外文翻譯數(shù)控技術和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策

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1、畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯 系 部： 機械工程系 專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 姓 名： 學 號： 外文出處： mechanical_English_article/2008 /11/mapeng_08112422114232.html 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；

2、2.外文原文。 指導教師評語： 該英文翻譯經(jīng)過幾次修改后語句較通順，較能正確表達原文的內容。這反映了該生通過本英文翻譯基本掌握了科技文獻的閱讀方法和常用專業(yè)詞匯的翻譯方法，基本達到了外文資料翻譯的目的。 簽名： 附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文 數(shù)控技術和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策 摘要 當今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達國家還將數(shù)控技術及數(shù)控裝備列為

3、國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術及其產業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關鍵技術和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術為核心的先進制造技術已成為世界各發(fā)達國家加速經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。 關鍵字 數(shù)控技術 發(fā)展趨勢 對策 戰(zhàn)略考慮 1 概述 裝備工業(yè)的技術水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術產業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術及其產業(yè)、生物技術及其產業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產業(yè)）的使能技術和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產什么，而在于怎樣生產，

4、用什么勞動資料生產”。制造技術和裝備就是人類生產活動的最基本的生產資料，而數(shù)控技術又是當今先進制造技術和裝備最核心的技術。 數(shù)控技術是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作過程進行控制的技術，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術為代表的新技術對傳統(tǒng)制造產業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術范圍覆蓋很多領域：(1)機械制造技術；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術；(3)自動控制技術；(4)伺服驅動技術；(5)傳感器技術；(6)軟件技術等。 2 數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展趨勢 數(shù)控技術的應用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術的不斷發(fā)展和應用領域的擴大

5、，他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面[1～3]。 2．1 高速、高精加工技術及裝備的新趨勢 效率、質量是先進制造技術的主體。高速、高精加工技術可極大地提高效率，提高產品的質量和檔次，縮短生產周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術之一，國際生產工程學會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀的中心研究方向之一。 從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進給速度可達80m/min，甚至更高，

6、空運行速度可達100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產線部分替代組合機床。美國CINCINNATI公司的Hyper Mach機床進給速度最大達60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達2g，主軸轉速已達60000r/min。加工1薄壁飛機零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達12*1000r/min和1g。 在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級數(shù)控機床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～

7、1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進入納米級(0.01μm)。 在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達6000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。 為了實現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機得到了快速的發(fā)展，應用領域進一步擴大。 2．2 五軸聯(lián)動加工和復合加工機床快速發(fā)展 采用5軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動機床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動機床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時，5軸聯(lián)動加工可比3軸聯(lián)

8、動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機結構復雜等原因，其價格要比3軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動機床的發(fā)展。 當前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動加工的復合主軸頭結構大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進了復合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動機床和復合加工機床（含5面加工機床）的發(fā)展。 在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機的5面加工機床采用復合主軸頭，可實現(xiàn)4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺機床上實現(xiàn)，還可實現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中

9、心，可在一次裝夾下5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。 2.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡化成為當代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢 21世紀的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應控制，工藝參數(shù)自動生成；為提高驅動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機參數(shù)的自適應運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。 3 對我國數(shù)控技術及其產業(yè)發(fā)展的

10、基本估計 縱觀我國數(shù)控技術近50年的發(fā)展歷程，特別是經(jīng)過4個5年計劃的攻關，總體來看取得了以下成績。 1.奠定了數(shù)控技術發(fā)展的基礎，基本掌握了現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術。 2.初步形成了數(shù)控產業(yè)基地。 3.建立了一支數(shù)控研究、開發(fā)、管理人才的基本隊伍。 雖然在數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)以及產業(yè)化方面取得了長足的進步，但我們也要清醒地認識到，我國高端數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)，尤其是在產業(yè)化方面的技術水平現(xiàn)狀與我國的現(xiàn)實需求還有較大的差距。從國際上來看，對我國數(shù)控技術水平和產業(yè)化水平估計大致如下。

11、 1.技術水平上，與國外先進水平大約落后10～15年，在高精尖技術方面更大。 2.產業(yè)化水平上，市場占有率低，品種覆蓋率小，還沒有形成規(guī)模生產；功能部件專業(yè)化生產水平及成套能力較低；外觀質量相對差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；國產數(shù)控系統(tǒng)尚未建立自己的品牌效應，用戶信心不足。 3.可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能力上，對競爭前數(shù)控技術的研究開發(fā)、工程化能力較弱；數(shù)控技術應用領域拓展力度不強；相關標準規(guī)范的研究、制定滯后。 4 對我國數(shù)控技術和產業(yè)化發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略思考 4.1 戰(zhàn)略考慮 我國是制造大國，在世界產業(yè)轉移中要盡量接受前端而不是后端的轉移，即要掌握先進制造核心技術，否則在新一

12、輪國際產業(yè)結構調整中，我國制造業(yè)將進一步“空芯”。我們以資源、環(huán)境、市場為代價，交換得到的可能僅僅是世界新經(jīng)濟格局中的國際“加工中心”和“組裝中心”，而非掌握核心技術的制造中心的地位，這樣將會嚴重影響我國現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的發(fā)展進程。 我們應站在國家安全戰(zhàn)略的高度來重視數(shù)控技術和產業(yè)問題，首先從社會安全看，因為制造業(yè)是我國就業(yè)人口最多的行業(yè)，制造業(yè)發(fā)展不僅可提高人民的生活水平，而且還可緩解我國就業(yè)的壓力，保障社會的穩(wěn)定；其次從國防安全看，西方發(fā)達國家把高精尖數(shù)控產品都列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物質，對我國實現(xiàn)禁運和限制，“東芝事件”和“考克斯報告”就是最好的例證。 4.2 發(fā)展策略 強調市場需求為

13、導向，即以數(shù)控終端產品為主，以整機（如量大面廣的數(shù)控車床、銑床、高速高精高性能數(shù)控機床、典型數(shù)字化機械、重點行業(yè)關鍵設備等）帶動數(shù)控產業(yè)的發(fā)展。重點解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)和相關功能部件（數(shù)字化伺服系統(tǒng)與電機、高速電主軸系統(tǒng)和新型裝備的附件等）的可靠性和生產規(guī)模問題。沒有規(guī)模就不會有高可靠性的產品；沒有規(guī)模就不會有價格低廉而富有競爭力的產品；當然，沒有規(guī)模中國的數(shù)控裝備最終難以有出頭之日。 在高精尖裝備研發(fā)方面，要強調產、學、研以及最終用戶的緊密結合，以“做得出、用得上、賣得掉”為目標，按國家意志實施攻關，以解決國家之急需。 在競爭前數(shù)控技術方面，強調創(chuàng)新，強調研究開發(fā)具有自主知識產權

14、的技術和產品，為我國數(shù)控產業(yè)、裝備制造業(yè)乃至整個制造業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展奠定基礎。 參考文獻： ［1］ 中國機床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會行業(yè)發(fā)展部.CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術與裝備市場，2001(3)：18-20. ［2］ 梁訓王宣,周延佑.機床技術發(fā)展的新動向［J］.世界制造技術與裝備市場，2001(3)：21-28. ［3］ 中國機床工具工業(yè)協(xié)會數(shù)控系統(tǒng)分會.CIMT2001巡禮［J］.世界制造技術與裝備市場，2001(5)：13-17. 附件2：外文原文 Numerical c

15、ontrol technology and equipment trend of development and countermeasure Abstract Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptive ness and competiti

16、ve ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover

17、 implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as

18、the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way. Keywords: Numerical control technology trend of development countermeasure strategy consideration 1. Introduction The equipment industry technical level and the m

19、odernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on inf

20、ormation technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The

21、technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. The numerical control technology is carries on the control with th

22、e numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representatives new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging

23、 manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology; (2)information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)automatic control technology; (4) servo actuates the technology; (5) sensor techn

24、ology; (6) software technology and so on. 2. Numerical control technology trend of development Not only the numerical control technology application has brought the revolutionary change for the traditional manufacturing industry, causes the manufacturing industry to become the industrialization t

25、he symbol, moreover along with numerical control technology unceasing development and application domain expansion, he to national economy and the peoples livelihood some important professions (IT, automobile, light industry, medical service and so on) development more and more vital role, because t

26、hese professions must equip the digitization already was the modern development major tendency. The numerical control technology and the equipment development tendency looked from the present world that, its main research hot spot has following several aspect [1~3]. 2.1. high speed high、precision

27、work technology and equipment new tendency The efficiency, the quality are the advanced technique of manufacture main bodies. High speed, the high precision work technology may enhance the efficiency enormously, enhances the product the quality and the scale, reduces the production cycle and sharpe

28、ns the market competition ability. Lists as one of 5 great modern techniques of manufacture for this Japan Tip Technology Research board it, the international production project learns (CIRP) its determination is one of 21st century central research directions. Unfolds from EMO2001 meets the situat

29、ion to look that, processes the center feed rate to be possible high speed to reach 80m/min, even higher, the aerial transport stroke speed may reach 100m/About min. At present in the world many automotive factories, including our countrys Shanghai General Motors, already used by the high speed proc

30、essing center composition production line part substitution aggregate machine-tool. American CINCINNATI Corporations Hyper Mach engine bed feed rate reaches 60m/most greatly min, fast is 100 m/min, the acceleration reaches 2g, the main axle rotational speed has reached 60000r/min. Processes a thin w

31、all airplane part, only uses 30min, but the same components need 3h in the common high speed milling machine processing, needs 8h in the plain milling machine processing; The German DMG Corporations double main axle lathe main axle speed and the acceleration respectively reach 12*1000r/mm and 1g.

32、In the processing precision aspect, in the recent 10 years, the ordinary level numerical control engine bed processing precision from 10μm enhanced 5μm, the fine level of secrecy processing center from 3~5 μm, enhances to 1~1.5 μm, and the ultra precise processing precision started to enter a nanome

33、ter level (0.01μm). In the reliable aspect, the overseas numerical control installment value has reached above 6000h, the servo system value achieved above 30000h, displays the extremely high reliability. In order to realize, the high precision work high speed, with it necessary function part lik

34、e electricity main axle, the straight line electrical machinery obtained the fast development, the application domain further expanded. 2.2. 5 axis linkage processing and compound processing engine bed fast development Uses 5 axis linkages to the three dimensional curved surface components proce

35、ssing, the available cutting tool best geometry shape carries on the cutting, not only the smooth finish is high, moreover the efficiency also large scale enhances. Believed generally that, 5 axis linkage engine bed efficiency may be equal to 3 axis linkage engine bed, specially uses when the cubic

36、boron nitride and so on the ultra hard material milling cutter carries on the high speed milling hardened steel components, 5 axis linkage processing may compared to 3 axis linkage processing display a higher benefit. Because but past 5 axis linkage numerical control system, main engine structure co

37、mplex and so on reasons, its price must outdo the several fold compared to 3 axis linkage numerical control engine bed, added the programming technology difficulty to be big, has restricted 5 axis linkage engine bed development. Current as a result of electricity main axle appearance, causes to rea

38、lize 5 axis linkage processing compound host axle neck structure is greatly the simplification, its manufacture difficulty and the cost reduce large scale, numerical control system price disparity reduction. Therefore promoted the compound host axle neck type 5 axis linkage engine bed and the compou

39、nd processing engine bed (including 5 processing engine beds) development. Unfolds at the meeting in EMO2001, the new Japanese labor machine 5 processing engine beds use the compound host axle neck, may realize 4 vertical plane processing and the random angle processing, causes 5 processing and 5 a

40、xis processing may realize on the identical Taiwan engine bed, but also may realize the inclined plane and the back taper hole processing. German DMG Corporation displays the DMUVoution series processing center, may clamp the next 5 processing and 5 axis linkage processing in an attire, may by the C

41、NC systems or CAD/CAM which are controlled detract or interact. 2.3. Intellectualizations, open style, the network becomes the contemporary numerical control system development the main tendency The 21st century numerical control equipments will be has certain intellectualized system, the intel

42、lectualized content including in numerical control system each aspect: In order to pursue the processing efficiency and the processing quality aspect intellectualization, like processing process adaptive control, craft parameter automatic production; In order to enhance the actuation performance and

43、 the use connection convenient intellectualization, like feed-forward control, electrical machinery parameter auto-adapted operation, automatic diagnosis load automatic designation model, self regulating grade; Simplification programming, simplification operation aspect intellectualization, like int

44、ellectualized automatic programming, intellectualized man-machine contact surface and so on; Also has the intelligence to diagnose, the intelligent monitoring aspect content, the convenience system diagnosis and the service and so on. 3. Pair of our country numerical control technology and industr

45、ial development basic estimate Looks over our country numerical control technology near 50 year development course, especially passes through 45 year plan attacks, the overall looked has obtained following result. a. Has laid the numerical control technological development foundation, has grasped

46、the modern numerical control technology basically. b. Has formed the numerical control industry base initially. c. Has established a numerical control research, the development, managerial talents basic troop. Although has made the considerable progress in the numerical control technology rese

47、arch development as well as the industrial production aspect, but we also must realize soberly, our country high end numerical control technology research development, in particular also has the big disparity in the industrial production aspect technical level present situation and our countrys real

48、istic demand. From international looked that, is approximately as follows to our country numerical control technical level and the industrial production level estimate. a. In the technical level, probably falls behind with the overseas advanced level for 10~15 years, in precise and advanced techni

49、cal aspect then bigger. b. In the industrial production level, the market share is low, the variety coverage fraction is small, but also has not formed the scale production; The function part specialization production level and complete set ability are low; Outward appearance quality relative erro

50、r; The reliability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; The domestically produced numerical control system not yet establishes own brand effect, the user confidence is insufficient. c. In sustainable development ability, to the competition before the numerical control technology

51、 research development, project ability is weak; Numerical control technology application domain development dynamics is not strong; Correlation standard research, formulation lag. 4. To our country numerical control technology and industrial production development strategic ponder 4.1. strategy

52、consideration country makes the great nation front end, but must accept in the world industry shift is not the rear end shift as far as possible, namely must grasp the advanced manufacture core technologies, otherwise in the new turn international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufa

53、cturing industry will go a step further “the spatial core”. We take the resources, the environment, the market as the price, the exchange obtain possibly merely are in the world new economical pattern international “the processing center” and “the assembly center”, but the non-grasping core technolo

54、gies manufacturing center status, will like this be able to affect our country modern manufacturing industry seriously the development advancement. We should stand in the national security strategy take the numerical control technology and the industrial question highly, first looked from the secur

55、ity, social, because the manufacturing industry is our country employed population most professions, not only the manufacturing industry development may raise peoples living standard, moreover also may alleviate our country employment the pressure, the safeguard societys stability; Next looked safel

56、y from the national defense that, the Western developed country all lists as the precise and advanced numerical control product the national strategic material, realizes to our country embargoes and limits, “the Toshiba event” and “Cox reported” is the best illustration. 4.2. development strategie

57、s Emphasized the market demand is the guidance, namely by the numerical control terminal product primarily, by the complete machine (for example quantity big surface broad numerical control lathe, milling machine, high speed high fine high performance numerical control engine bed, model digitizatio

58、n machinery, key profession essential equipment and so on) leads the numerical control industry the development. Key solution numerical control system and correlation function part (digitization servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electricity main axle system and new equipment appendix

59、 and so on) reliable and scale of production question. Does not have the scale not to be able to have the redundant reliable product; Does not have the scale not to be able to have the price inexpensive and the rich competitive power product; Certainly, does not have the scale Chinas numerical contr

60、ol equipment finally with difficulty to have raises ones head the date. In the precise and advanced equipment research and development aspect, must emphasize produces, studies, grinds as well as end-users close union, take “does obtains, usefully, sells falls” as the goal, implements the attack acc

61、ording to the national will, solves urgent need of the national. Before the competition the numerical control technology aspect, emphasizes the innovation, emphasized the research development has the proprietary intellectual property rights technology and the product, for our country numerical con

62、trol industry, the equipment manufacturing industry and even the entire manufacturing industry sustainable development lays the foundation. Reference: [1] China Engine bed Tool Industrial association Profession Development division.CIMT2001 tourism [J].The world technique of manufacture with equi

63、ps the market, 2001(3):18-20. [2] Liang Xun wang proclaims, the distribution blesses. Engine bed technological development new trend [J].The world technique of manufacture with equips the market, 2001(3):21-28. [3] China engine bed tool industrial association numerical control system branch.CIMT2001 tourism [J].The world technique of manufacture with equips the market, 2001(5):13-17.