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1、Adjective Nounmajorhard racedistinctmajorityDiscovering useful words & expressionsEx. 1racialhardship/hardnessdistinctionAdjective NounItalian Korea Pakistan Denmark Italy Korean Pakistani Danish federalcatholicmajorityMinistry boom Italy distinction hardships Korea elected Arctic Straitcrossingby m
2、eans ofaircraftrailmaking a lifeEx. 2Ex. 3 Grammar The Noun ClausesLEAD-IN P5. Ex. 1 Study the underlined noun clauses in these sentences. What role do these clauses play in the sentences? What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle. This is why each year a great
3、 number of people from all over the world try to immigrate to California. However, most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa.主語從句主語從句表語從句表語從句賓語從句賓語從句P5. Ex. 21.Whether Native Americans arrived in California 15,000 years ago or 14,000 years ago is not important.2.The fa
4、ct that they arrived a long time before Europeans is what matters.3.I believe that the Native Americans were treated badly when the first Europeans came.4.The customs office is where your baggage is inspected when you enter or leave a country.主語從句主語從句同位語從句同位語從句表語從句表語從句賓語從句賓語從句表語從句表語從句名詞名詞性性從句的功能從句的功
5、能 功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、動詞及介詞賓句中能擔(dān)任主語、動詞及介詞賓語、表語、同位語等語、表語、同位語等, 因此根據(jù)因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能它在句中不同的語法功能, 名詞性名詞性從從句又可分為四類。句又可分為四類。名詞性從句名詞性從句主語從句主語從句賓語從句賓語從句表語從句表語從句同位語從句同位語從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞 1. 連接詞：連接詞： that,whether,if (只起引導(dǎo)作用，不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分只起引導(dǎo)作用，不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分)2. 連接代詞連接代詞: what, whatever, who, w
6、hoever, whom, whose, which （不僅起到引導(dǎo)從句的作用（不僅起到引導(dǎo)從句的作用, 同時也在從句中擔(dān)任成分，同時也在從句中擔(dān)任成分， 可擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、定語等可擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、定語等)3. 連接副詞連接副詞: when, where, how, why等等（引導(dǎo)從句，同時在從句中擔(dān)任狀語）（引導(dǎo)從句，同時在從句中擔(dān)任狀語） what與與that在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的區(qū)別在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的區(qū)別: what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語如主語,賓語賓語,表語表語,表示表示“所所的的”/“什么什么”. that則不然
7、則不然,它在句子中只起連接作用它在句子中只起連接作用,沒有意義沒有意義. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody. SUBJECT CLAUSE(主語從句主語從句)主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句, 通常放在主句通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替代替, 而本身放在句子末尾。而本身放在句子末尾。e.g. That the earth is round is tr
8、ue . (It is true that the earth is round.) Whether she will come or not is still a question . (It is still a question whether she will come or not.) What you are doing seems very difficult . When they will start has not been decided yet . (It hasnt been decided yet when they will start.) 用用it作形式主語，真
9、正主語為從句的作形式主語，真正主語為從句的4種主要結(jié)構(gòu)：種主要結(jié)構(gòu)：a. It + be +形容詞形容詞+ that-從句從句It is necessary that 有必要有必要It is important that 重要的是重要的是It is obvious that 很明顯很明顯b. It + be + -ed 分詞分詞+ that-從句從句It is believed that人們相信人們相信It is known to all that從所周知從所周知It has been decided that 已決定已決定c. It + be +名詞名詞+ that-從句從句It is co
10、mmon knowledge that 是常識是常識It is a surprise that令人驚奇的是令人驚奇的是It is a fact that事實是事實是d. It +不及物動詞不及物動詞+ that-從句從句It appears that似乎似乎It happens that碰巧碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起1. 作動詞的賓語作動詞的賓語She did not know what had happened.動詞間接賓語賓語從句動詞間接賓語賓語從句She told me that she would accept my invitation.
11、賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞通常放在主句謂語動詞( (及物動詞及物動詞) )或介詞之后?；蚪樵~之后。OBJECT CLAUSE(賓語從句賓語從句)2. 作介詞的賓語作介詞的賓語e.g. Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容詞的賓語作形容詞的賓語e.g. I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：
12、anxious, certain, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, satisfied, content 等。等。4. It 可以作為形式賓語可以作為形式賓語make, think, consider, feel, findIt 不僅可以作為形式主語不僅可以作為形式主語, 還可以作為形式還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語賓語而真正的賓語that從句則放在句尾從句則放在句尾, 特別特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句
13、子中。e.g. We have made it clear that we will not attend the meeting.賓語從句須注意賓語從句須注意1) 由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中, 詞序按陳述句詞序按陳述句 順序排列。順序排列。2) whether, if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句都意為引導(dǎo)賓語從句都意為“是否是否”, 但介詞后用但介詞后用whether引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), whether or not。3) 如主句謂語動詞是過去時如主句謂語動詞是過去時, 從句的謂語動詞從句的謂語動詞 則需要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。則需要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。4) 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that
14、常可省略，但若有兩?？墒÷?，但若有兩 個以上從句時，從第二個開始不能省略。個以上從句時，從第二個開始不能省略。5) 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, 等等, 其后的賓語其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義從句若含有否定意義, 一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上主句謂語上, 從句謂語用肯定式。從句謂語用肯定式。我們認為你不在這兒。我們認為你不在這兒。我相信他不會這樣做。我相信他不會這樣做。 We dont think you are here.I dont
15、believe he will do so. e.g. I suggested (that) he (should) take a good rest. Do you advise where she go for a trip in China?6) 表示表示“建議建議”或或“命令命令”的詞有的詞有: suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command, ask, advise等等,它們的它們的賓語從句賓語從句 用虛擬語氣用虛擬語氣, 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)為為: +(that)+主語主語+(should) do (shoul
16、d 可省可省)。The Predicative Clause 表語從句表語從句表語從句放在連系動詞后，如：表語從句放在連系動詞后，如：be, seem,remain等等The problem is that we havent enough time. China is no longer what she used to be . The question is how we can get there . 1. 表語從句除可以用名詞性從句的相應(yīng)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)外，表語從句除可以用名詞性從句的相應(yīng)引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)外， 還可用還可用as if/though, because引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。 It looks
17、as if it is going to rain. I was late for school. It was because I got up too late. 2. 如果引出表語從句的名詞是一些表示如果引出表語從句的名詞是一些表示“建議建議”或者或者 是是“命令命令”之類的詞如之類的詞如advice, suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等等, 那么從句中的動詞通常用那么從句中的動詞通常用 should +動詞原形。動詞原形。 表語從句注意事項表語從句注意事項My suggestion is that we all _ (take) an ac
18、tive part in the coming sports meet.should takeHis proposal was that the work _ (finish) in five hours.should be finishedPRACTICEP5. Ex. 31- that she was a socialist, believing in socialism.2- that so many people love California.3- is what I cant explain4 why he lied to me5that she had lost her pass
19、port6that you get a visa before you travel to the USA7 was different from what he saw in the movies8 is what I want to know P. 49 EX. 11.how (賓從）賓從）2.What （主從）（主從）3.whether （賓從）（賓從）4.which/what （賓從）（賓從）5.what （主從）（主從）6.That （主從）（主從）7.Why （主從）（主從）8.why （賓從（賓從）9.When （主從）（主從）10. as if （表從）（表從）11. wher
20、e/why （表從）（表從）12. How （主從）（主從）13. why （表從）（表從）14. that （表從）（表從）15. whether （賓從）（賓從）1. _ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.2. -Do you remember _ he came? -Yes, I do, he came by car. 3. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. 4. Can you tell me _ the woma
21、n is?5. The mountain is no longer _ it used to be.6 . Lei Feng was always thinking of _ he could help others. 7. It depends on _ we have enough time.8. _ he doesnt like them is very clear.Whathowwhatever who/whomwhathowwhetherThat Fill in the blanks:9. The fire destroyed _ was in the building.10. _I
22、 told you just now was _ had been written in the letter.11. _ he will be sent to Hainan is certain.12.You can write about _ topic you like.13. _ do you think will take care of the children?14. -Is that your watch? -No, I cant tell _that watch is.15.The reason why he failed is _ he was too careless.w
23、hat What what That whatever Whowhose that 雙語報雙語報37期期B4版語法小測版語法小測 VII1.I is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.2.He asked how much he could pay for that toy aircraft.3.It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.4.I still remember when th
24、is used to be a quiet village.5.What surprised me most is that such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.VIII.1.This is where our problem lies.2.Thats why he didnt come to the meeting.3.The news that we won the game is exciting.4.I have no idea when he will come back home.5.The fact
25、is that we have lost the game.1. 名詞性從句的語序名詞性從句的語序(陳述句語序陳述句語序)；2. 幾對重要關(guān)聯(lián)詞的區(qū)別幾對重要關(guān)聯(lián)詞的區(qū)別: whetherif, whatthat, whatwhatever, whowhoever, etc;3. it用作形式主語或形式賓語代替主語從句用作形式主語或形式賓語代替主語從句 或賓語從句；或賓語從句；4. 根據(jù)具體情景選用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞。根據(jù)具體情景選用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞。高考考查熱點（參考報紙高考考查熱點（參考報紙B3版）版）根據(jù)例句根據(jù)例句, 討論：討論：1) whetherif的區(qū)別的區(qū)別Please tell me
26、if/whether you will go to the lectures tomorrow.It all depends on whether the sky will clear up.The question is whether the film is well worth seeing.Whether he will be well tomorrow Im not sure.Whether it is true remains a problem.WhetherIfABCDAA. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句引導(dǎo)賓語從句, 位于及物動詞后位于及物動詞后B. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句引導(dǎo)賓語從句, 位于介詞后位
27、于介詞后C. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句引導(dǎo)賓語從句, 放句首放句首D. 引導(dǎo)表語從句引導(dǎo)表語從句, 主語從句或同位語從句主語從句或同位語從句2)Whatthat的區(qū)別的區(qū)別I think that it is unnecessary for me to speak louder.His mother is satisfied with what he has done.That he was able to come made us happy.This is what makes us interested.The reason was that Tod had never seen the milli
28、on-pound note before. 所引導(dǎo)的所引導(dǎo)的 從句中是否從句中是否 缺主語、缺主語、 表語或賓語表語或賓語漢語意義漢語意義能否省略能否省略Whatthat缺缺不缺不缺什么什么; 所所的東西、事情的東西、事情無意義無意義否否賓語從句賓語從句中能省中能省略略3) whowhoever; whatwhatever的區(qū)別的區(qū)別The spoken English competition is coming, Who will attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.I believe whoever takes part in the com
29、petition will try his best.Can you tell me what you would like to order?Whatever happens, dont be surprised.All the food here is delicious. Just order whatever you like.名詞性從句名詞性從句讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句who whoeverwhatwhatever表示表示“誰誰”表示表示“的任何人的任何人”表表“什么，所什么，所的的東西、事情東西、事情”表表“的任何東西的任何東西”/表表“不論誰不論誰”/表表“無論什么無論什么”1.
30、 The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt _ the season is. (2008全國全國I卷卷) A. whateverB. wherever C. wheneverD. however高考鏈接高考鏈接 - 2008A 2. _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建卷福建卷) A. It B. What C. As D. WhichB 3. When asked _ t
31、hey needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. (2008湖南卷湖南卷) A. what B. why C. whom D. whichA 4. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008山東卷山東卷) A. ItB. ThisC. What D. AsC 5. _wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. (2008浙江卷浙江卷) A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who6. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江卷浙江卷) A. what B. that C. which D. oneC A
高中英語：Book Unit1 learning about language課件人教版選修8
