非謂語動詞 (2)

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1、非謂語動詞是高中三年乃至以后的英語學(xué)習(xí)中都非常重要的內(nèi)容，在高中階段性考試和重要考試中占較大分值的比重。 非謂語動詞是指分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）、不定式、動名詞等三種形式，即：doing , done , to do , doing 。 當(dāng)然它們有各自不同的變化形式，如： 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing : 有being done（被動式） ; having done （完成式）; having been done （完成被動式） 不定式 to do : 有to be done （被動式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（進行式） 動名詞 doi

2、ng : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被動式） ; having been done （完成被動式） 非謂語動詞的特點： 三種非謂語動詞都具有動詞的特征，雖然它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是它們都能帶自己的狀語或有時跟賓語。具體來講：分詞在句子中可以做定語、表語、狀語或補足語等；動名詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語等；不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語、補足語或狀語。 下面分別對三種非謂語動詞進行講解： 一、動詞不定式 先看幾個例句，判斷不定式在句中的成分。 1．To learn a foreign languageis difficult

3、.作主語 2． His wish isto be a driver. 作表語 3．Tom wantedto have a cup of beer.作賓語 4．The teacher told usto do morning exercises . 作賓語補足語 5．I have nothingto say.作定語 6．They wentto see their aunt. 目的狀語 7．It’s easyto see their aunt.作真正主語，it做形式主語 8．I don’t knowwhat to do next.帶有連接代詞的動詞不定式作賓語 9．I heard

4、themmake a noise.不帶to 的動詞不定式作賓語補足語 掌握動詞不定式應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 1.“to” 是不定式符號還是介詞，下列短語中的to 都是介詞。 agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 2． 帶to 還是不帶to I have no choice but

5、to give in I cannot do anything but give in I saw him enter the classroom . 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .（被動語態(tài)中必須還原to） 3． 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標(biāo)記的。但是有時用of . It’s necessary for you to study hard 。表物的特征 It’s foolish of him to do it . 表人的特點 4．后接不定式作賓語的動詞有： want , hope , wish , like , b

6、egin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc. 需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如:通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it imp

7、ortant to obey the laws . 5．不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義明確常常省略到to 。 want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to 6．不定式作定語，應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系： 1）動賓關(guān)系： He has a lot of meeting to attend . Please lend me something to write with . H

8、e is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in . He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 2）主謂關(guān)系： She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . ---I’m going to the p

9、ost office , forIhave a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I ) ---Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (邏輯主語不是I ) 7．不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義： 1） 原因 He is luckyto get here on time. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有： happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprise

10、d , frightened , diappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2) 目的 He cameto help me with my maths. 3) 結(jié)果 I hurried to get thereonly to find him out. He is old enoughto go to school. 8 . 不定式作補足語 I saw himplayin the street just now . 能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有： 五看： see , look at，watch, observe

11、, notice 兩聽： hear , listen to 三使： let , have make, 一感覺： feel I saw himenter the classroom. 注: 當(dāng)這些詞為被動式時，不定式必須要帶to , He was seen to enter the classroom . 二．動名詞 Learning Englishis very difficult .作主語 學(xué)英語非常困難。 His job isdriving a bus. 作表語 他的工作是開車。 I enjoydancing.作動詞賓語 我喜歡跳舞。 I have got

12、used toliving in the country.作介詞賓語 我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了住農(nóng)村。 注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)： 1.Theres no telling what will happen . 2.Its no use talking with him . 3.Its no good speaking to them like that . 4.There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing … 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換: trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time ,

13、 a hard time 注意以下幾個問題： 1．下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)別， forget to do … 忘記要做某事 forget doing… 忘記做了某事 remember to do…記住要做某事 remember doing …記著做了某事 mean to do … 有意要做某事 mean doing … 意味著做了某事 regret to do … 對要做的事表示后悔 regret doing … 對做過去的事后悔 can’t help to do…不能幫助做某事 can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事 try to d

14、o … 盡力去做某事 try doing 試著做某事 learn to do … 學(xué)著去做某事 learn doing … 學(xué)會做某事 stop to do … 停下來去做（另一件事） stop doing … 停止做某事 go on to do … 接著做（另外一件事） go on doing … 繼續(xù)做某事 used to do … 過去做某事 be used to doing … 習(xí)慣做某事 2．動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別 動名詞作定語表達： n+ for doing 的含義 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達： n+which(who) be doing的含義 如

15、：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a running horse = a horse which is running 前者是動名詞 ， 后者是現(xiàn)在分詞 又如：drinkingwater ,walkingstickrunningwater , sleepingboy 3． 動名詞的邏輯主語： 動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。 例如：His comingmade us very happy . 4．動名詞的語態(tài)和時態(tài) 5．動名詞主動形式表被動的情況： need doing , want doing , require doin

16、g This roomneeds painting. 這個房間需要粉刷。 6．只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞： admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk ,keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like ,

17、 cant help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include , 三． 分詞 1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it . 這個故事有興趣，我對這個故事感興趣。 2 . This is a moving film .這是一部動人的電影。 3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the pre

18、sident . 秘書工作到深夜，為主席準(zhǔn)備一篇長篇演講稿。 4. Given more time , I’ll do it well . 如果給我多一點時間，我會做的更好。 When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 當(dāng)他后街時，看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。 應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 1．現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別 Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who

19、 is talking to Tom ? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. = The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor. China is a developing country and America is a developed country. 2．分詞作表語 The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited . 1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別： The news i

20、s interesting . He is interested in the news . doing 作表語，主語與表語是主謂關(guān)系，即主動關(guān)系 ；done 作表語，主語與表語是動賓關(guān)系，即被動關(guān)系。 2）表語與被動式的區(qū)別： The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（強調(diào)動作） The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.（強調(diào)狀態(tài)） 3）常作表語的過去分詞： amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost ,

21、broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done 4）．注意的四種結(jié)構(gòu)： have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做 have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 讓某事一直做著 5）． 需要跟反身代詞作

22、賓語的動詞： seat , prepare , hide , dress 如：I seated myself on the chair . I was seated on the chair . 6）．分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別： 分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、 條件、方式、伴隨等；而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。 Having finished the homework, I went home . （ 時間） Being a Party member, I should work hard . （原因） Given more time,I can do my work better

23、 . （ 條件 ） He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （ 伴隨） To get more knowledge, we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 ) He is old enoughto join the army. （ 結(jié)果） 7）．分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區(qū)別 a running horse 現(xiàn)在分詞 = a horse that is running a fallen leaf 過去分詞 = a leaf that has already fallen a walking stick 動名詞 = a stick for walking something to do 不定式 = something that I should do 8）．不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別： I have a problemto be discussedat the meeting . ( 將來) The buildingbeing builton the river is the Science Museum . （正在進行）