2020版高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)課件：專題一 名詞和冠詞

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1、語 法 專 題 突 破 專 題 一 名 詞 和 冠 詞 核心考點(diǎn) -3-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納6.(2017全 國卷 )As a result,people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. 7.(2016全 國卷 )Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.8.(2016全 國卷 )Give your body and brain

2、a rest by stepping outside for a while,exercising,or doing something you enjoy. 核心考點(diǎn) -4-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納.單 句 語 法 填 空1.(2018全 國卷 )Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at the top of her lungs. 2.(2018全 國卷 )Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 year

3、s,while rice has increased only 7 percent.3.(2018全 國卷 )Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause).4.(2018浙 江 卷 )Making Chinese dishes(dish) is se

4、en as especially troublesome. 5.(2017全 國卷 )This trend has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease. 核心考點(diǎn) -5-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納.單 句 改 錯1.(2018全 國卷 )When I was little,Fridays night was our family game night.FridaysFriday2.(2018全 國卷 )During my last winter holiday,I wen

5、t to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.在countryside前加the3.(2018全 國卷 )Last winter when I went there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chickenchickens 核心考點(diǎn) -6-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納 考 點(diǎn) 一 名詞的數(shù)一 、 可 數(shù) 名 詞 的 復(fù) 數(shù)1.規(guī) 則 變 化 核心考點(diǎn) -7-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納 核心考點(diǎn) -8-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn)

6、 歸 納注 意以-o結(jié)尾的下列名詞要加-es,它們是:英雄在回聲中吃土豆、西紅柿,即heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。但下列以-o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它們是:mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的下列名詞需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves。它們是:為了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹葉站在架子上,把狼劈成兩半,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但有的以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以去

7、掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s。如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。名詞前有man或woman修飾,變復(fù)數(shù)時,做定語的man或woman 和后面的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如:woman doctorwomen doctors。 核心考點(diǎn) -9-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納2.不 規(guī) 則 變 化(1)常見單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese中國人;means方式;works工廠;sheep綿羊;deer鹿;series系列;fish魚;fruit水果等。其中 fish,fruit表示種類時,可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾,即fishes,fruits。(2)自身有特殊變化的名詞child

8、孩子childrenman男人menfoot腳,英尺feettooth牙齒teethmedium傳播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomena 核心考點(diǎn) -10-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納3.有些名詞通常只用復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財富,surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵,compasses圓規(guī),cattle牛,congratulations祝賀有些固定搭配中的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:have words with sb.同某人吵

9、架,in high spirits 情緒高昂,give ones regards to sb.向某人問候,in rags衣衫襤褸,have good manners 有禮貌 核心考點(diǎn) -11-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納二 、 不 可 數(shù) 名 詞1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,practice,rubber,rice,soup,wealt

10、h,health,wood,English,America 等。Wealth starts with a goal and saving a dollar at a time.財富始于一個目標(biāo),要一美元一美元地積攢。2.有些名詞既可以用作可數(shù)名詞,也可以用作不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。work當(dāng)表示“工作”時為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)表示“作品;著作”時則為可數(shù)名詞。glass“玻璃”(不可數(shù)),“杯子”(可數(shù));room“空間”(不可數(shù)),“房間”(可數(shù));experience “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”(不可數(shù)),“經(jīng)歷”(可 數(shù));paper“紙”(不可數(shù)),“報紙、文件、試卷”(可數(shù))。 核心考點(diǎn) -12-高 考

11、感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納 考 點(diǎn) 二 名詞的所有格名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,它分-s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。1.-s所 有 格(1)多用來表示有生命的東西。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.(2)用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況,即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,要分別在并列名詞后加-s或;表示共同的所有關(guān)系時,只在最后一個名詞后加-s或。Toms and Jims rooms (各自的房間) Tom and Jims room (共同的房間) 核心考點(diǎn) -13-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納(3)表示店鋪、辦公室或某人的

12、家時,名詞所有格后被修飾的名詞一般省略。at the barbersat the teachers2.of所 有 格表示無生命的事物的名詞通常用of所有格表示所屬關(guān)系;名詞短語或有定語修飾的有生命的名詞也常用of所有格。From the top of the hill,you can get a birds view of the city.3.雙 重 所 有 格指名詞所有格或名詞性物主代詞同of構(gòu)成的所有格,即 “of+名詞所有格”。 a play of Shakespearesa friend of my wifes 核心考點(diǎn) -14-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納 考 點(diǎn) 三 不定冠詞a

13、/an的用法不定冠詞表示泛指,一般修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。a用于以輔音音素開頭的單詞前,an用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前。如:a pen 一支筆;an old man 一位老人一 、 不 定 冠 詞 的 基 本 用 法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,泛指某(一)個人或某(一)個事物。The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development.“中國夢”是一個改善民生的夢,一個和諧、和平、發(fā)展之夢。2.表示“一”,相當(dāng)于one。 Ill re

14、turn in a day or two. 核心考點(diǎn) -15-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納3.表示“每”,相當(dāng)于per,常用于表示時間、重量、長度等單位前。We have three meals a day.4.表示“同一性”,常構(gòu)成“of+a/an+名詞”形式,相當(dāng)于the same。The children are of an age.5.表示類指,意為“某類”。He wants to be a doctor.6.后面接人名可以表示“一個叫的人”,或是其作品。A Mr.Smith is asking to see you.7.與抽象名詞連用,可以表示“一場、一次、一件”。a succes

15、s一件成功的事/一個成功的人;a pity一件遺憾的事;an honour一個引以為榮的人/一件引以為榮的事 8.與物質(zhì)名詞連用,表示“一種、一陣、一份”。What a heavy rain! 核心考點(diǎn) -16-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納9.序數(shù)詞前使用冠詞的情況。“the+序數(shù)詞”表示排序;“a/an+序數(shù)詞”不表示排序,而表示“又一;再一”。Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car.I have failed twice,but Ill try a third time.10.比較級和最高級前冠詞的選擇?！癮/an+比較級”表示“(眾多人或事物中)比更

16、的一個”,屬于泛指;“the+比較級”表示“兩者中較的一個”?！皌he+最高級”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一個”;“a most+形容詞”表示“一個很/非?！?此時后面沒有比較范圍,most只表示“很,非?！?。 Tom is the older of the two boys.The first unit is a most difficult part but not the most difficult. 核心考點(diǎn) -17-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納二 、 常 用 含 不 定 冠 詞 的 固 定 搭 配all of a sudden突然as a matter of fact事

17、實(shí)上once a week每星期一次at a loss不知所措,茫然be on a visit參觀,拜訪be/go on a diet節(jié)食give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車have a gift for.在方面有天賦have a good time玩得開心have a word with.與談話 in a hurry匆忙地in a way從某種意義上說 核心考點(diǎn) -18-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納make a living謀生take a walk散步take an interest in.對感興趣take/have a rest休息一會兒 核心考點(diǎn) -19-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn)

18、歸 納 考 點(diǎn) 四 定冠詞the一 、 定 冠 詞 的 基 本 用 法1.特指上文提到過的、特定的人或事物,或雙方都明確的人或事物。I have a car.The car is red.Pass me the book,please.2.表示某一類人或物。The bike is a useful means of transportation.3.用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前。the universe;the moon;the Pacific Ocean4.用于樂器前。 play the violin;play the piano 核心考點(diǎn) -20-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納5.表示“一

19、家人”或“夫婦”。Could you tell me the way to the Greens,please?Sorry,we dont have a Green here in the village.6.用于表示國家、黨派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群島等名詞前。the United States;the Communist Party of China7.用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前。The compass was invented in China.8.在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指某世紀(jì)的某個年代。in the 1990s(在20世紀(jì)90年代)9.用于表示度量單位的名詞前。 I hired

20、 the car by the hour.(對比I hired the car by time.) 核心考點(diǎn) -21-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納10.用于形容詞或分詞前表示一類人。the rich;the living;the wounded11.用于方位名詞、身體部位名詞前。The sun rises in the east.hit sb.on the head12.用于普通名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的專有名詞前。the Great Wall;the West Lake 核心考點(diǎn) -22-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納13.與比較級和最高級連用。(1)“the+比較級,the+比較級”表示“越越”。T

21、he more,the better.(2)表示兩者間“較的一個”,比較級前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys?(3)三者或三者以上相比較,表示最高程度時,用“the+最高級”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語。Mary is the tallest child in her family. 核心考點(diǎn) -23-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納二 、 常 用 定 冠 詞 的 固 定 搭 配at the moment此刻,目前at the same time同時by the way順便說一下on the spot當(dāng)場make the best

22、/most of.充分利用in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處in the end最終in the habit of有的習(xí)慣the other day前幾天on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面 to the point中肯,切題 核心考點(diǎn) -24-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納 考 點(diǎn) 五 零冠詞一 、 零 冠 詞 的 基 本 用 法1.專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞表示一般概念時,其前不用冠詞。Beijing is the capital of China.Kindness is virtue.Snow dissolves into water

23、. 核心考點(diǎn) -25-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納2.表示季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、棋類、球類、學(xué)科、一日三餐、語言、運(yùn)動等的名詞前一般不加冠詞。Spring is the best season of the year.I have been studying in this college since July,2018.We have a seven-day holiday on National H oliday.Tom enjoys playing chess.The boys like playing football after class.They can choose ot

24、her subjects like Art and Computer Science.Do you have breakfast at home or at school? 核心考點(diǎn) -26-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納3.稱呼語、自己的家庭成員及表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞做表語、補(bǔ)足語及同位語時,一般不加冠詞,但用作主語或賓語時要用冠詞。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George.Im captain of the class team at school.4.當(dāng)

25、by與表示交通工具的名詞連用表示方式時,名詞前不用冠詞。Id rather travel by bus than airplane. 核心考點(diǎn) -27-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納二 、 常 用 零 冠 詞 的 固 定 搭 配in fact事實(shí)上for example例如in danger在危險中with pleasure高興地in time及時in fear恐懼地at work在上班at dinner在吃飯after school放學(xué)后at first起初at last最終by hand手工做的pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以為豪t

26、ake care of照顧take office就職take part in參加in town在城里keep.in mind牢記 in trouble處在麻煩中on foot步行l(wèi)eave word留言on time按時 核心考點(diǎn) -28-高 考 感 悟 考 點(diǎn) 歸 納catch sight of看見do harm to對有害lose weight減肥 隨堂鞏固 -29- .單 句 語 法 填 空1.The illegal hunting of Tibet antelope used to be a serious problem in the 1990s. 2.Simmons and her

27、 husband grabbed two boards and paddled down the human chain until she reached the swimmers(swimmer).She rescued them one by one.3.Under the direction of these philosophical theories(theory),this kung fu style gains good effects in the boxing and sword skills. 4.Chinas silk was introduced into weste

28、rn countries(country) through this old trade route. 5.The east side of their stems grows faster during the day,causing the stems to gradually bend from east to west. 隨堂鞏固 -30- 6.John Dewey,an American psychologist,once said that gaining others respect is the deepest urge in human nature.7.A hundred

29、years ago,explorers(explorer) at that time were taking a tremendous risk in approaching the cold wonderland on the southernmost tip of the planet.8.In fact,figuring out who will get the bill is always a headache for the Chinese at formal meals. 9.As Chinese economy develops very fast and plays an im

30、portant role in the world,more and more foreigners learn Mandarin in Confucius Institutes. 10.Chinese people are becoming richer and more international.What has not changed is their stomachs(stomach). 隨堂鞏固 -31- .單 句 改 錯1.She has taught us a lot of English knowledges and how to be a good citizen.know

31、ledgesknowledge2.First of all,China has made a great progress in the social and economic development in the past decades,and people have more time and energy to enjoy their life.去掉a 隨堂鞏固 -32- 3.It was useful experience for all of us,which Ill never forget for the rest of my life,and which Ill always

32、 treasure.useful前加a4.From this lesson,we came to conclusion that it was not so difficult to learn English if we could find a good way.conclusion前加 a5.I hope my advices can help you improve your health.advicesadvice 隨堂鞏固 -33- .語 篇 填 空Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean

33、 water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.a different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2.the shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.problems(problem) or design a new expert system.T

34、here is a way to ease 4.the problems.They can do it with puters(computer).In 6.the past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”. 隨堂鞏固 -34- An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7. the place of 8.a human expert.For example,an expert in the medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9.questions(question) of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.treatment(treat) is needed.