（江蘇專用）2019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題五 書面表達(dá) 第二節(jié) 分類突破 二 段落概括的9大技巧優(yōu)選習(xí)題

二、段落概括的9大技巧 讀寫任務(wù)型寫作中，開頭的30詞的段落概括是一篇好的書面表達(dá)的開始。我們必須從文體入手，分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)，準(zhǔn)確把握要點(diǎn)，注意區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等邏輯關(guān)系。 在概括文章時(shí)，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容，因?yàn)樗軌驇椭蠹腋斓靥岣卟蹲轿恼乱c(diǎn)的速度與準(zhǔn)確性。 1．概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：瞄準(zhǔn)目的，省卻細(xì)節(jié)，拋棄例子。 2．概括的寫作步驟： (1)確定主題句；(2)尋找關(guān)鍵詞；(3)重構(gòu)主題句； (4)重組支撐句。 3．注意概括段落的文體 (1)對于故事性、記敘性的文體：要找出文中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件(過程)、原因、結(jié)果(影響、感悟、啟發(fā)、啟迪、結(jié)論)。即when，where，who，what，why，how。 (2)對于議論文，轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)則要準(zhǔn)確而全面地概括作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。①在文中找關(guān)鍵詞(主題字眼)；②找出涉及主題的問題(作者看法)；③找出相關(guān)問題的解決辦法?？梢越柚嚓P(guān)過渡詞，恰當(dāng)?shù)馗爬ㄎ恼乱c(diǎn)，切勿照抄原文句子。 4．如何寫主題句 進(jìn)行讀寫任務(wù)型寫作時(shí)，因“寫作內(nèi)容”所列要點(diǎn)的順序已具有內(nèi)在的邏輯性，所以考生按照所給內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)順序?qū)懽骷纯?，無需重新調(diào)整。一般是每個(gè)寫作要點(diǎn)安排一段，且將寫作內(nèi)容的每個(gè)要點(diǎn)作為各段的主題句，放在句首。這樣既符合英語的寫作習(xí)慣，又可以避免寫作時(shí)跑題或漏掉要點(diǎn)，并且層次分明，方便閱卷老師落實(shí)要點(diǎn)是否齊全。當(dāng)然，如果所給要點(diǎn)之間有非常緊密的聯(lián)系，也可以安排在同一段內(nèi)。 微技能(一)　直接翻譯 對不含提問性質(zhì)的要點(diǎn)，一般將其譯成英語即可，必要時(shí)可增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞。例如： 1．其他督促學(xué)生認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的辦法。 However，there are other ways to make students work hard. 2．中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別。 From my point of view，the college life will be different from the life in high school. 微技能(二)　回答要點(diǎn) 主題句對要點(diǎn)提問作出明確回答。例如： 1．要點(diǎn)：學(xué)生的壓力來源是什么？ Nowadays，students are under great pressure，which mainly comes from their school work as well as peer relationship. 2．要點(diǎn)：在小孩幾歲的時(shí)候教他們理財(cái)？用什么形式理財(cái)？ I think five to six is an appropriate age to begin teaching children money management skills.Parents may accompany their children to the bank and help them open an account in which they can save their lucky money. 微技能(三)　明確觀點(diǎn) 對帶有一般問句性質(zhì)、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要點(diǎn)，考生要明確表示支持還是反對、贊同還是不贊同、該還是不該等，或表明會不會做某事。例如： 1．你是否也埋怨過父母。 As for me，I always complain about my parents’ high expectation on me and their ignoring my real feelings. 2．你是否贊同“狼爸”式的教育，并陳述你的理由。 Personally I disapprove of what is advocated in the book entitled “That’s Why They Go to Peking University”，because I wonder whether the admission to a prestigious university has become the only marker of success in most parents’ mind，or rather，a full stop to parental duties. 微技能(四)　“重要”表達(dá) 如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)劇闹匾浴?，主題句則為“……有重要作用”；如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)劇泻沃匾饬x”，主題句則為“……很有意義”等。說明必要、重要或意義的常用表達(dá)有： 1．We should attach more importance to sth. 2．It is important/significant for sb.to do sth. 3．Sth.plays a very important role/part in... 4．Sth.is playing an increasingly important role in our life. 5．People are coming to realize the importance of... 6．The significance of...cannot be overvalued. 例如：1.談?wù)劒?dú)立的重要性。 Inspired by the story，I suddenly realized the importance of independence. 2．談?wù)勗谖＜钡臓顩r下保持鎮(zhèn)靜的重要意義。 First of all，keeping calm in an emergency is of great significance. 微技能(五)　表明看法 對“你對……的看法/態(tài)度”之類的寫作要點(diǎn)，考生可用in my opinion/view，personally，as far as I’m concerned等開頭，直接表明自己的看法。例如： 1．你對父母溺愛孩子的看法。 In my opinion，overprotection and too much care are extremely bad for children’s development. 2．我對大學(xué)擴(kuò)招的看法。 From my point of view，this tendency should be continued，as we need more capable people to contribute to the fastgrowing economy. 微技能(六)　引出經(jīng)歷 由別人的經(jīng)歷引出自己的經(jīng)歷時(shí)可用以下句型來表達(dá)： 1．It reminds me of the time when... 2．It reminds me of an accident which happened several days ago. 3．After reading the story above，I recall the experience of my friend who... 4．The story above reminds me of one of my experiences... 例如： 1．講述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的經(jīng)歷(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和起因)。 Sam’s story reminds me of my similar experience. 2．你(或你同學(xué))的一次車禍經(jīng)歷。 I also experienced a similar car accident. 題組過關(guān)1　根據(jù)所給要點(diǎn)寫出每個(gè)段落的主題句 1．要點(diǎn)：發(fā)脾氣的害處。 As we know，getting angry not only does harm to one’s health，but also has a bad effect on the relationship between people. 2．要點(diǎn)：我們能以木匠建房的態(tài)度去對待我們的生活嗎？ In no way should we treat our life in the way like the carpenter. 3．要點(diǎn)：作為校方應(yīng)該采取哪些措施避免此類悲劇(校園安全問題)的發(fā)生。 More lectures should be held on safety to enhance students’ awareness of the issue. 4．要點(diǎn)：你是否支持該校長的做法，并陳述理由。 I’m completely for what the headmaster did.Only when students behave well can they create a good environment for study，so it’s necessary to suspend the misbehaved students and help them to behave well. 5．要點(diǎn)：北大不應(yīng)該拒絕游客。 It surprises me to learn that Peking University shuts its door to group tours，which seems inappropriate. 6．要點(diǎn)：越來越多的人又開始騎自行車的原因。 Nowadays，more and more people ride bicycles.The main reason is that... 7．要點(diǎn)：你是否贊成文中對出國游學(xué)的看法？ I couldn’t agree more with the author./I totally agree with the author. 8．要點(diǎn)：日常生活中為了保護(hù)環(huán)境我們還可以做些什么？ As high school students，we are supposed to make great efforts to help protect our environment. 微技能(七)　要素串聯(lián)法 對記敘文進(jìn)行概括時(shí)，要抓住原文的人物、事件、結(jié)果三大要素。有些記敘文的結(jié)尾有一個(gè)點(diǎn)題句，表達(dá)深刻內(nèi)涵或故事帶給人們的啟示，在寫概要時(shí)也需把故事寓意表達(dá)出來。 1．尋詞摘句，確定要素：記敘文通常包含時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、經(jīng)過(how)等六大要素。在閱讀時(shí)要圈定這些要素。 2．整合信息，串聯(lián)要素：列出上述要素和關(guān)鍵詞后，需要對其進(jìn)行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的邏輯順序，在整合時(shí)要有所取舍，對于能揭示主題的主要信息，應(yīng)該全部概括；而對于主題之外的內(nèi)容要毫不吝嗇地舍棄。 3．認(rèn)真審題，注意表達(dá)：表達(dá)時(shí)要注意以下三點(diǎn)：(1)確定人稱：如果原文是第一人稱，在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)一般要改為第三人稱。(2)確定時(shí)態(tài)：記敘文以一般過去時(shí)為主。若記敘文中有作者從中得到的“啟示”或“意義”等，一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)。(3)確定詞數(shù)與句數(shù)：概要要求是“以約30個(gè)詞概括”，滿分作文概括的詞數(shù)在26～38個(gè)單詞之間。受詞數(shù)限制，概括部分一般用1～3句表達(dá)，以用兩句最佳，句子過多，要么內(nèi)容累贅，要么句式過于簡單，均會影響表達(dá)效果。 注意：故事性閱讀材料，應(yīng)該用最簡練的語言來說明故事講述了什么，不能拖泥帶水，而且最好講述該故事給你的啟示或其中的一個(gè)道理。 題組過關(guān)2　閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容，并按要求寫出步驟。 A father came home from work late，tired and exhausted. He worked day and night hoping to earn more money for his only child. His 5－year－old daughter was waiting for him at the door. “Dad，how much do you earn an hour？” asked the daughter. “Why do you ask that？” “I just want to know. Please tell me how much you earn an hour.” “If you really want to know...I earn 20 an hour.” “Oh，” the little girl replied with her head down. Looking up she said，“Dad，may I borrow 10？” The father became angry.“Go to bed right now! Think about how selfish you are！I work hard every day but you just want to buy your silly toy！” The little girl quietly went to her bedroom feeling sad. After an hour or so the father calmed down and started to feel sorry because she really didn’t ask for money very often. So he went to his daughter’s room and gave her 10. The little girl jumped from the bed.“Oh，thank you Dad！” She was really happy indeed. Then she took out her own savings and said，“Dad，I have 20 now. Can I buy an hour of your time? Please come home earlier tomorrow. I would like to have dinner with you.” 第一步：圈定本文的要素 who a girl and her father when at the time when her father came home from work where at home what The girl borrowed 10 from her father and wanted to buy an hour from her father. 第二步：確定人稱和時(shí)態(tài) 1．人稱：第三人稱； 2．時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí)。 第三步：串聯(lián)要素，確定表達(dá) In the passage，a little girl asked her father，who often came home late from hard work，how much he earned an hour.Then she borrowed some money from her father and asked him to sell one hour of his time to accompany her. 微技能(八)　中心詞挖掘法 說明性短文，用概括的文字介紹或說明某種事物的性質(zhì)功用或社會現(xiàn)象。所以我們碰到這樣的文體，可以用中心詞挖掘法。 題組過關(guān)3　閱讀下面短文，寫出文章關(guān)鍵詞，然后以約30個(gè)詞歸納文章大意。 Welcome back to Modern Parenting.We’ve already talked about being open and honest with your kids，but there is one thing that all good parents do，and it’s surprisingly simple：read to your kids.Studies show that children are better prepared for school and tend to get better grades later on if their parents make a habit of reading to them from a young age. One study from Harvard University found that the number of books in the home was the single biggest factor related to success in school，more than the education or income of the parents! Reading is fun，and it can be an important part of relaxing at bedtime.Best of all，it gives parents an opportunity to communicate with their children and teach them about the world.It’s never too early to start reading to your children.Many parents buy books for their kids long before they can talk，and some even start reading to their children before they are born! Trips to the library or the bookstore can be fun activities for young families to do together. So parents，if you are wondering what to do with your kids tonight，remember：all you need is a good book! That’s all for Modern Parenting.This is Lesley，on 105.7 FM，saying good night. 1．關(guān)鍵詞： read to your kids；be better for；a habit of reading；the biggest factor；success；opportunity；communicate with；activities 2．根據(jù)以上關(guān)鍵詞提示，請歸納文章大意： 我們可以用這樣的句式： (1)The passage introduces...to us，especially its...，from which we know... (2)The passage tells us...，including...(方法1)，...(方法2)，and...(方法3)． (3)The passage points out that... The program introduces a simple way to parents：read to their children as early as possible，which is vital to children’s personal growth，academic achievements and communication with parents. 微技能(九)　主題概括法 1．找出關(guān)鍵詞和主題句 任何議論文包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分，所以在寫議論文的摘要時(shí)也要扣住這三大要素。議論文是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般來說，主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。 議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點(diǎn)或看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。 2．根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和主題句進(jìn)行概括 根據(jù)圈定的關(guān)鍵詞和主題句進(jìn)行改寫，用相應(yīng)的同義詞進(jìn)行替換或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換，千萬不能原封不動地抄寫原文。 3．整合要點(diǎn)，限制詞數(shù) 用相應(yīng)的連詞對各要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行連接，使其連貫，整合中心要點(diǎn)，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)(30個(gè)詞左右)。 題組過關(guān)4 閱讀下面短文，然后以約30個(gè)詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。 If you ask people what makes them happy，you will probably get many different answers，but there are two fundamental things that will ensure happiness. The first part of what makes people happy is growth.When you feel like you are improving your life，that’s when you are happy.It doesn’t necessarily mean that you have to constantly buy bigger and better things.You need to feel like you are growing on a personal level.You need to know that the essence of who you are is continually improving in some way.Keep looking for ways to make yourself better today than you were yesterday.This can mean different things to different people but the point is that you have to feel like you are improving and getting better as a human being as time goes by. The second part of what makes people happy is the sense of contribution.Everyone wants to believe that they are put here to do something great.As long as you know that by your being here，by doing what you are doing，you are helping someone somewhere，it will bring you happiness. These are two ways of how to find happiness.Are these the only answers to what makes people happy? That depends on how you define happiness. 第一步：圈定文章的關(guān)鍵詞和主題句 1．關(guān)鍵詞：happy，different answers；two fundamental things 2．主題句：The first part of what makes people happy is growth. The second part of what makes people happy is the sense of contribution. 第二步：根據(jù)文章大意可知本文為“觀點(diǎn)對比式議論文” 1．人們的觀點(diǎn)：People have different opinions about what makes them happy. 2．作者的觀點(diǎn)：Happiness comes from fundamental sources. 第三步：整合要點(diǎn)，確定答案 While people have different opinions about what makes them happy，the writer thinks that happiness comes from fundamental sources：the improvement of one’s life and the sense of contribution. 1 閱讀下面短文，寫出記敘文的六大要素，并連成一段30詞左右的段落大意。 The Best Gift Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.The handsome husband had to be burdened with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with an old chain，which was passed from his old grandfather.The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Della’s long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jim’s gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him! He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But in fact they got the best gifts. who Della and Jim where a small attic when before Christmas what buy gifts for each other how sell their precious things why love between them The passage is about the true love between a couple，Della and Jim.They both sacrificed their most valuable things to buy their partner a gift to fulfill their little dreams. 2 閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右來概括段落大意。 A boy found an eagle’s egg and he put it in the nest of a hen.The eagle hatched and thought he was a chicken.He grew up doing what chickens did—scratching for food and flying short distances.It was a dull life.Gradually the eagle grew older and bitter.One day he and his chicken friends saw a beautiful bird soaring on the currents of air，high above the mountains. “Oh，I wish I could fly like that！” said the eagle.The chicken replied，“Don’t give it another thought.That’s the mighty(強(qiáng)大的) eagle，the king of all birds—you could never be like him！” And the eagle didn’t give it another thought.He went on cackling and complaining about life.He died thinking he was a prairie chicken. My friends，you were born an eagle too.The Creator intended you to be an eagle，so don’t listen to the chickens! Hatched by a hen，an eagle lived like a chicken.He wanted to fly like an eagle but was discouraged by his fellows.Eventually he died bitterly without knowing he himself was an eagle. 3 閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。 Honesty means speaking the truth and being fair.Honesty is a good virtue.If you are honest all the time，you’ll be trusted and respected by others.A liar is always looked down upon and regarded as a black sheep by the people around.Once you lie，people will never believe you even if you speak the truth. However，nowadays it seems that more and more people believe in money at the sacrifice of honesty.To them，among such things as health，beauty，money，intelligence，honesty，reputation and talent，honesty is the only thing that can be thrown away.They don’t understand or pretend not to understand that honesty is the biggest fortune for humans，and that it is necessary to do everything well. In short，honesty is gold.Honest，your reputation will become great；dishonest，your name will be spoiled.Therefore，we should never make such an excuse as “A little dishonesty is only a slight thing.” We should remove immediately the seed of dishonesty once it’s sowed in our minds. It is known that honesty plays an important role in our life，which can contribute to our success and earn us respect from others.Therefore，honesty is of vital importance and brings people benefits. 4 閱讀下面短文，并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。 There is no doubt that academic study is an important part of the school days.However，it is not the only thing that students should be learning.Schools should also be teaching students certain life skills so that they graduate.Following this reasoning，I believe that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Physical exercise will benefit students in many ways.First of all，regular exercise is an important part of a healthy lifestyle.However，with their busy schedules，many students may not have the opportunity to exercise at home and they may become weaker.If schools allow students to do some physical activity every day，they will be happier and healthier students.Second，doing some sports during the school day will give the students a break and allow them to relax their minds.They will be able to return to their studies refreshed and with more energy to learn. As fitness is such an important ingredient of success，I believe that schools should require students to engage in some physical activities every day.It will be good not only for their bodies，but also for their minds.Happier and healthier students will do better at their academic studies and in life. The author argues that daily physical exercise is necessary for students，because they will benefit a lot in many ways.Additionally，the writer suggests that school should encourage students to take some exercise every day. 10