BFT English 英語(yǔ)寫作

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1、BFT-English英語(yǔ)寫作 Lesson One 寫作常用的連接詞 1)表層次: first (and foremost), firstly， to begin with，to start with，in the first place second, secondly， furthermore third, thirdly，what is more， also， and then， next， besides and equally important，moreover in addition (to it/this)， finally last but

2、not least 2)表轉(zhuǎn)折； by contrast， although， though， yet at the same time， but despite the fact that…, even so in contrast, nevertheless, even though, for all that notwithstanding, on the contrary, however, in spite of on the other hand, otherwise, instead regardless e.g. For all/in spite

3、of her wealth, she doesn’t look happy. For all that he has a good voice, he doesn’t sing well. =In spite of/Despite the fact that he has a good voice, he doesn’t sing well. e.g. notwithstanding: prep.=in spite of : He got drunk at the party notwithstanding his wife’s warning. Or: (亦可置于名詞之后) He g

4、ot drunk at the party his wife’s warning notwithstanding. notwithstanding: adv.=nevertheless : Thank you for your advice, but I will marry her notwithstanding 3)表因果； therefore, consequently, because of, for this reason, thus, hence, due to, owing to so, accordingly, thanks to, on this

5、 account since, as, on that account, in this way for, as a result, as a consequence 4）表讓步： still, nevertheless, concession granted, naturally in spite of, all the same, of course, despite even so, after all 5)表遞進(jìn)： furthermore, moreover, likewise, what is more besides, also,

6、 not only...but also... too, in addition 6)表舉例： for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, that is=namely to illustrate, as an illustration, take sth as an example, a/ another case in point= a typical example (is that…) 7)表解釋： as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in t

7、his case, namely in other words 8)表總結(jié)： In summary, to summarize, to sum up, in a word, thus, as has been said, as has been mentioned above, in brief, in conclusion, altogether, in other words to conclude, in fact, finally, in simpler terms, indeed, in short, in particular, that

8、is, namely, in other words, of course, on the whole, to put it differently, all in all, therefore, Lesson Two英語(yǔ)寫作巧列提綱 1． 首先要理解題目和主題句。找出主題句或提示句的關(guān)鍵詞，掌握一段的主題，根據(jù)主題思想來(lái)確定要有哪幾個(gè)論點(diǎn)來(lái)闡述本段主題，然后構(gòu)思全段內(nèi)容，這就是編列提綱前的準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程。 2． 段落只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)的提綱列法： 有的段落其主題句所含的主題思想簡(jiǎn)單，只需要一個(gè)論點(diǎn)來(lái)闡述，其主題句或主題句的關(guān)鍵詞就是該段之提綱，這樣的段落就主題句段落。如My Id

9、eal Job 的第一段 (the first sentence)People have different ideal jobs. (key words) ideal jobs People have different ideal jobs. Some may want to become a doctor, a teacher or a scientist. Some may want to be a worker, a peasant or a soldier and so on. 3. 多層次提綱列法： 有的主題句需要幾個(gè)論點(diǎn)來(lái)闡述，有的大論點(diǎn)包含小論點(diǎn)，這種段落的提綱是

10、多層次的，需要進(jìn)行層次安排。根據(jù)主題思想，可考慮分哪幾個(gè)論點(diǎn)來(lái)闡述，各論點(diǎn)用什么材料或例子，哪個(gè)論點(diǎn)在先，哪個(gè)在后，那個(gè)大論點(diǎn)還要包括哪些小論點(diǎn)。大小論點(diǎn)分別用不同層次的標(biāo)題列出，同一層次標(biāo)題的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)相同，并用同類型的標(biāo)號(hào)依次標(biāo)出。如My Ideal Job 的第二段 My job is teaching. 其提綱為： （1） Teaching is very important in spreading human knowledge and pushing the society forward. （2） Teaching is my interest and pleasure.

11、 A. a teacher has long vacations. a. I can travel during the vacation. b. I can write articles c. I can arrange my own time. B. Living among the young people makes me young forever. 4. 含有眾多材料的段落提綱列法： 有些段落根據(jù)主題思想要用很多材料或例子來(lái)敘述。在列提綱時(shí)，要選擇有代表性的材料和例子予以歸類，按其類別列綱，如TOPIC SENTENCE為 I make preparation

12、s for a trip to the United States 的提綱如下： （1） Getting the necessary documents A. Passport B. Visa （2） Making financial arrangements （3） Buying clothes （4） Taking care of medical requirement （5） Packing A. suitcase B. Bags 5. 記敘文、描寫文提綱列法： 議論文要遵循邏輯順序（如上所述），而記敘文應(yīng)按事物發(fā)生的先后順序即時(shí)序列提綱，描寫文則按所

13、處空間位置關(guān)系（如前后左右上下等關(guān)系）列提綱；如記敘文A Spring Outing的提綱如下： (1) Starting on Sunday, the 20th of April A. Setting out early on bikes across the fields B. Seeing the beautiful scenes (2) At 10 a.m. arriving at the foot of Yun Long Hill A. Climbing the hill and having a picnic near the top B. Enjoying the l

14、andscape on the top (3) At 4 p.m. returning 描寫文My Native Town的提綱如下 (1) Geographic Location A. Location B. Surroundings a. circled by mountains b. passed by a river in front c. covered with trees at back (2) The Town’s Layout A. Buildings a. low houses b. a few high buildings B. The s

15、treets a. the main cement street b. the other stone roads (3) An early morning scene of my native town A. women washing by the river B. Farmers working in the fields 注：因?yàn)槎温渚哂袉我恍裕ㄖ挥幸粋€(gè)主題）、連貫性、同一性的特點(diǎn)，所以，所列提綱均為闡述主題這同一目標(biāo)的，任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容都不得列入。 Another example: Title: What Would Happen If There Were

16、No Power The first Para: Ever since early this century electricity has become an essential part of our modern life. Therefore, we should make good use of electricity and never waste power. Outline of the second Para: (1) Stopping wheels and ceasing of many industries (2) Falling apart of world

17、 transportation system (3) The worst effect on world communication system (4) The impossibility of our modern world 是按此提綱寫出第二段 If there were no electricity, our modern world would be in trouble. For one thing, all wheels would stop because the motors that power the machines would fail; for anot

18、her, many, if not all, of our industries would cease production. All world transportation system would fall apart and the worst effect would be felt on the world communication system. Thus，our modern world would be impossible without electricity. 英語(yǔ)寫作的一般步驟 1． 審題：看清要求，記住寫作內(nèi)容共有幾點(diǎn)，不得遺漏任何一點(diǎn)。 2． 構(gòu)思：根據(jù)

19、題目要求，考慮你的文章分幾段，或者分幾個(gè)層次，每段的大意是什么，計(jì)劃好文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)思不包括考慮你可能用的時(shí)態(tài)，詞語(yǔ)，句式等。 3． 動(dòng)筆：一邊寫一邊注意人稱、數(shù)、大、小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，用什么詞語(yǔ)將內(nèi)容連貫起來(lái)，用什么詞承上啟下的作用。 4． 復(fù)核：寫完后必須復(fù)核一遍。復(fù)核的內(nèi)容包括： （1）審核所寫內(nèi)容是否符合要求。 （2）審查所用時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱、用詞、句型等是否正確。 （3）審查拼寫、大、小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否正確。 （4）審查字?jǐn)?shù)是否合乎要求。 Appendix I eg.1 globalization 思路分析globalization→WTO→ c

20、ars become cheaper than ever→ cars need roads→roads are widened →results? →1.expectations of better road conditions→2. more car space? →3. trees and flowers are gone→4.displeasures caused by traffic troubles→conclusion:? Besides Cars, What Else Do We Need? It is said that China has become the th

21、ird largest growth market for private cars since China’s entry into WTO. Consequently, Chinese people are expecting a bright horizon of riding their own cars on the road. That is the case in our city. Cars cram into every street; complaints of waiting in the traffic jams become the topic on the road

22、. People with cars do not think more than that, they are expecting nothing short of improved road conditions. At present, roads are under repair for their extensions and renovations. Dividing belts are to be asphalted, wire poles transferred, curbstones extended sideways. The commotions of excavato

23、rs, bulldozers, rollers don’t bother much pedestrians and bicycle riders. Instead, with great expectation, they are hoping that broadened and brand-new roads soon come into sight. Bettered road conditions apart, we still need more car space. Nevertheless, car space cannot be gained so much as exten

24、ded roads. As a result, being adaptable, people come up with painting white lines inside the side roads or driveways in the community. In the daytime vehicles are lined up in traffic jams, while at night cars are parked on the roadsides. Those prospective car owners are wondering where their future

25、car space is. People suffer the dusty roads, yet elated with a yarning for new roads. However, they don’t notice the whereabouts about the trees, grasses, even flowers ever planted in the dividing belts. Now with no belts, no green, they’ve gone! Every summer, the main streets in our city were dott

26、ed with yellow marigolds, pink petunias, and red globe amaranths, coupled with green grass and pine trees. It used to be a scene of appreciation, but now it will only become a memory. We are happy to have got broadened lanes, yet at the cost of the disappearance of the colors of nature. Can colorful

27、 cars make up for the beauty of nature? We don’t frequently see much traffic accidents or even casualties within the confines of our city. That is mainly due to the enhanced drivers’ awareness of traffic rules and the endeavors made by traffic policemen. Nonetheless, there is another aspect to thei

28、r daily routine. More often than not, they have to mediate between drivers in case of scratches or sunken bumps and hollows on either or both cars after their intimate kisses. Drivers cannot cope with these disputes. Rather, both of them become unfriendly or displeased towards each other. They can’t

29、 help recalling the old days when they were cycling side by side. When they lose their temper and interpersonal harmony, they ask themselves: “does their car on earth bring forth convenience or displeasure?” It is not more cars we need: it is less vanity. We need to switch on our conscientious

30、 to get along with each other. We need to care for green, cars and people around us. We need to set boundaries for ourselves, or be doomed to mounting confusion. (本文曾獲2005年全國(guó)21世紀(jì)報(bào)“外教社杯”英語(yǔ)征文比賽二等獎(jiǎng)。) eg.2 My Understanding of Sportsmanship 思路分析 My Understanding of Sportsmanship →what is sportsman

31、ship? →several examples (two or three are preferable)→how they illustrate sportsmanship→conclusion? My Understanding of Sportsmanship The world is full of the unexpected. Chinese sports fans can’t believe their ears when hearing the remarkable all-round runner Miss Sun Ying-jie has been testif

32、ied positive in her urine samples. Neither can the world over be assured that the great world championship of the ring Muhammad Ali has lost his confidence in struggling against Parkinson’s disease. It is even more intolerable to recall the moment when the otherwise promising gymnast Miss Sang Lan w

33、as severely injured in a warming-up before the final in the unforgettable year of 1998 in New York. Though it is rather radical to feel terrified at the mere mention of those noble victims who are short of our sports fans’ expectations, yet their examples did demonstrate that in sports there are da

34、ngers. Then we cannot but wonder the sportsmanship is often achieved at the risk of unexpected accidents. Is that what the sportsmanship brings for us? Sun Ying-jie has returned to her hometown to wait for her next upstart. Her fans know that for sure. An age of Muhammad Ali has gone with his givin

35、g up his heroic dream of laughing at calamity. All people are feeling nostalgic about that hero-making epoch? However, with an unfailing will and loving heart, Sang Lan is still pursuing her dreams, one after another, a media major in Beijing University, an editor of journalism, a dedicator for char

36、ity, a would-be winner for the forthcoming 2008 Olympics for the Disabled, and the rest. Nevertheless, the present Sang Lan epitomizes the past King of the Ring. Besides his boxing career, Muhammad Ali had been pursuing his definite goals, one after another: he fought against racial discrimination;

37、 he was thrown into prison for 5 years as a result of his anti-Vietnam War demonstration in 1967. During the gulf war, he persuaded Saddam Hussein to release those 15 Americans. In 2002, he visited Afghanistan to win the worldwide attention and humanistic assistance for Afghanistan people, just thre

38、e years before he lost the courage against Parkinson’s disease. Accordingly, we may safely come to the conclusion that like the innumerable examples, Miss Sun Ying-jie is sure to bravely get out of the shadow, persistently and unyieldingly, broadened smile on her face again, just as millions of her

39、 fans have been expecting. For we are convinced that perseverance, the spirit of never giving up, was, is and will be the heritage of sportsmanship left by those noble heroes, including Sun Ying-jie. Homework 1. Making Preparations for a Trip to the United States 2. A Spring Outing 3. My Nat

40、ive Town Appendix II Some English versions of the name of places in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot 47 Tumd Left Banner Togtoh County Ningcheng County Harqin Banner Aohan Banner Ongniud Banner Bairin Right Banner Ar Horqin Banner Hexigten Banner Ulanqab City Zhuozi County

41、 Horinger County Qahar Right Wing Rear/Middle/Front Banner （Xilin Gol League） Erenhot City Xilin Hot City Abag Banner Xi/Dong Ujimqin Banner Sonid Left/Right Banner Taibus Banner Zhengxiangbai Banner Hulun Buir City Hailar City Yakeshi City Oroqen Autonomous Banner Daur Autonomous Ban

42、ner of Morin Dawa Ewenki Autonomous Banner Tongliao City (Jirem League) Horqin Left Wing Middle/Rear Banner Hure Banner 庫(kù)倫旗 Naiman Banner Jarud Banner扎魯特旗 Erdos City (Ih Ju League) Jungar Banner Uxin Banner Ejin Horo Banner Otog Banner Hanggin (Rear)Banner Dalad Banner Bayannur City

43、Urad Middle/Front/Rear Banner Alxa League Alxa Left/Rght Banner Ejin Banner Hinggan League Ulan Hot City Jalaid Banner扎賚特旗 Horqin Right Wing Front/Middle Banner 4. Can Money Buy Happiness? 1. 有人認(rèn)為金錢是幸福之源(source of happiness); 2. 也有人認(rèn)為金錢是萬(wàn)惡之本 (root of all evil); 3. 我的看法。

44、 范文 (1) Can money buy happiness? (2) Various people have various answers. (3) Some people may say “Yes”. (4) In their eyes, only a rich man can live happily. (5) For example, a man with plenty of money can buy delicious food, beautiful dress, luxurious houses, and expensive cars---anything requi

45、red for him to live comfortably and enjoyably. (6) For this reason, some people believe that money is the source of happiness. (7) But, there are still a lot of others who take a negative attitude towards money. (8) They think that money is the root of all evil. (9) As a proverb goes, “Money makes

46、the mare go.” (10) Money can drive people into stealing, robbing and even murdering. (11)Many people become criminals just because they were in search of much more money. (12)For these persons, money brings them nothing but evil and misery. (13)In my view, money, when justly obtained and properly u

47、sed, can bring us happiness and blessings. (14) However, if we try every possible means, good or evil, to get money for nothing, money means nothing but a source of evil. (15) So I believe that money is a good servant but a bad master. Lesson Three 議論文寫作模板 觀點(diǎn)類： People’s opinions are always diff

48、erent once they talk about…. Those who… maintain that….They also firmly believe that…. Many people think otherwise. On the one hand, …. On the other hand, …. My own opinion is that…, in this fast-developing information era has become more than common and acceptable. If we want to…, we have to …. S

49、o why not…? Example： My View on Job-hopping People’s opinions are always different once they talk about job-hopping. Those who never change their job throughout their life maintain that they have accumulated enough experience to work smoothly and efficiently, so what’s the point in changing to

50、another job? They also firmly believe that anyone who wants to excel in his specialty has to work hard on the same post for years to acquire the required skill and knowledge. Many people think otherwise. On the one hand, if the present job can offer neither satisfactory working conditions nor futur

51、e opportunities, they will not hesitate a moment to leave. On the other hand, they hold that life is but once and job-hopping can provide rich and exciting experiences. My own opinion is that job-hopping, in this fast-developing information era has become more than common and acceptable. If we want

52、 to keep pace with the times, we have to change for the faster, the higher and the stronger. If life is a journey, we have nothing to regret so long as we put meaning into it. So why not make a change? Topics: My View on Opportunity (along one’s life route; every dog has his day; transient; mak

53、e good preparations/get prepared; seize the opportunities; slip by, opportunities are only for the prepared minds) My View on Job-hopping (change one’s job; accumulate experience; excel in one’s specialty; acquire required skill and knowledge; working conditions; provide rich and exciting experien

54、ces; keep pace with the times; put meaning into one’s life) My View on Stem Cell Research (find treatments/cures for many diseases; use human embryos for research purposes; use discarded or donated stem cells; go against ethics; the research can be done on animals) My View on Retirement Age (ret

55、ire at the age of 60; be modified according to the specific situation; with the development of science and technology; live long; in the prime of life; stick to the old regulation; cater for the needs of sb) My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements (make up the functions of one’s pro

56、ducts; cheat customers; depict ideal life as luxurious; have a negative influence on sb; catch the attention of customers; design language tricks; lead to language pollution) My View on Fate (Fate is predestined; the master of one’s fate; change sth with one’s own hands; be born equal; be destined

57、 to do; succeed/fail in one’s life; realize one’s dream; hold on to one’s dream; turn sth into reality; Everybody is the architect of his own fortune) My View on Fortune Telling My View on Cloning My View on Genetically Modified Food My View on Transnational Marriage. My View on the Negative Ef

58、fects of Plagiarism (violate the rights of the original copyright holders; lose the impulse to create; lead to the degradation of the whole academic circle; punish the plagiarizers severely; harm the authors; do away with plagiarism) 利弊類： Nowadays, … is playing a more and more important role

59、in people’s daily life. However, people’s opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor of…claim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly,…. Secondly,…. Last but not least,…. Those who are opposed to… hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place, …. In the second

60、 place, …. Finally, …. All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of … along with…. A bright future is awaiting us if we make good use of…. Example: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet Nowa

61、days, the Internet is playing a more and more important role in people’s daily life. However, people’s opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor of the Internet claim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly, information searching is no longer a tough job with the help of

62、 all kinds of search engines. Secondly, we can contact friends or business partners via e-mails or software such as Internet Meeting and Yahoo Messenger. Last but not least, we can take part in groups or mailing lists to talk with friends of the same interest. Those who are opposed to the Inter

63、net hold that disadvantages are many. In the first place, the Internet costs considerable time, money and energy especially for those with less self-control. In the second place, surfing on the Internet for a long time harms the eyes a lot. Finally, more and more young people are indulged in online

64、games, Internet chat and even pornography, which are extremely harmful to their future development. All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of the Internet along with national economy. A bright future

65、 is awaiting us if we make good use of the Internet. .Topics: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet (information searching; search engines; contact friends or business partners via emails or Yahoo messenger; take part in mailing lists to chat with friends of the same interest; to cost co

66、nsiderable time, money and energy; less self-control; surf on the Internet; do harm to/harm the eyes; be indulged in online games ) Advantages and Disadvantages of Overseas Study (academic level; research facilities; develop a more reasonable and balanced view toward the world; character building; independent; diligent; enterprising (有進(jìn)取心的); adapt to the new environment; cultural differences; to hinder the regular life in many ways; pay tuition and fees) Advantages and Disadvantages of Keepin