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1、專題限時(shí)集訓(xùn)(八)　主旨大意之確定文章標(biāo)題 A (2020·衡水市第一次聯(lián)考) The world's first hydrogen-powered trains have begun running in Germany. They began carrying passengers Monday in Germany's northern Lower Saxony.The new train will run 100-kilometer trips and can travel up to 140 kilometers an hour. A French railroad co

2、mpany called Alstom built the two trains.Teams in Germany and France cooperated on the project，which was supported by the German government.The new train model，called the Coradia iLint，signals the beginning of efforts in Germany and other nations to move away from pollution-producing diesel(柴油) trai

3、ns. The Coradia iLint is designed to run on non-electrified train lines with low levels of noise. It uses a process that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical power.If the system produces more energy than the train needs at that time，it can store the extra energy in batteries.The only

4、 emissions(排放物) are water and steam. A single tank of hydrogen can run a Coradia iLint train for about 1，000 kilometers.This is very similar to the distance a diesel-powered train can run on a single tank of diesel. Hydrogen-powered trains cost more than diesel trains to build，but Alstom officials

5、 say the operating costs are much lower.The company plans to provide another 14 Coradia iLint trains to Lower Saxony by 2021． The head of railroad operations in the area，Carmen Schwab，praised replacing diesel trains with hydrogen trains.She said the move was an important first step in using clean-b

6、urning technologies to reach climate protection goals. Officials say many of the area's wind turbines(渦輪機(jī)) will produce part of the energy to create the hydrogen to power the trains. Alstom says several other European countries have also expressed interest in developing hydrogen train systems.Fran

7、ce has already said it wants its first hydrogen train to be operating by 2022. 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇科普類說明文。介紹了一種新型的氫動(dòng)力火車。 1．Why did Germany build the new trains? A．To replace diesel trains. B．To carry more passengers. C．To make traveling much easier. D．To develop friendship with France. A　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二

8、段中的“The new train model，called the Coradia iLint，signals the beginning of efforts in Germany and other nations to move away from pollution-producing diesel(柴油) trains”可知，建造新型火車的目的是取代產(chǎn)生污染的內(nèi)燃機(jī)車。] 2．What is one advantage of the Coradia iLint? A．It runs without making any noise. B．It doesn't use elec

9、trical power. C．It costs much less to run. D．It is cheaper to make it. C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第六段中的“the operating costs are much lower”可知，氫動(dòng)力火車的運(yùn)行成本比較低。] 3．It can be concluded that hydrogen trains ． A．a(chǎn)re widely used B．a(chǎn)re environmentally friendly C．can stop air pollution D．can produce water

10、 and oxygen B　[考查推理判斷?？v觀全文可知，新的氫動(dòng)力火車具有低噪音的特點(diǎn)，且其唯一的排放物是水和蒸汽，所以它是環(huán)保的。] 4．What might be the best title for the text? A．Saving Natural Resources B．Efforts to Reduce Emissions C．The World's First Hydrogen Trains D．A New Way to Make Electricity C　[考查標(biāo)題歸納。本文的主要信息是介紹世界上第一批氫動(dòng)力火車的研制原理、其在環(huán)保方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)以及這種火車的發(fā)

11、展趨勢(shì)。] B (2019·鄭州市質(zhì)量預(yù)測(cè)) People have different ways of dealing with a common cold.Some take over-the-counter medicines such as aspirin while others try popular home remedies(治療) like herbal tea or chicken soup.Yet here is the tough truth about the common cold：nothing really cures it. So why do peop

12、le sometimes believe that their remedies work？According to James Taylor，professor at the University of Washington，colds usually go away on their own in about a week，improving a little each day after symptoms peak，so it's easy to believe it's medicine rather than time that deserves the credit，USA Tod

13、ay reported. It still seems hard to believe that we can deal with more serious diseases yet are powerless against something so common as a cold.Recently，scientists came closer to figure out why.To understand it，you first need to know how antiviral drugs work.They attack the virus by attaching to an

14、d changing the surface structures of the virus.To do that，the drug must fit and lock into the virus like the right piece of a jigsaw(拼圖)，which means scientists have to identify the virus and build a 3D model to study its surface before they can design an antiviral drug that is effective enough. The

15、 two cold viruses that scientists had long known about were rhinovirus(鼻病毒) A and B．But they didn't find out about the existence of a third virus，rhinovirus C，until 2006.All three of them contribute to the common cold，but drugs that work well against rhinovirus A and B have little effect when used a

16、gainst rhinovirus C. “This explains most of the previous failures of drug trials against rhinoviruses，”study leader Professor Ann C．Palmenberg at the University of Wisconsin-Madison，US，told Science Daily. Now，more than 10 years after the discovery of rhinovirus C，scientists have finally built a hi

17、ghly-detailed 3D model of the virus，showing that the surface of the virus is，as expected，different from that of other cold viruses. With the model in hand，hopefully a real cure for a common cold is on its way.Soon，we may no longer have to waste our money on medicines that don't really work. 【語篇解讀】

18、　本文主要介紹了科學(xué)家們對(duì)普通感冒的相關(guān)研究。 5．What does the author think of popular remedies for a common cold? A．They are quite effective. B．They are slightly helpful. C．They actually have no effect. D．They still need to be improved. C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段最后一句可知，作者認(rèn)為常見的應(yīng)對(duì)普通感冒的方法都是無效的，這與第二段的專家論述呼應(yīng)。] 6．How do antiviral

19、drugs work? A．By breaking up cold viruses directly. B．By changing the surface structures of the cold viruses. C．By preventing colds from developing into serious diseases. D．By absorbing different kinds of cold viruses at the same time. B　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第四句可知，抗病毒藥物是通過附著在病毒表面，并改變其表面結(jié)構(gòu)而起作用的。] 7．Wha

20、t can we infer from the passage? A．The surface of cold viruses looks quite similar. B．Scientists have already found a cure for the common cold. C．Scientists were not aware of the existence of rhinovirus C until recently. D．Knowing the structure of cold viruses is the key to developing an effecti

21、ve cure. D　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段最后一句，并結(jié)合對(duì)本段的整體理解可推知，了解感冒病毒的結(jié)構(gòu)是研發(fā)有效藥物的關(guān)鍵所在。] 8．What is the best title for this passage? A．Drugs Against Cold Viruses B．Helpful Home Remedies C．No Current Cure for Common Cold D．Research on Cold Viruses C　[考查標(biāo)題歸納。根據(jù)第一段最后一句和最后一段的呼應(yīng)，以及對(duì)全文的整體理解可推知，本文主要講述了科學(xué)家們對(duì)普通感冒的研究，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)目前

22、并沒有有效的治療方法。] C It is widely believed that smiling means a person is happy，and it usually occurs when they're meeting another person or a group of people.However，a new study led by the body language expert Dr Harry Witchel shows this isn't always the case. In his research，he asked 44 participants

23、aged 18—35 to play a geography quiz game consisting of nine difficult questions so that they often got the answer wrong.Participants seated interacted with a computer alone in a room while their faces were video recorded. After the quiz，the participants were asked to rate their experience using a r

24、ange of 12 emotions including“bored”，“interested”and “frustrated”．Meanwhile，their facial expressions were then computer analysed frame by frame in order to judge how much they were smiling based on a scale of between 0 to 1． Dr Witchel said：“According to some researchers，a real smile reflects the i

25、nner state of cheerfulness or amusement.However，behavioural ecology theory suggests that all smiles are tools used in social interactions，meaning cheerfulness is neither necessary nor rich for smiling.Our study showed that in these human-computer interaction experiments，smiling isn't driven by happi

26、ness；it is associated with subjective involvement(主觀參與)，which acts like a social fuel for smiling，even when socialising with a computer on your own.” Surprisingly，participants didn't tend to smile during the period when they were trying to figure out the answers.However，they did smile right after t

27、he computer game informed them if their answer was correct or wrong.Participants smiled more often when they got the answer wrong.Dr Witched added：“During these computerised quizzes，smiling was greatly increased just after answering questions incorrectly.This behaviour could be explained by self-rat

28、ings of involvement，rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration.” 【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。人們普遍認(rèn)為微笑意味著一個(gè)人是快樂的，但是研究表明，微笑僅是社交的需要，并不能表明這個(gè)人一定是快樂的。 9．Why did Dr Witchel use difficult questions in the quiz game? A．To make it hard for participants to answer them correctly. B．To make the answer period

29、 last as long as possible. C．To discover the most intelligent participants. D．To create a stressful situation for participants deliberately. A　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，他設(shè)計(jì)的問題很難，是為了讓參加試驗(yàn)的人得出錯(cuò)誤的答案；據(jù)此可知，設(shè)計(jì)難題的目的是讓參與者難以答對(duì)題目，故A項(xiàng)正確。] 10．What can we infer from what Dr Witchel said in Paragraph 4? A．Other res

30、earchers' opinion of a real smile is quite right. B．Smiles aren't necessarily useful tools in social interactions. C．Subjective involvement doesn't motivate smiling in social interactions. D．Witchel's study finding is consistent with behavioural ecology theory. D　[考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段尾句可知，試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：微笑不是由快樂

31、驅(qū)動(dòng)的；它與主觀參與有關(guān)；結(jié)合第四段第二句可知，行為生態(tài)學(xué)理論認(rèn)為，所有的微笑都是社會(huì)交往中使用的工具，這意味著快樂對(duì)微笑來說既不是必要的，也不是豐富的。據(jù)此可以推斷，研究的結(jié)果與行為生態(tài)學(xué)理論一致，故D項(xiàng)正確。] 11．What do we know about the text? A．Participants were asked to interact with each other in the quiz. B．Participants in the quiz smiled less often when they got the answer wrong. C．In Dr W

32、itchel's opinion，smiling is connected with subjective involvement. D．Dr Witchel thinks that a real smile reflects the inner state of cheerfulness. C　[考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段尾句可知，Witchel博士認(rèn)為，微笑不是由快樂驅(qū)動(dòng)的，它與主觀參與有關(guān)。故C項(xiàng)正確。] 12．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．What Contributes to Real Happiness? B．How to Identify Whether a Person Is Really Happy? C．Smiling Doesn't Necessarily Mean Happiness D．People Generally Hold a Wrong View on Happiness C　[考查標(biāo)題歸納。通讀全文，并結(jié)合文章第一段第二句可推知，文章陳述了這樣的事實(shí)：微笑僅是社交的需要，并不表明這個(gè)人一定快樂。故C項(xiàng)最適合作本文的標(biāo)題。]