2017-2018學(xué)年高中英語 Unit 3 Celebration Section Ⅴ Grammar教學(xué)案 北師大版必修1

Unit 3 Celebration Section Ⅴ Grammar 單元語法項(xiàng)目(一)——被動語態(tài)(Ⅰ) 語法圖解 探究發(fā)現(xiàn) ①Every year in September or October, the Mid­Autumn Festival is celebrated by the Chinese people all over the world. ②On this day, the moon is said to be its biggest and brightest. ③Traditional moon cakes are usually made with bean paste. ④In one story, lanterns were lit to celebrate the power of light over darkness. ⑤In another story, a town was almost destroyed but the light from many lanterns saved it. ⑥He was fooled when he saw thousands of lanterns. ⑦In the past, lanterns were usually lit by candles and decorated with pictures of birds, animals and flowers, etc.. ⑧Nowadays, most lanterns are made with light bulbs and batteries, and they come in many shapes and sizes. ⑨Sweet dumplings are boiled and served in hot water. ⑩In the old days, dragon boat races were organised only by Chinese people. ?It is called zongzi, which is sticky rice in fresh bamboo leaves. [我的發(fā)現(xiàn)] (1)例句①②③⑧⑨?是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。 (2)例句④⑤⑥⑦⑩是一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。 一、基本知識 (一)概念 語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，它表示句子的主語和謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。語態(tài)通常分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)則表示主語是動作的承受者。 (二)構(gòu)成 被動語態(tài)一般由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞 be 本身無詞義，但有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 (三)用法 1．講話者不知道動作的執(zhí)行者或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者(此時(shí)可省略by 短語)。 More than fifty electric bikes were stolen in our community last night. 昨晚，我們社區(qū)的五十多輛電動車被偷了。 2．借助被動的動作突出動作的受動者。 The bike was knocked down by a naughty boy. 這輛自行車被一個(gè)調(diào)皮的小男孩撞倒了。 3．為使句子更加合理、流暢。 The plan was supported by those who wished to live on the campus. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃得到希望住校的人的支持。 4．習(xí)慣用法的需要。這類詞常見的有born, determine, devote, seat, dress, situate等。 He was born in China in 2014. 他于2014年出生在中國。 二、形式 時(shí)態(tài) 構(gòu)成形式 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are＋done 一般過去時(shí) was/were＋done 一般將來時(shí) be going to/will/shall＋be done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are＋being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were＋being done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has＋been done 過去完成時(shí) had＋been done 含情態(tài)動詞 情態(tài)動詞＋be done The boy is often heard to play the piano upstairs. 人們常聽到這個(gè)男孩在樓上彈鋼琴。(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)) Many famous actors and directors were seen to enter the hall. 有人看見許多著名的演員和導(dǎo)演進(jìn)了大廳。(一般過去時(shí)) New houses will be built by us for the victims of the flood next year. 明年我們要為洪水受害者們建一些新房子。(一般將來時(shí)) The problem is being discussed at the meeting. 會議上正在討論這個(gè)問題。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)) The naughty boy was being blamed for breaking the window on purpose when his mother phoned the teacher. 當(dāng)他的媽媽給老師打電話時(shí)，淘氣的小男孩正在因故意打碎玻璃而受責(zé)備。 (過去進(jìn)行時(shí)) (2014·天津高考)We won’t start the work until all the preparations have been made. 直到所有的準(zhǔn)備工作都做完了，我們才開始工作。(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)) The building had been completed before I arrived. 在我去之前，那座建筑就已竣工了。(過去完成時(shí)) These books may be kept for two weeks. 這些書可以借兩周。(含情態(tài)動詞) [名師點(diǎn)津]　被動語態(tài)中的be 動詞有時(shí)可用 get 來代替?！癵et＋過去分詞”一般用來談?wù)撏蝗话l(fā)生的事件，只表示動作，不表示狀態(tài)。 She got hurt on her way back home. 她在回家的路上受傷了。 [即時(shí)演練1]　 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①(2015·福建高考改編)To my delight, I was_chosen (choose) from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. ②He is a good teacher, so he is_loved (love) by all his pupils. ③The paint was_being_cleaned (clean) when the accident happened. ④The next Olympic Games will_be_held (hold) in Tokyo in 2020. ⑤When he knew he had_been_fooled (fool) already, he was very angry. ⑥(福建高考改編)The girl has a great interest in sport and has_been_taking (take) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. 三、以主動形式表示被動意義的動詞 1．系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等后接形容詞或名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 To the farmers’ disappointment, the apples have gone bad. 令農(nóng)民們失望的是，蘋果已經(jīng)腐爛了。 [即時(shí)演練2]　完成句子 ①她的額頭摸起來很燙?？峙滤×?。 Her forehead feels_hot. I’m afraid she is ill. ②整個(gè)故事聽起來很奇怪。 The whole story sounded_very_strange. ③這道菜嘗起來很不錯(cuò)，因此我們對這家飯店印象深刻。 The dish tasted_very_good,_so we were impressed by the restaurant. 2．表示主語的內(nèi)在特征、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)的動詞，如drive, lock, sell, read, wash, dry等，常用主動形式表示被動含義。 These clothes wash easily. 這些衣服很容易洗。 [名師點(diǎn)津]　主動語態(tài)表被動強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。 The door won’t lock. 這扇門鎖不上。(指門本身有毛病) The door won’t be locked. 這扇門不會被鎖上的。(指不會有人來鎖門) [即時(shí)演練3]　用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①It is said that this kind of coat dries (dry) easily. ②Your article reads (read) smoothly, so you had better add some beautiful expressions. ③His books sell (sell) well, so they are_sold (sell) out soon. ④Your composition reads (read) beautifully. Is it the one I saw you write yesterday? ⑤The door won’t shut (shut). Better have it repaired. 3．不定式作定語，與前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，且不定式的邏輯主語為主句的主語時(shí)，不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。 It is true that all the students have a lot of homework to do every day. 這是真的，學(xué)生們每天都有許多要做的家庭作業(yè)。 4．不定式修飾作表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的形容詞時(shí)，如difficult, easy, comfortable, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive, happy等，不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。 Those signs are hard to see clearly. 那些標(biāo)志很難看清楚。 I find the question difficult to answer. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問題很難回答。 [即時(shí)演練4]　用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①(全國卷Ⅱ改編) The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy to_watch (watch) anything that happened to be on. ②This book is difficult to_understand (understand)． ③I have a lot of problems to_solve (solve)． 5．動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義，相當(dāng)于動詞不定式的被動式。這類的詞有need, want, require, deserve等。 The problem requires studying with great care. ＝The problem requires to be studied with great care. 這個(gè)問題需要仔細(xì)研究。 6．be worth后的動名詞要用主動形式表被動含義。 The movie is worth seeing. 這部影片值得一看。 7．不定式to blame, to let用作表語時(shí)，通常要用主動形式表被動含義。 Who is to blame? 該怪誰呢？ The house is to let. 此屋出租。 8．表示開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動的動詞，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, run, move等。 The shop closes at 6 o’clock p．m. every day. 這家商店每天下午六點(diǎn)關(guān)門。 [即時(shí)演練5]　用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 ①(湖南高考改編)We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to_be_done/doing (do) to achieve the final success. ②Work began at 7 o’clock this morning. ③The book is worth reading (read) again. 四、使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意的問題 1．不及物動詞(短語)無被動語態(tài)，容易出錯(cuò)的有：appear, die, disappear, end, fail, fall, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, agree with, arrive at, succeed in, happen to, take part in, belong to, break out, come true, take place, run out, come up, come out等。 Three days later a rash appeared. 三天后出現(xiàn)了皮疹。 Very little of the house remained after the fire. 火災(zāi)之后，這座房子所剩無幾。 Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 獅子和老虎屬于貓科動物。 [即時(shí)演練6]　完成句子 ①根據(jù)最新報(bào)道，這種天氣持續(xù)不了多久。 According to the latest report, the_weather_won’t_last. ②據(jù)報(bào)道，火災(zāi)是在夜間突然發(fā)生的。 It was reported that the_fire_broke_out during the night. ③在過去幾年里，中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。 Great changes have_taken_place in China in the past few years. ④不論你走到哪里，生不生二胎這一話題都在被提及。 The subject of whether to give birth to a second baby comes_up wherever you go. ⑤洪水受災(zāi)區(qū)的食物供給就要用完了。我們必須在全部用完之前立即行動。 (重慶高考改編)Food supplies in the flood­stricken area are_running_out.We must act immediately before there’s none left. 2．在主動語態(tài)里，動詞see, make, hear, watch，notice等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)to必須補(bǔ)上。 They made him go there alone. 他們讓他自己去那里。(主動語態(tài)) He was made to go there alone.(被動語態(tài)) 3．帶介詞或副詞的動詞短語(如look after, put on, pay attention to)用作被動語態(tài)的謂語時(shí)，它們原來所帶的介詞或副詞應(yīng)保留下來。 She often looks after the old. 她經(jīng)常照看老人。(主動語態(tài)) The old are often looked after (by her)．(被動語態(tài)) [即時(shí)演練7]　完成句子 ①這起事故已經(jīng)被調(diào)查。 This accident has been_looked_into. ②有人看見一個(gè)陌生人走進(jìn)這幢大樓。 A stranger was seen to_walk_into_the_building. Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．(2015·北京高考改編)—Did you enjoy the party? —Yes. We were_treated (treat) well by our hosts. 2．(2015·安徽高考改編)It is reported that a space station will_be_built (build) on the moon in years to come. 3．I have a letter to_write (write). I can’t go out with you. 4．As a result of the serious flood, two­thirds of the buildings in the area need repairing/to_be_repaired (repair)． 5．It is the first time that he has come here and now it is high time that he was_showed/should_be_showed (show) around. 6．Come and look. What has_happened (happen) to the flowers? 7．Though small, the oranges sell (sell) well, because they taste (taste) nice. 8．—Did Shirley hold the party in her new house? —No. It_is_being_painted (paint)． 9．(北京高考改編)Shakespeare’s play Hamlet has_been_made (make) into at least ten different films over the past years. 10．Hurry up! There is no time to get changed (change)． Ⅱ.單句寫作(完成句子) 1．(2015·天津高考改編)The textbooks and dictionaries can_be_used_as_reference_books (可被用作參考書) while the magazines serve as reading materials. 2．(2014·四川高考改編)It’s_widely_known_that (廣為人知的是) the college entrance examination in China falls on June 7 and 8 each year. 3．(2014·天津高考改編)Our school is_located_in_a_northern_city_of_China (坐落于中國北方的一座城市), where you can taste many kinds of delicious food, because it is well famous for its snacks. 4．(2014·天津高考改編)Our class is_made_up_of_50_lively_boys_and_girls (由50名可愛的男生和女生組成), who are warm and generous and ready to offer help. 5．When it comes to its functions, it_can_not_only_be_used_to (它不僅可以用來) predict major diseases, but also to foresee the examinees’ food preference. 單元語法項(xiàng)目(二)——have to/not have to, can/can’t, ought to/ought not to 探究發(fā)現(xiàn) ①The bridegroom has to ask the bride’s father for his daughter’s hand in marriage. ②He doesn’t/didn’t have to contribute a lot of money. ③And what kind of present do I have to take? ④That can’t be Mary — she’s in hospital. ⑤There is someone outside — who can it be? ⑥Can you speak Spanish? ⑦If you really want to see it, you ought to ask first. ⑧There is a box at the entrance to the reception and you ought to put money into it! [我的發(fā)現(xiàn)] (1)例句①中have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的必要性，常譯為“不得不”。 (2)在例句②③中have to的否定和疑問形式都需要借助于助動詞do/does/did，而且有數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 (3)例句④⑤can表示推測；例句⑥中can表示一般性的能力。 (4)ought to在例句⑦中表示“建議或勸告”；在例句⑧中表示義務(wù)或責(zé)任。 一、have to和not have to 1．have to意為“必須，不得不”，側(cè)重指客觀需要，可用于不同時(shí)態(tài)。 You had to clean the classroom before going home. 在回家前，你必須把教室打掃干凈。 2．not have to表示“不必”，即客觀上沒有必要做某事。 The parents don’t have to pay all their attention to their children’s study. 父母不必把所有的注意力都放在孩子們的學(xué)習(xí)上。 3．have to和must 的用法比較 (1)have to強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要，must 則強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀看法。 His mother was ill and he had to stay there to look after her. 他母親生病了，他只好待在那里照顧她。 I must admit I favor my youngest son. 我必須承認(rèn)我更偏愛我的小兒子。 (2)二者否定形式的意義不同。not have to 表示“不必”，相當(dāng)于don’t need to, needn’t; mustn’t 則表示“不允許，禁止”。 You don’t have to look up every new word while reading. 在閱讀時(shí)，你不必查閱每一個(gè)新詞。 It is required that all the students mustn’t use phone at school. 我們學(xué)校禁止所有的學(xué)生在校內(nèi)使用手機(jī)。 [即時(shí)演練1]　完成句子 ①You don’t_have_to_run (不必跑), for we have enough time to catch the train. ②I can’t see things clearly. I have_to_wear_glasses (不得不戴眼鏡)． ③You don’t_have_to_know (不必知道) the name of the author to find a book, but you_must_know (你必須知道) the name of the book. 二、can和can’t 1．表示能力。could 是can的過去式。 To my surprise, all the students in the class can sing that song in English. 令我吃驚的是，班里的所有學(xué)生都能用英文唱那首歌。 2．表示請求。could 表示請求時(shí)不是can 的過去式，只是表示更委婉的語氣，主要用于疑問句(作肯定回答時(shí)應(yīng)用 can)。 Can you tell me how to get to the airport? 你能告訴我怎么去機(jī)場嗎？ —Could I borrow your car? —Yes, of course you can. ——我能借用你的汽車嗎？ ——是的，當(dāng)然可以。 3．表示許可。 can’t 表示禁止， 意為“不能”。 You can take the car if you want. 如果你想用那輛車就盡管用吧。 The police require that all the tourists can’t park their cars near the pool. 警察要求所有的游客都不能把車停在水池邊。 4．can表示某地或某人一時(shí)的特點(diǎn)， 意為“有時(shí)會，可能會”。 It can be quite cold here in winter. 這里的冬天有時(shí)會很冷。 5．表示推測，常用于疑問句或否定句。 can’t 表示否定意義的可能性，意為“不可能”。 That can’t be Lucy — she’s in New York. 那不可能是露西， 她在紐約呢。 What can he mean? 他會是什么意思呢？ [即時(shí)演練2]　完成句子 ①大廳里太吵鬧以至于我們不能聽到自己說的話。 (2015·浙江高考改編)It was so noisy in the hall that we_couldn’t_hear_ourselves_speak. ②門口不可能是郵遞員，(現(xiàn)在)才六點(diǎn)鐘。 (江西高考改編)It_can’t_be_the_postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock. ③——在打籃球方面，無人能與姚明媲美。 ——噢，你真是姚明的鐵桿粉絲。 (湖南高考改編)—No one can_be_compared_with Yao Ming in playing basketball. —Oh, you are really his big fan. 三、ought to和ought not to 1．表示有義務(wù)或責(zé)任。 As a student, you ought to listen to the teacher carefully in class. 作為學(xué)生，課上你應(yīng)該認(rèn)真聽老師講課。 2．表示建議或勸告，語氣較should強(qiáng)。ought not to“不應(yīng)該”。 Your face looks red, so you ought to see the doctor at once. 你的臉看著紅紅的，你應(yīng)該馬上去看醫(yī)生。 You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不應(yīng)抽那么多的煙。 3．表示推測，這種推測把握比較大。 Ask John. He ought to know. 問問約翰吧，他應(yīng)該知道。 4．ought to have done表示“本該做某事(實(shí)際上未做)”；ought not to have done表示“本不該做某事(實(shí)際上做了)”。 You ought not to have spent too much time on playing computer games. 你不應(yīng)該花那么長的時(shí)間玩電腦游戲。 5．ought to的否定式、疑問式及反意疑問式。 I ought not to go. 我不應(yīng)該走。 Ought I to go? 我要走嗎？ We oughtn’t to go, ought we? 我們不應(yīng)該走，是嗎？ [即時(shí)演練3]　完成句子 ①這周末你應(yīng)當(dāng)去看望你祖父母。 You ought_to_visit your grandparents this weekend. ②你本不該把這個(gè)秘密告訴別人。 You ought_not_to_have_told the secret to others. ③他該給你道歉，對嗎？ He ought to apologize to you, oughtn’t_he? Ⅰ.選詞填空 1．It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes. 2．—Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there? —No, it can’t be him. I am sure he doesn’t wear glasses. 3．—Shall I tell Tony about it? —No, you don’t_have_to. I’ve told him already. 4．You mustn’t drive into a street with a “No Entry” sign. 5．—Mum, can I go to Charlie’s birthday party tonight? —Yes, you can, but you must return home before 10 o’clock. 6．—I didn’t tell my parents that I would leave home. —You ought_to have when you left home since you are living with them. 7．We ought to help each other in our work, oughtn’t we? 8．In some parts of the world, you have_to boil the water before drinking it. Ⅱ.單句寫作(完成句子) 1．(2015·全國卷Ⅰ改編)You_can_write_anything_relevant (你可以寫任何相關(guān)的東西) so long as it’s interesting and informative (給予知識的)． 2．You ought_to_do (應(yīng)該做) as he says because he is always thinking of you. 3．You ought_not_to_waste (不應(yīng)該浪費(fèi)) any time playing video games. 4．(2015·浙江高考改編)When it comes to my class, I have to say that I_can’t_stand_some_classmates’_selfishness (我不能忍受一些同學(xué)的自私)． 5．He had_to_look_after_his_sister (不得不照顧他妹妹) yesterday because his parents weren’t at home. 6．(2014·安徽高考改編)The truth is everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so_you_don’t_have_to_worry_so_much (因此你不必太擔(dān)心)． 12