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1、摘要?
《銀河護衛(wèi)隊》系列電影是漫威公司設立在銀河系背景下的科幻電影，在全球范圍內取得了非常成功的票房成績，在兩部電影中，充滿了奇形怪狀的生物，但是在整整兩部電影之中，最受歡迎的角色之一 “Groot”只有一句臺詞——“I am Groot”。我認為，“I am Groot”這句臺詞在電影中起到非常重要的作用。 本文以 Sacks的話輪轉換理論基礎，在前人對話輪轉換及對電影臺詞語料分析的基礎上，對兩部電影中所有包含“I am Groot”的對話進行定量和定性分析。進行定量分析是為了更好的記錄“I am Groot”的出現(xiàn)次數(shù)，及在對話中的所占比例，進而總結出“I am Groot”的特點，其
2、次，對其進行定性分析是為了研究“I am Groot”如何體現(xiàn)出語用效果，從而進一步的解釋這句臺詞共有多少種語用效果。 通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，“I am Groot”在兩部電影中具有回應他人，表達情感，協(xié)商條件，增進感情，表示贊同的語用效果。?
而且，我們得到了兩點結論。首先，當“I am Groot”在規(guī)則1（a）下參加話輪轉換時，Groot對整個話輪轉換進程沒有任何影響，在兩篇電影中，“I am Groot”產生了“回應他人”“增進感情”和“拒絕他人”的語用效果。其次，當“I am Groot”在規(guī)則1（b）下參加環(huán)論轉換時，Groot多多少少會對話輪轉換過程產生影響：當“I am Groot”
3、產生“解釋原因”語用效果時，Groot對話輪轉換進程的影響極大，基本上是引領者話輪轉換；當它產生“協(xié)商條件”的語用效果時，Groot 的影響就相對小了些，只是改變了話輪轉換的趨勢；當它產生“表示贊同”的語用效果時，Groot對整個進程沒有任何影響。?
在電影史中，Groot 是獨一無二的電影角色，這個角色的設立非常成功，這句唯一的臺詞起了很大的作用。所以，研究出 “I am Groot” 的語用效果不僅會使我們能更好的理解為什么Groot就憑借僅一句臺詞就能在觀眾的心中留下深刻的印象，而且為以后的學者對話輪轉換理論的應用及電影臺詞的分析拓展和提供思路，并幫助電影編劇更好的通過話輪轉換來更好的
4、塑造一個令人印象深刻的角色。同時，《銀河護衛(wèi)隊》是一個系列電影，將來還會有第三部第四部等等，所以，本文拋磚引玉，希望引起廣泛學者來研究，不斷的完善和豐富我的研究成果。?
關鍵詞：話輪轉換; 語用效果; “I am Groot”?
Abstract?
The "Guardian of the Galaxy" series is a science fiction film set up by Marvel's company in the context of the Milky Way. It has achieved very successful box office res
5、ults worldwide. In both movies, it is full of grotesque creatures, but it is in two full movies. Among them, one of the most popular characters "Groot" has only one line - "I am Groot". I think the line "I am Groot" plays a very important role in the movie. Based on Sacks' turn-taking theory, and th
6、e turn-taking theory of previous studies and the analysis of the movie materials, this paper makes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of all dialogues including "I am Groot" in the two films. The purpose of quantitative analysis is to better record the number of occurrences of "I am Groot" and
7、the proportion of them in the dialogue, and then summarize the characteristics of "I am Groot". Second, qualitative analysis is to study how “I am Groot” expresses pragmatic effect and then further explain how many pragmatic effects in this line. Through analysis, in two films，it was found that "I a
8、m Groot" has the pragmatic effect of “responding to others”, “expressing emotions”, “bargaining conditions”, “improving relationships”, “rejecting” and “approving”. So, we conclude two conclusions.Firstly, when “I am Groot” works in rule1(a), the pragmatic effects it produces have no effect on the e
9、ntire turn-taking process, so in two movies it generated “responding to others”, “improving relationships” and “rejecting” effects.Secondly, when it works in rule1(b), that means Groot uses turns to changed the process of the turn more or less. So when “I am Groot” generated the pragmatic effect of
10、explaining reason, it will be the strongest power that Groot uses to control the turn. When it generated “bargaining conditions” effect, the power is weaker and Groot just have an impact on the process. When it generated “approving” effect, the power is weakest, Groot change anything to the process.
11、?
In the history of film, Groot is a unique movie character. The establishment of this character is very successful. This unique line has played a big role. Therefore, studying the pragmatic effects of “I am Groot” will not only give us a better understanding of why Groot will be able to impress pe
12、ople in the minds of the audience with only a single line of dialogue, but will also expand and create ideas of the application of turn-taking theory and the analysis of movie dialogue for future scholars, and help the film writers better through the turn-taking to better shape an impressive role. A
13、t the same time,?the?"Guardians?of?the?Galaxy"?is?a?series?of?movies.?There will be a third and fourth part in the future, and so on. And at that time my research will not be rigorous. Therefore, this article will be initiated in the hope of attracting a wide range of scholars to study, and enrich a
14、nd improve my research.?
Key words：Turn-taking Theory; pragmatic effect; “I am Groot” 2?
Abbreviation?
T turn?
List of table?
Table.1 Distribution of turns in Case 1 16?
Table.2 Distribution of turns in Case 2 18?
Table.3 Distribution of turns in Case 3 18?
Table.4 Distribution of turns in
15、 Case 4 19?
Table.5 Distribution of turns in Case 5 20?
Table.6 Distribution of turns in Case 6 21?
Table.7 Distribution of turns in Case 7 22?
Table.8 Distribution of turns in Case 8 23?
Table.9 Distribution of turns in Case 9 25?
Table.10 Distribution of turns in Case 10 26?
Table.11 Distri
16、bution of turns in Case 11 26?
Table.12 Distribution of turns in Case 12 27?
Table.13 Distribution of turns in Case 13 29?
4?
Content?
1?
摘要 1?
Abstract 2?
Abbreviation 3?
List of table 4?
Content 5?
Chapter 1 Introduction 7?
1.1 Background of the study 7?
1.2 Objectives of the study 7?
17、
1.3 Outline of the thesis 7?
Chapter 2 Literature Review 9?
2.1 A review of previous related studies on the theory of turn-taking 9?
2.2 A review of previous related studies abroad 10?
2.3 A review of previous related studies at home 11?
2.4 Space for this study 13?
Chapter3 Theoretical foun
18、dation and Research methods. 13?
3.1 Theoretical framework 13?
3.2 Research questions 14?
3.3 Research procedure and methods 15?
Chapter 4 Case Analysis 16?
4.1 Pragmatic effect of responding to others 16?
4.1.1 Analysis of Case1 16?
4.1.2 Analysis of case 2 17?
5?
燕山大學本科生畢業(yè)論文?
4.2 The pra
19、gmatic effect of expressing emotion 18?
4.2.1 The analysis of Case 3 18?
4.2.2 The analysis of Case 4 19?
4.3 The pragmatic effect of bargaining 20?
4.3.1 The analysis of case 5 20?
4.3 The pragmatic effect of rejecting 21?
4.3.1 The analysis of case 6 21?
4.4 The pragmatic effect of improvin
20、g relationship 22?
4.4.1 The analysis of case 7 22?
4.4.2 The analysis of case 8 23?
4.5 The pragmatic effect of approving 23?
4.5.1 The analysis of case 9 23?
4.5.2 The analysis of case 10 25?
4.6 The pragmatic effect of explaining reason 26?
4.6.1 The analysis of case 11 26?
4.6.2 The anal
21、ysis of case 12 27?
Chapter 5 Conclusion 29?
5.1 Major findings 29?
5.2 Implication of the study 30?
5.3 Limitation of the study 30?
5.4 Suggestions for further study 30?
Acknowledgement 31?
References 32?
Appendix 34?
開題報告 34?
中期報告 39?
6?
Chapter 1 Introduction?
1.1 Background of the s
22、tudy?
Generally speaking, a successful movie must has it own significant theme ,or it has some impressive characters, dialogues, some great shooting skills. But there was an interesting case, Guardians of the Galaxy, has a character called Groot, a treeman, who only has one line “I am Groot”. Altho
23、ugh it is not the protagonist, it was popular around Marvel’s fans. The movie sets the background in the universe where exist numerous aliens in various shape, and Groot is normal in shape, so what make him so impressive than others, especially his friend Rocket, a raccoon? The conversation around t
24、his line is really important. As for conversation and this special case, I am going to analyze it under the perspective of turn-taking. This single line was given to different pragmatic effects in the turn-taking process so that the conversation can still go on. I collected every conversation around
25、 this line and I will analyze it under the theory of turn-taking. In the movie history, Groot is unique and successful. So after analyzing this we not only figure out how this character be successful, but also we can take this as a reference which could help us to write a successful play-writing and
26、 shape a impressive character. Then I searched the analysis about my topic on internet carefully. But I never find a professional analysis about it, both at home and abroad. There are several analysis which analyzed other movies under the perspective of turn-taking. 1.2 Objectives of the study?
The
27、 first research goal of this article is to figure out how and why In different turn-taking process, what kind of speech act are given by“I am Groot”.Secondly, this article is aim to get a deeper understanding of the dialogue turn theory and its application, expand and create ideas of the application
28、 of turn-taking theory and the analysis of movie dialogue for future scholars, and help the film writers better through the turn-taking to better shape an impressive role. At the same time, the "Guardians of the Galaxy" is a series of movies. There will be a third and fourth part in the future, and
29、so on. And at that time my research will not be rigorous. Therefore, this article will be initiated in the hope of attracting a wide range of scholars to study, and enrich and improve my research. 1.3 Outline of the thesis?
This paper has 5 parts. The first part is Chapter1 introduction, which main
30、ly 7?
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introduces the subject of this paper, the basic background of this paper, its current research situation, the significance and the outline of this paper. Chapter 2, which is also the second part, literature review, briefly summarizing and reviewing previous studies on turn-takin
31、g theory. Chapter 3 is focusing on the theoretical foundation and research method. Chapter 3 is the case studies of data qualitatively to probe into the generating ways of the pragmatic effect, concretely making a detailed analysis of conversation in movies. The last part is conclusion, summarizing
32、on the major findings and limitations and suggestions for future study.?
8?
Chapter 2 Literature Review?
2.1 A review of previous related studies on the theory of turn-taking Sacks (1974) and his colleagues firstly put forward that the simplest system include two elements and a set of basic rule.
33、The two elements are the structure of turn-taking and the strategy of turn-taking They believe that speakers can construct a turn with different kinds of composite structures. The turn can be composed of any one syllable (e.g. um, ah, er, etc.), words, phrases or short sentences. Here, "a syllable"
34、means a reverse response. The reverse answer is "the listener uses words or facial expressions to indicate he has understand what the speaker is saying."(Jack C. Richards Richard W. Schmidt, 1985: 72). But they didn’t give clear definition to “turn”. With the development of age, many scholars give i
35、t in different aspects.?
No matter what we choose, the turn construction unit will show an end point. In other words, there is a key point in this unit, where the speaker is converted, or transitional relevance place. Yule defines TRP as "the place where the possible conversion of any turn is calle
36、d the transitional association position or TRP".（Yule, 2000: 72） Liu(2004:46) made a comprehensive definition to “turn” is a sequence of words spoken by a speaker at any time during the session. It is considered?that?the?speakercan?choose?the?next?speaker?and?the?listener?to?get?the?right?to speak o
37、n its own initiative, which is the two basic way to realize the handover of the turn, and there are some specific means in each way. The speaker chooses the next speaker, which can be realized by means of fixation and address, while the listener's choice of self selection has two kinds: normal self
38、selection and abnormal self selection. The normal way of self selection occurs in the connection position of the turn of the speech, the speaker sends out the signal of giving up the turn, the hearer sends out the signal of the call and begins the turn of the speech, and the non normal way of self s
39、election is the way that the speaker intervenes when the speaker's turn is not finished. This situation usually happens in the speaker's words. When the listener wants to have the right to speak, he interrupts the speaker's turn and gains the right to speak. Turn round handover is a process of role
40、transformation. In this process, 9?
燕山大學本科生畢業(yè)論文?
overlapping, pause and silence often occur.?
Luo(2017) putted her more attention on the application of turn-taking theory. And she summarized a theoretical framework, which is summarized from the aspects of the theory, evolution, content and applic
41、ation.?
2.2 A review of previous related studies abroad?
Greg(2017) modeled flexible turn-taking as dynamic mechanism, and flexible turn-taking arrangements promote efficiency in a repeated task environment. But in my case, the task environment is not repeated, the line is, and more interesting is
42、 that the efficiency not behind. Groot has only three words, the rate is stable. If the turn-taking process is flexible, it must be worked by others in the conversations. Generously, there are two ways we take turn, we interrupt or we are chosen, or we can chose not to take the turn, which Michal(20
43、12) called silence. He said: “The silences serve as a means of communication with human communication. Along with speech, they belong within the verbal phase of communication. ‘Verbal silence’ as a pure symbol is clearly distinguished from other silences.”(p.67). So the verbal silences also take pra
44、gmatic effects. In the case of the movie, Groot only has three words and he never interrupted others to take turn, most of situations he was chosen to take turn. However, there are several ones he used gestures and silences in stead of “I am Groot”, and these situation is essential for shaping his c
45、haracteristics, so it is worthy to being analyze, or I can say the verbal silence of Groot has the equal function to his only line, because whatever the meaning under his verbal silences or gestures, if he said out, there will be nothing change. But Michal’s analysis was within the Grice’s Cooperati
46、ve Principles (CP), he didn’t analyze it in the process of turn-taking.?
Speber Wilson(2001)put forward the relevance theory and explained cognitive system of human communication under the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Relevance theory contains two core principles, cognitive principles and
47、conversational principles. Cognitive principle is that human cognition tends to the maximum relevance. Conversational principles is that we support every obviously informational speech act has the optimum relevance. The theory of relevance can strongly explain how humour 10?
Chapter 2 Literature Re
48、view?
generate.?
Stephen(2015) said that “turn-taking is a part of universal infrastructure for language”. And he gave three reasons to prove “human turn-taking has in fact deeper in roots in human nature.”(p.10) As for that, Groot’s “I am Groot” is a vocal sign, but others in conversations are la
49、nguages said by various aliens; moreover, the conversation is smoothly going on. In the movie , Groot responds every turn immediately. So I can identify that Groot is an alien but he has the cognitive ability of human in his mind. 2.3 A review of previous related studies at home?
Based on the theor
50、etical framework of Leech’s politeness principle, Brown and Levinson’s politeness maxims, from the perspective of pragmatics, Kong(2008) analyzes silences in the English film Pride and Prejudice, explores their functions and dissects the factors affecting the interpretation of silence by employing t
51、he qualitative method. But what I should remind is that she only do research on silences. She identified that under the emotional factors, cultural factors, contextual factors and social factors, silences has many functions, such as refusal and contempt, in the movie. What I should do for my analysi
52、s is to identified in several silences situation the pragmatic functions which make Groot impressive.?
As for pragmatic effect reflecting in the relationship between two speakers, Qu(2011) based on the theory of turn-taking, adapted the analysis of drama stylistics which rule that every words in th
53、e literature is a turn, and employed the qualitative method to analyze Jane Eyre. This paper pointed me a way that I need to pay attention to the change on frequency of turn-taking. But there is a limitation for my research, the only changing frequency for Groot is how many times he takes turn, he n
54、ever change his length of turn. Zhao and Wang(2012) did the discourse analysis more specific by the participants’ control situation of the conversation in turn-taking, and according to that we could find the obvious characteristics of each participants, then figure out the pragmatic effect of lines.
55、 That mean I should calculate the length and number of words of each sentence. Well, Groot’s line is easy to calculate, “I”, “AM”, “GROOT”, what I need to pay more attention 11?
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on are the other characters’ words’ length and number of whom talk to Groot, because their words number and
56、 length, after that, I should analyze the relationship between the participants and Groot, and use that to reflect the pragmatic effect of “ I am Groot.” But one limitation is that ZhaoWang look highly on the words’ number and length, they didn’t analyze pragmatic implicature and pragmatic effect wi
57、th the help of each context that turn-taking happens.?
But Qu, Zhang and Wang have their limitation. They overvalued turn-taking as a device for serving characters. They attributed characteristics shaping functions to only turn-taking aspect, but turn-taking is under the big background——sociolingui
58、stics. He(2015), based on the turn-taking system, analyzes the turn-taking use in Wuthering Heights from the sociolinguistic perspective, and to explain the relationship between power and turn-taking. The results of the analysis show that power indeed exerts great impact on turn-taking and to a larg
59、e extent the person who has power controls the turn-taking. Besides, turn-taking can reflect the power relations between two participants. Finally, the results suggest that persons can use different turn-taking strategies to achieve their purposes.?
Zhang(2015) used the first ten episodes in the fi
60、fth season of “Big Bang” as her research object. And there are three ways to generate humourous effect. Before that, there is an important theory need to be introduced. As for Chinese, Shen(2013) based on CP, and used Stephen chow’s comedy movies as data to specifically explain how humour generate i
61、n the process of turn-taking. In one word, the humour in “Wulitou” type generate in the violation of 4 maxims of CP, which is a kind of exaggerated and unique violation, which made Stephen Chow get the reputation of “the king of humour”. These two author really has a good command of skill of summary
62、 and analysis. But in the movie Guardians of Galaxy, the conversations around “I am Groot” don’t belong to any one ways of three, so “I am Groot” has no pragmatic effect in humour. Li(2007) used a successful movie 300 as his data, and under the perspective of turn-taking, he put forward an important
63、 point for me. It is paralanguage, which helps the language to express more. The use of facial expressions, actions, gestures, silence, intonation and other paralanguage are common in film dialogues. Li said: “any kind of paralanguage appear that mean he has already take the turn, because he has suc
64、cessfully 12?
Chapter3 Theoretical foundation and Research methods.?
draw attention from other participants and look forward to their reaction.” This conclusion is not accurate, because there is a situation that the speaker doesn’t end his turn even though he sees others’ paralanguage.?
Zhou(2011
65、)did a well job on Dead Poets Society. He analyze three dialogues in details, it showed that Neil’s father has average 30 words in a turn, but Neil only has 6, and Neil’s father has the absolutely control in turn-taking. Under this effect, Neil’s father express strong pragmatic effect in bad side. A
66、fter this analysis and because of the specialty of Groot, if a speaker absolutely control the turn-taking process, whether it could give bad influence on Groot, and what kind of pragmatic effect generate by “I am Groot” in that dialogue.?
Zhao(2013) did a great job under the comparative perspective in The Iron Lady. This thesis selected forty-six pieces of conversations from the movie through random sampling. They have been classified into the private life conversations and public life conversa
基于話輪轉換理論的“I am Groot”的語用效果英語教學專業(yè)
