誤]We have five German in this meeting. [正]We have five Germans in this meeting. [析]英國人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishme

18、n，而German 則要加s，因?yàn)樗皇怯蓢cman的組合詞。 [誤]There are two As in this word. [正]There are two A's in this word. [析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s，但如字母是A、I時(shí)，為了防止與As和Is相混，則要用's即A's，I's [誤]There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number. [正]There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number. [析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式

19、表達(dá)法中要用's [誤]We have many woman teachers in our school. [正]We have many women teachers in our school. [析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如： half brother-half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law-daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是：man driver-men drivers(男司機(jī)) woman doctor-women doctors(女大夫)grown up-grown ups(成年人)

20、 但是boy student-則變?yōu)閎oy students [誤]Physics are very difficult to learn. [正]Physics is very difficult to learn. [析]雖以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戲名稱：bowls 專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) 其他名詞：news(消息，新聞) [誤]There is a people in the room. [正]There is a person in the room. [正]Th

21、ere is a man in the room. [析]people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。 [誤]Where is my shoe? [正]Where are my shoes? [析]常常只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，這時(shí)還是應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Where's my left glo

22、ve?(我左手的手套在哪?) [誤]I paid five pennies for the sweet. [正]I paid five pence for the sweet. [析]英語中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個(gè)的硬幣)。 [誤]There are many fruit in the shop. [正]There are many fruits in the shop. [析]物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用

23、來表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應(yīng)譯為各種各樣的水果。 [誤]There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's. [正]There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's. [析]有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加'如：teachers' offices.如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加's，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在最后一個(gè)詞尾加's如：girl friend -girl friend's someon

24、e else-someone else's a week or three-a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應(yīng)譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。 [誤]It is reall

25、y beautiful. It is a work of nature. [正]It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work. [析]無生命名詞的所有格應(yīng)用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時(shí)間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價(jià)格名詞：two

26、 dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))及國家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the university's library [誤]He is an old friend of my father. [正]He is an old friend of my father's. [析]這是英語中的一種習(xí)慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's. [誤]My father is a good cooker. [正]My father is a good cook. [析]一般動(dòng)詞加

27、上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教)-teacher(老師),think(想)-thinker(思想家),drive(開車)-driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)-seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推，比如cook是動(dòng)詞"做飯"。而cook也可作為名詞"廚師"講，而cooker則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。 [誤]The young is dancing there. [正]The young are dancing there. [析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)應(yīng)按復(fù)數(shù)名詞，如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the w

28、ise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：The beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。 [誤]The stories of the book was written many years ago. [正]The stories of the book were written many years ago. [析]這句話的真正主語應(yīng)是stories，所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。 [誤]This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary. [正]This is one of the English

29、Chinese dictionaries. [析]one of意為"……之一"，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 [誤]Let's go to uncle Wang for supper. [正]Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper. [析]uncle Wang's 意為"王叔叔家"，doctor's意為"醫(yī)院或私人診所"。 [誤]I think we will make a friend with each other. [正]I think we will make friends with each other. [析]make friend

30、s 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友。 [誤]I want to tell you much pieces of good news. [正]I want to tell you many pieces of good news. [析]news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news. [誤]The teacher with five st

31、udents are coming here. [正]The teacher with five students is coming here. [析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。 [誤]There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them. [正]There is a lot of information here, but

32、we don't need it. [析]information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them. [誤]Many a student make the same mistake in the exam. [正]Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. [析]many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時(shí)其謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學(xué)生。 [誤]The children wear very good cloth to go to school today. [正]The children wear v

33、ery good clothes to go to school today. [析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為"布"，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。 [誤]I like to stu

34、dy the English. [正]I like to study English. [析]作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America. [誤]The Browns is going to visit China. [正]The Browns are going to visit China. [析]定冠詞加姓加s，則意為"Brown先生一家人"。所以應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞。此句應(yīng)譯為：Brown先生一家將要訪問中國。 (三)2010中考英

35、語名詞復(fù)習(xí)例題解析 1. Lucy and Lily___in the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be 2. Which is the ___to the bus stop， please? A road B way C street D address 3. Hurry up!There is___ time left. A little B a little C few D a few 4. How many ___can you see in the picture? A tomatos B tomatoes C to

36、mato D the tomato 5. -　___is the meat. Please? -　Ten yuan a kilo. A How much B How many C How old D How long 6 The boy's name is James Allen Green. So his given name is___. A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green 7 Shanghai is one of the biggest___in our country. A city B

37、city's C citys D cities 8 Would you please pass me___? A two paper 　　　B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers 9 September 10th is ___Day. A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' 10 I only have___ bread for lunch today. A a bit B a bit of C little D few 11 "What

38、 would you like, Ann? ""I'd like two___." A glass of milk B glasses of milk C glass of milks D glasses of milks 12 There isn't ___ paper in the box. Will you go and get ___ for me? A any, some B any, any C some, some D some, any 13 June 1st is___. A Children's day B children's Day C Child

39、ren's Day D children's day 14 These foreign friends are___. A German B Germen C Germany D Germans 15 All the students are busy, so___ of them will go to the cinema. A many B little C a few D few 16 There are three___and seven___in the picture. A deers, sheeps B deers, sheep C deer, sheep Ddeer, sheeps 17 Whose room is this? It's___. A my B Kike's and John's C our D Kike and John's 7