英語寫作專題訓(xùn)練——過渡詞---寧波市鄞州五鄉(xiāng)中學(xué)

英語寫作專項訓(xùn)練——過渡詞 一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 英語寫作專項訓(xùn)練——過渡詞 眾所周知，要寫出清晰流暢的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣可使文章自然而別致，并能層層展開主題句，完整地體現(xiàn)中心思想。而過渡詞（Transitional Words）是連接這些部分的紐帶。 過渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，一般由副詞或起副詞作用的短語承當(dāng)。此外，代詞、連詞、上下文的近義詞等也可作過渡詞。過渡詞能使文章啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合，融會貫穿，連成一體。 一、過渡詞的分類 1. 根據(jù)意思和作用的不同，過渡詞可以分為如下十五類： （1）表并列關(guān)系的過渡詞: and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor （2）表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的過渡詞: besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，并且), what’s more， what’s worse （3）表轉(zhuǎn)折對比的過渡詞： but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others （4）表因素的過渡詞: because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于） （5）表成果的過渡詞: so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that （6）表條件的過渡詞: if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表時間的過渡詞: when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment （8）表特定的順序關(guān)系的過渡詞: first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同步）, thereafter（在那后來）, last, finally, eventually（終于） （9）表換一種方式體現(xiàn)的過渡詞: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way （10）表進(jìn)行舉例闡明的過渡詞: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陳述事實的過渡詞: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表強調(diào)的過渡詞: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously （13）表比較的過渡詞： like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to （14）表目的的過渡詞： for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to （15）表總結(jié)的過渡詞: in a word(總之，簡言之), in general, in short(總之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary 2. 文章段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系重要由過渡詞來完畢，在修辭中稱為啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合?！皢ⅰ本褪情_頭, “承”是承辦，“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折，“合”是綜合或總結(jié)。 （1）用于“啟”的過渡詞語 用于表達(dá)“啟”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句一般用在段落或文章的開頭： first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…, It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask … （2）用于“承”的過渡詞語 表達(dá)“承”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句一般用在段落中的第一種擴展句中： second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt， It is true that…, Everybody knows that…, It can be easily proved that…, No one can deny that… The reason why …is that …, There is no doubt that…, To take…for an example (instance) …, We know that…, What is more serious is that… （3）用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語 用于“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句一般用在段落中的第二個擴展句中： but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(無論如何), nevertheless(雖然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead, I do not believe that…, Perhaps you’ll ask why… This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…, Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found, That’s why I feel that… （4）用于“合”的過渡詞語 用于“合”的過渡詞或過渡性的語句一般用在段落的結(jié)論句或文章的結(jié)論段中： in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(畢竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(總之), on the whole(就整體而言), to sum up From this point of view … On account of this we can find that … The result is dependent on … Thus, this is the reason why we must… 二、過渡詞的應(yīng)用 有的學(xué)生在作文中使用過多簡樸句，成了簡樸句堆砌；有的寫復(fù)雜句時，動輒用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但達(dá)不到豐富體現(xiàn)方式的目的，反而使句子構(gòu)造松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象，可以通過使用不同的過渡詞,不僅可以豐富句型，并且還可以把思想體現(xiàn)得更清晰，意義更連貫。例如： 1. 學(xué)生習(xí)作 TV and website TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better. 這段文字用簡樸句體現(xiàn)，它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系模糊不清，意思支離破碎。如果使用過渡詞，將單句與其前后合并，形成主次關(guān)系，就把一種比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系體現(xiàn)得層次清晰、構(gòu)造嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。 修改后的文章： TV and website Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章用過渡詞來銜接上下段 第一段第一句為：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. 第二段第一句為：However, they are different in many ways. 第三段第一句為：In a word, every medium has its own features… 這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句，在每個主題句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地銜接起來。 如果在文章中再恰當(dāng)使用其她的過渡詞，會使文章增色諸多。（見上文） 我們常常遇到這樣的作文題目，如：發(fā)展私人轎車的利與弊、科學(xué)發(fā)明的利與弊、網(wǎng)上購物的利與弊。這些題目常常是談?wù)撘环N事物的兩個方面，這時只要使用表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折的過渡詞就能較好地連接上下段。 As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life. Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We don’t have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time. However, online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. What’s worse, we can not see the things in detail. Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it. 2. 高考作文題 我們重要看一下今年的高考作文題中過渡詞的使用: 一般高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（1） 英 語 第二節(jié) 書面體現(xiàn)（滿分25分） 假定你是李華，正在英國牛津參與短期語言培訓(xùn)，籌劃星期天去倫敦旅游。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上一則廣告引起了你的注意，但某些具體信息不明確（箭頭所指內(nèi)容）。請給該旅行社發(fā)一封電子郵件，詢問有關(guān)狀況。 注意： 1. 詞數(shù)100左右，信的格式已為你寫好。 2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點合適增長細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 3. 參照詞匯：牛津——Oxford 費用——fee Dear Sir/Madame, ______________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua Possible version: Dear Sir/Madame, I’m writing for more information about the day tour to London. As a student at Oxford University, I’d like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food? How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, I’d like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London. Yours, Li Hua 一般高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試 英 語（北京卷） 第四部分：書面體現(xiàn)（共兩節(jié)，35分） 第一節(jié) 情景作文（20分） 美國中學(xué)生Jeff將要來你所在的紅星中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)中文，經(jīng)協(xié)商安排住在你家。假設(shè)你是李華，請給Jeff寫一封信，按照下圖順序簡介她來中國后的生活安排。 注意： 1. 信的開頭已為你寫好。 2. 詞數(shù)不少于60。 Dear Jeff, I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing. Best wishes, Li Hua Possible version: Dear Jeff, I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing. While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. It’ll be a lot of fun. If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience. Best wishes, Li Hua 第二節(jié) 開放作文（15分） 請根據(jù)下面提示，寫一篇短文。詞數(shù)不少于50。 In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings. Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page. 請將開放作文寫在右側(cè)橫線內(nèi) One possible version: We can see in the picture a little boy standing in front of a mirror. He’s letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence. 一般高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（3） 英 語 第三節(jié) 書面體現(xiàn)（滿分30分） 假設(shè)你是李華，近來國內(nèi)一家英文報紙正在討論北京動物園與否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。如下是你所在班級討論的狀況。請你給該報寫一封信，反映討論成果。 贊成遷出： 反對遷出： 1. 游客多，交通堵塞 2. 郊區(qū)環(huán)境好 1. 建于19，中外聞名 2. 搬遷易導(dǎo)致動物死亡 注意： 1. 詞數(shù)100字左右，信的開頭已為你寫好。 2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點合適增長細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 3. 參照詞匯：郊區(qū)—suburb June 3 , Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. June 3 , Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well –known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .What’s more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing. Yours truly, Li Hua