甘肅省蘭州新區(qū)舟曲中學(xué)高考英語語法復(fù)習 非謂語動詞課件

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1、高中語法綜合高中語法綜合復(fù)習全解復(fù)習全解objectiveTo learn to use the non-finite verbs correctly【2011全國卷全國卷,27】The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house.A.rose B.rising C. to rise D.risen【解析解析】句意為句意為“接下來我們看到的是煙接下來我們看到的是煙霧從房子的后面冒出來。霧從房子的后面冒出來。”rise升起來和升起來和see看到這兩個動作是同時發(fā)生的，因此選擇看到這兩個動作是同時發(fā)生的，因此選擇現(xiàn)在進行的形式表示非謂語動詞動

2、作和謂現(xiàn)在進行的形式表示非謂語動詞動作和謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。選語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。選B。 【2011全國卷全國卷II,18】Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ nothing about the argument. A.says B.said C. to say D. saying【解析解析】句意為句意為“Sarah假裝開心，對那假裝開心，對那次爭論什么也沒說。次爭論什么也沒說?！盇和和B項是謂語動項是謂語動詞形式，句中沒有連詞，故排除；詞形式，句中沒有連詞，故排除；C項是項是作目的狀語，而句中是伴隨狀態(tài)，故選作目的狀語，而句中是伴隨狀態(tài)，故選D?！?011上

3、海春招上海春招,36】_in1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the riginal fun park. A.Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened【解析解析】句意為句意為“很多人認為很多人認為1955年開業(yè)的年開業(yè)的加利福尼亞迪斯尼樂園非常有趣。加利福尼亞迪斯尼樂園非常有趣?！眔pen開業(yè)，與開業(yè)，與Disneyland之間存在著被動關(guān)系；之間存在著被動關(guān)系；D項項Being opened表正在進行，但開業(yè)的事表正在進行，但開業(yè)的事實已經(jīng)發(fā)生，故選實已經(jīng)發(fā)生

4、，故選A。【2011四川卷四川卷,2】Ladex doest feel like _ abroad. Her parents are old.A.study B.studying C. studied D.to study【解析解析】句意為句意為“Ladex不愿意去國外留學(xué)，不愿意去國外留學(xué)，因為她的父母年紀大了。因為她的父母年紀大了?！眆eel like doing sth.想要做某事，習慣表達法。因此選想要做某事，習慣表達法。因此選B?！?011陜西卷陜西卷,14】Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. A.check

5、 B.checking C.to check D.checked【解析解析】句意為句意為“Claire在登機前一小時她在登機前一小時她攜帶的行李接受了檢查。攜帶的行李接受了檢查。”have sth. done“讓讓被做被做”。邏輯主語是。邏輯主語是her luggage，和和check的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，所以答案選擇的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系，所以答案選擇D。1.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)；不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)；2.不定式的功能：不定式的形容詞性功能、不定式的功能：不定式的形容詞性功能、不定式的副詞性功能、不定式的名詞性功能；不定式的副詞性功能、不定式的名詞性功能；3.不定式的省略；不定式的省略；4.不定式的否定形

6、式；不定式的否定形式；5.不定式的搭配形式；不定式的搭配形式；6.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；非謂語動詞考查要點非謂語動詞考查要點7.v-ing分詞名詞性功能；分詞名詞性功能；8.v-ing分詞形容詞性功能；分詞形容詞性功能；9.v-ing分詞副詞性功能；分詞副詞性功能；10.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的區(qū)別；過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的區(qū)別；11.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞主動完成式的區(qū)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞主動完成式的區(qū)別；別；12.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式的區(qū)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式的區(qū)別別 非謂語動詞動名詞動名詞分詞分詞現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞過去分詞動詞不定式動詞不定式1.謂語動詞：謂語動詞

7、：概述：概述：2. 非謂語動詞：非謂語動詞：在句子中擔任謂語的動詞在句子中擔任謂語的動詞 是動詞的特殊形式，在句是動詞的特殊形式，在句中可以作除謂語外的所有中可以作除謂語外的所有成分成分動詞不定式（動詞不定式（The Infinitive）一一. 動詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成：動詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成：由不定式符號由不定式符號to加動詞原形構(gòu)成。其加動詞原形構(gòu)成。其否定式由否定式由not+不定式構(gòu)成不定式構(gòu)成肯定式：肯定式：to do sth 否定式：否定式：not to do sth. 被動式：被動式：to be done 完成式：完成式：to have done二二. 動詞不定式的句法作用法動詞不定式

8、的句法作用法動詞不定式有副詞，形容詞和動詞不定式有副詞，形容詞和名詞的特征，因此在句中可作名詞的特征，因此在句中可作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語定語、狀語等成份。語定語、狀語等成份。動詞不定式動詞不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this eveningAll you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the patie

9、nt not to eat cold water after the operation. 主語主語 賓語賓語表語表語 定語定語 狀語狀語 賓補賓補(1)作主語作主語 不定式做主語時，可以直接放在不定式做主語時，可以直接放在謂語動詞之前。謂語動詞之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主語，將做形式主語，將to do放在位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。It takes us an hour _ get there by bus.句型句型2：Its + n. +

10、 to do It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains句型句型1：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.toto常見動詞有：常見動詞有：口訣：想要決定同意，希望許諾選擇口訣：想要決定同意，希望許諾選擇 want decide hope agree choose wish need promise(2)作賓語作賓語 I want to know this matter.I dont expect to meet you here.接不定式做賓語接不定式做賓語to giveto getto b

11、eto goto danceB. 常跟疑問詞常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞不定式作賓語的動詞:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.I dont know how to get there.I havent

12、 decided whether to go or stay. 1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A.

13、 to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off(3)作賓語補足語作賓語補足語(與賓語之間的關(guān)系實際上是邏輯上的主謂與賓語之間的關(guān)系實際上是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系關(guān)系)1. Mother told me _ come back before 10 oclock. 2. Ill get someone _ repair the recorder for you. 3. What caused him _ change his mind? 4.I wish you _ come as soon as possible. 5. He asked

14、me _do the work with him.tototototo oblige2).I often hear them _ (sing) this song. Did you notice anyone _ (come )in ? I would have him _ (wait) for me for a long time. 注意：注意： 當這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)當這類動詞轉(zhuǎn)為被動語態(tài)時，時， 其后的不定式則要加上其后的不定式則要加上“ to” 如：如： He is often heard _ the song He was seen _ the room. to singto ent

15、ersingcomewait4. it作形式賓語作形式賓語I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意：注意：不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，往往把不定式賓語放在有賓語補足語，往往把不定式賓語放在賓語補足語之后，而用賓語補足語之后，而用it作形式賓語。作形式賓語。 Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it +adj/n + to do sth. 1.We thought _ better _ start early. 2.Do you consider _ bette

16、r not _ go?3. I feel _ my duty _ change all that. 4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.ittoittoittoittoitto用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的適當形式填空，使用括號內(nèi)所給動詞的適當形式填空，使句子完整、正確句子完整、正確。1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the ci

17、nema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.help(to)waterto takecryto cry4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. went B. going C. to go D. has gone5. Tell the boy _ out of the window.A. not to look B. to not lookC. dont look D. not look 5.

18、(不定式作不定式作定語定語) 1)不定式與它所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系不定式與它所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系 Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? (區(qū)別主被動）區(qū)別主被動）2)不定式用來說明所修飾詞的內(nèi)容不定式用來說明所修飾詞的內(nèi)容 I have no chance to go there.3) 被修飾詞是不定式的邏輯主語被修飾詞是不定式的邏輯主語 She is the last to leave the room.4) 不定式為不及物動詞時，須加介詞不定式為不及物動詞時，須加介詞 He i

19、s looking for a room to live in. 1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit with B. to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruit D. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say

20、.please find a piece of paper _（寫上）（寫上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （寫）（寫）to write onto write with(5)作狀語作狀語表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。表示目的、原因、結(jié)果或條件。1) I came here to see you2) We were very excited to hear the news3) He hurried to the school to find nobody there . 4) To look at him

21、，you would like him(目的目的) (原因原因)(結(jié)果結(jié)果) (條件條件)動名詞（動名詞（gerund）I hope you dont mind my saying it.Have you finished reading the book?Looking after the patients is a nurses job.When my father heard the news, he couldnt help laughing.Marys coming late made her teacher angryFind out the gerund from the sen

22、tences.一一. 動名詞的基本構(gòu)成動名詞的基本構(gòu)成主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式一般式doingbeing done完成式完成式having donehaving been done動名詞既具有動詞的特點又具有名詞的動名詞既具有動詞的特點又具有名詞的特點，具體表現(xiàn)為：特點，具體表現(xiàn)為：1.動名詞可以被定冠詞和物主代詞修飾動名詞可以被定冠詞和物主代詞修飾I hope you dont mind my saying it.2. 動名詞可帶有自己的賓語和狀語動名詞可帶有自己的賓語和狀語Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted

23、 on leaving at once.二二. 動名詞的性質(zhì)動名詞的性質(zhì)三三.動名詞的功用動名詞的功用1.可作主語可作主語Seeing is believingReading newspapers can increase our knowledge. no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing.It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients

24、 is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.Its a waste of time copying others homework.There is no joking about the matter.2.可作賓語可作賓語 S. + vt.+ doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.在某些動詞后要求用動名詞作賓語，不在某些動詞后要求用動名詞作賓語，不能用不定式，常見的這類動詞有：能用不定式，常見的這類動詞有：避免錯過避免錯過

25、 (少少) 延期延期 avoid miss delay/postpone建議完成建議完成 (多多) 練習練習 suggest / advise finish practise喜歡想象喜歡想象 禁不住禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/cant help承認承認 否定否定 (與與) 嫉妒嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脫逃脫 冒險冒險 (莫莫) 原諒原諒 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受忍受 保持保持 (不不) 在意在意 stand keep / keep on mind People are not al

26、lowed to fish here. 人們不準在這兒釣魚。人們不準在這兒釣魚。 We dont allow people to fish here. 我們不準人們在這兒釣魚。我們不準人們在這兒釣魚。注：在動詞注：在動詞advise, allow, advise, allow, forbid(forbid(禁止禁止) )，permitpermit（允許）（允許）等后，如果沒有人稱賓語，后跟等后，如果沒有人稱賓語，后跟動名詞；如果有人稱賓語則后跟動名詞；如果有人稱賓語則后跟不定式。例如不定式。例如 prefer.to. look forward to be used to put off giv

27、e up S. + keep on + doing succeed in cant help feel like be busy be worth have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)作介詞作介詞/短語動詞的賓語短語動詞的賓語:S. + v. + prep. + doinge.g.She sat there without (speak)I look forward to (see) him again.Are you used to (live) there alone?When my father heard the news, he couldnt h

28、elp (laugh).I dont feel like (go) to see the film.He was busy (prepare) his lessons.主動表被動主動表被動: want (需要需要) need (需要需要) require (需要需要) Sth. + + doing be worth (值得值得)使用動名使用動名詞作賓語詞作賓語時，用主時，用主動形式表動形式表達被動含達被動含義義to be done使用不定式作賓語使用不定式作賓語時，依然用被動形時，依然用被動形式表達被動含義式表達被動含義 The room wants (clean). The method n

29、eeds (improve). This pair of shoes require (mend). The problem needs (work out). The question is well worth (discuss)d）動詞）動詞 “l(fā)ike, love, hate, prefer”后接動后接動名詞表示名詞表示“習慣性動作習慣性動作”，后接不定式，后接不定式表示表示“心理或一次具體動作心理或一次具體動作”。當用在當用在 should, would之后時，只跟不定式之后時，只跟不定式。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this a

30、fternoon.我喜歡游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。我喜歡游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？你今晚上想吃什么？動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞前可以加一個動名詞前可以加一個 物主代詞或物主代詞或 名詞所有名詞所有格來表示格來表示 這個動名詞邏輯上的主語這個動名詞邏輯上的主語 ，構(gòu)成，構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或動名詞短語動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或動名詞短語1).物主代詞物主代詞 / 名詞所有格名詞所有格 + 動名詞動名詞 在句中作主語在句中作主語: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do y

31、ou mind my smoking? Do you mind my reading your paper?Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.2).人稱代詞賓格人稱代詞賓格 / 名詞名詞 + 動名詞動名詞 在句中作賓語在句中作賓語:Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont mind Jack (him) going.She hates young people (them) smoking.3).在在

32、“There is no+主語主語” 句型中，常用句型中，常用動名詞做主語。動名詞做主語。There is no telling what will happen in the future.There is no denying that he plotted this rebellion.（無可否認，他策劃了這次謀反（無可否認，他策劃了這次謀反.）1) The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2) He is a promising young man. 3) The man, having been disturbed so

33、badly, almost lost his memory4) We found the boy sleeping.分詞：分詞：ParticiplesFind out the participles.一一 分詞的概述分詞的概述1. 分詞是分詞是“非謂語動詞非謂語動詞”的另一種形式，的另一種形式，它有兩種形式：現(xiàn)它有兩種形式：現(xiàn) 在分詞（在分詞（Present Participle）和過去分詞（）和過去分詞（Past Participle）。）。 2. 現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：doing 過去分詞：規(guī)則動詞過去分詞：規(guī)則動詞 V+ed 不規(guī)則動詞不規(guī)則動詞 3.分詞在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用。在分詞

34、在句中起形容詞和副詞的作用。在句中句中 作表語、定語狀語和賓語補足語。作表語、定語狀語和賓語補足語?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別：1.語態(tài)上：語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動被動Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2. 時態(tài)上：時態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表進行，過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表進行，過去分詞表完成表完成Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boile

35、d water二、分詞的作用二、分詞的作用1 作定語作定語分詞作定語有兩種形式。它可以放在分詞作定語有兩種形式。它可以放在被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置定語。被修飾的名詞之前，稱為前置定語。有的放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后有的放在被修飾的名詞之后，稱為后置定語。置定語。（1）前置定語）前置定語He is a promising young man. Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. We only sell used books. 我們只賣用過的書。我們只賣用過的書。（2）后置定語）后置定語The young man sitting between

36、 John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動作。如果是單詞，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示動作。如果是單詞，放在被修飾的名詞前；如果是短語，就放放在被修飾的名詞前；如果是短語，就放在被修飾的名詞之后。在被修飾的名詞之后。（3）分詞短語作定語必須置于被修飾）分詞短語作定語必須置于被修飾詞之后，詞之后， 相當于一個定語從句。相當于一個定語從句。Those who wish to join the club should sign here(Those wishing to join this club should sign

37、here. )The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)(The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. （4）過去分詞作定語在意義上有兩種可）過去分詞作定語在意義上有兩種可能：表示被動和完成，只表完成。能：表示被動和完成，只表完成。the question discussed yesterday 昨天討論的問題昨天討論的問題 （既表示被動也表示完成）（既表示被動也表示完成）the fallen leaves 落下的樹葉落下

38、的樹葉 (只表示完成，不表示被動只表示完成，不表示被動)2、作表語、作表語分詞作表語表示主語的某種性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。分詞作表語表示主語的某種性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。What you said is really inspiring. 你所說的真令從鼓舞。你所說的真令從鼓舞。3、作賓語補足語、作賓語補足語可以跟賓語補足語的謂語動詞有可以跟賓語補足語的謂語動詞有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等詞。等詞。I saw him walking in the street. 我看見他在街上走。我看見他在街上走。 I heard them singing in t

39、he classroom.我聽見他們在教室里唱歌。我聽見他們在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩睡著了。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩睡著了?，F(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞在作狀語的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞在作狀語的區(qū)別四、作狀語四、作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞表主動進行，過去分詞表被動完成現(xiàn)在分詞表主動進行，過去分詞表被動完成1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks

40、beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. 比較下列劃線部分在句中的作用、位置及其比較下列劃線部分在句中的作用、位置及其與謂語動詞的時間順序與謂語動詞的時間順序：(1)They have no drinking water now.(動名詞做定語動名詞做定語)(2)The book to be published is about AIDS. (將要出版的這本書是關(guān)于艾滋病的。將要出版的這本書是關(guān)于艾

41、滋病的。不定不定式做定語式做定語)(3)The rising sun is very beautiful.（現(xiàn)在分詞做定語現(xiàn)在分詞做定語）(4)The ground is covered with fallen leaves.(落葉滿地。落葉滿地。過去分詞做定語過去分詞做定語) 不定式、動名詞、分詞做定語的區(qū)別不定式、動名詞、分詞做定語的區(qū)別形式形式 與被修飾名與被修飾名詞位置順序詞位置順序 與所修飾與所修飾名詞的關(guān)名詞的關(guān)系系 與謂語動詞與謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間發(fā)生的時間順序順序不定式不定式 單個不定單個不定式或不定式或不定式短語式短語 名詞后名詞后 主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)或動賓關(guān)系系 一般指

42、將來一般指將來動作，完成動作，完成式在謂語之式在謂語之前前動名詞動名詞 只以單個只以單個動名詞出動名詞出現(xiàn)現(xiàn) 名詞前名詞前 表被修飾表被修飾名詞的用名詞的用途途 分詞分詞 單個分詞、單個分詞、分詞短語分詞短語 名詞前或后名詞前或后 主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系 同時或在謂同時或在謂語之前語之前1. 不定式的進行時表示動作與謂語動作同不定式的進行時表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。不定式、分詞、動名詞的完成式時發(fā)生。不定式、分詞、動名詞的完成式表動作在謂語之前發(fā)生。表動作在謂語之前發(fā)生。1) When mother came into the room，Sid pretended to be working ha

43、rd at his lessons.2) Robert is said to have studied abroad，but I dont know what country he studied in.3) Having finished all my homework，I went out to play football with Li Ming. followingfollowedLookingSeen 1. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. (2011全國全國)A.rose B.rising C. to

44、rise D.risen2. The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. (2011 全國全國)A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ nothing about the argument. (2011全國全國) A. says B. said C. to say D. saying4. Its important for the figures _ regularly. (2011 北京北京

45、)A.to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated5. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on you feet. (2011北京北京)A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept6. Passeagers are permitted only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. (2011天津天津)A.to carr

46、y B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried 7. _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. (2011天津天津)A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated8. Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house, newly cleaned and polished. (2

47、011 上海上海)A.looked B. to lookC. looking D. to be looking 9. _ in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the riginal fun park. (2011 上海上海) A. Opened B. Having openedC. Opening D. Being opened10. Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars as a carpenter before. (2011 上海上海)

48、 A.to work B. to be working C. to have worked D. to have been working11. Look over theretheres a very long, winding path up to the house. (2011 山山東東)A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead12. Recently a survey prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citize

49、ns. (2011江蘇江蘇)Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbeing compared13. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable . (2011福建福建)A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold14. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to breakFill in the blanks1. 不定式的進行時表示動作與謂語動作同不定式的進行時表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。不定式、分詞、動名詞的時發(fā)生。不定式、分詞、動名詞的_表動作在謂語之前發(fā)生。表動作在謂語之前發(fā)生。完成時完成時進行時態(tài)進行時態(tài)