動詞時態(tài) (3)

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1、 專題八 動詞時態(tài) 【知識網(wǎng)絡】 （一）一般現(xiàn)在時 一般現(xiàn)在時常以動詞原形表示，但當主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時，應用動詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。一般現(xiàn)在時主要有以下幾種用法： 1、一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等時間狀語連用： He always sleeps with the windows open. 2、一般現(xiàn)在時表示主語的性格、特征、能力等：He works hard. 3、一般現(xiàn)在時表示客觀事實或普遍真理，也用在格言中：The sun ris

2、es in the east. 4、在時間、條件狀語從句中表將來的動作：The volleyball match will be put off if it rains. 5、表示安排或計劃好的將來動作，通常限于表示”運動”的動詞，如：go, come, leave, start等：he train starts at 10 o’clock in the morning. （二）一般過去時 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時間連用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，常和o

3、ften, always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用 1、表示過去某個特定時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常有明確的時間狀語，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引導的時間狀語從句。 2、表示過去某一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作常與often，usually，seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用：When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there. 3、在條件、時間狀語從句中，常用一般過去時代替過去將來時： They said they woul

4、d let us know if they heard any news about him. 4、表示虛擬語氣 這一用法只適用于某些特定的句型，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼姆钦鎸?、主觀意圖或愿望。 If only I had a better memory.要是我的記憶力好一點就好了。 If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比賽就會延期舉行。 （三）一般將來時 1、一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。

5、一般將來時由“助動詞will/shall+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。 2、一般將來時的其他表達法 （1）“be going to+動詞原形”表將來 ①這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算、計劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。 They are going to meet outside the school gate. ②還可表示說話人根據(jù)已有的事實或跡象，認為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會發(fā)生或可能出現(xiàn)的情況。I think I’m going to die. Look at the cloud. It’s going to rain. ③這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“肯定、預測，注定會”。在這種情況下可以和“think, hope,

6、 want, believe, like”等表示靜態(tài)的動詞連用： He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper. （2）“be about to+動詞原形”表將來 “be about to+動詞原形”表示打算或據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動作。它不與表示時間的副詞或其他時間狀語連用。The English evening is about to start.英語晚會即將開始。 （3）“be to+動詞原形”表示約定的、計劃中的或按職責、義務要求要發(fā)生的動作，這種動作通常是人的意志所能

7、控制的，或用于征求意見： There’s to be a slide show this afternoon.　　You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. （4）用現(xiàn)在進行時來表示將來 現(xiàn)在進行時表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，還有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常與表示將來的時間狀語連用：I’m leaving for Tibet

8、on Sunday. （5）一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來 用一般現(xiàn)在時表示根據(jù)規(guī)定預計要發(fā)生、安排或計劃好的將來的動作。這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。 The plane starts at 8 o’clock in the morning.飛機上午8點起飛。 （四）現(xiàn)在進行時 現(xiàn)在進行時由“助動詞be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”構(gòu)成。它的用法如下： 1、表示說話人說話時正在進行的動作，它不涉及該動作的發(fā)生和結(jié)果，譯成漢語“正在”，這一用法常

9、和表示此刻的時間狀語連用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。 2、表示現(xiàn)階段但并非眼下正在進行著的動作，這種動作常與表示一段的時間狀語連用，如these days , this week等。 3、表示將來的動作,表示某個按最近的計劃或安排將要進行的動作，或即將開始或進行的動作。常用的這類詞go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要與表示將來的時間狀語連用，以區(qū)別此刻正在進行的動作。He is com

10、ing to see you tomorrow.他明天要來看你。 4、表達褒貶等感情色彩。和always, forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常、反復發(fā)生的動作，不強調(diào)動作的進行性。表達厭煩、憤怒、抱怨、贊揚等情感。 He is constantly leaving his things about.他時常亂丟東西。（表責怪） He is always working hard.他總是學習很用功。（表贊賞） They’re forever quarrelling about somet

11、hing.他們老是為某件事爭吵。(不滿) 5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的動詞用于進行時可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣 I’m wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚來一會兒。 （五）過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某段時間正在進行的動作。構(gòu)成過去進行時常由“助動詞be的過去時was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、表示過去某一時刻正在或過去某段時間正在進行的動作。動作發(fā)生的特定時間常用一個短語或時間狀語從句來表明。 When I entered the room, she was sitting

12、at her desk. 2、用來描寫故事發(fā)生的背景 　在口語或記敘文中，可以用過去進行時表示的持續(xù)動作作為背景，以此引出由一般過去時表示的新動作：It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank. 3、代替過去將來時 用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。 4、表達褒貶等感情色彩 過去

13、進行時也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等連用，表示說話人的主觀感情，如贊揚、不滿、厭煩等。He was always trying out new ideas. （六）現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have/has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)在完成時的用法如下： 1、表示發(fā)生在過去的動作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時剛剛完成或結(jié)束，通常使用不具有延續(xù)意義的動詞，arrive, become, begin, break等。這種用法可帶有迄今意義的時間狀語，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可帶有包括現(xiàn)在時間在

14、內(nèi)的時間狀語，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the photos. 2、表示從過去某時開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，也許還將繼續(xù)下去。這種用法通常用于具有延續(xù)意義的動詞，如live, stay, work等，并帶有表示時間段的狀語或迄今意義的時間的狀語，如for, since等。They have lived in Beijing since 2002. 注意：表示短暫的動作動詞或狀態(tài)動詞不能用于這種用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能說：She has

15、come to our school for 2 years. 3、表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作。常與often, always 等連用 He has been late for class every morning this week.這個星期他每天早晨都遲到。 My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向騎車上班 4、用于時間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作或一個動作先于另一個動作。 He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他會回來的。 5

16、、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中 在這種從句中，當主句動詞為is/will be時，that-從句的動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時，that 可以省略。主句中的主語還可用this, this evening等; 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞：This is the first time I have been here.　It’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public 6、“It (This) is the best ( worst, most intere

17、sting等) + 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成：This is the best film I’ve ever seen. This is the most interesting novel he has ever written. 7、現(xiàn)在完成時可以表示反問的語氣（與when連用）或感情色彩 - Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?庫珀是誰呀？ - Haven’t you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你還沒見過他？我看見你和他在開會時握手了。 8、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般

18、過去時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時都表示完成的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般過去時則表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。 I have seen the film.我看過這部電影。（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容） I saw the film last week.我上星期看了這個電影。（只說明上星期看了這個電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況） He has lived here sinc

19、e 1972.1972年以來他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里） He lived here in 1972.1972年他們住在這里。（不涉及到現(xiàn)在是否還住在這里） （七）過去完成時 過去完成時由“助動詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下： 1、過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。它表示動作發(fā)的時間是“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when, before，after，until等引導的從句或通過上下文表示。 When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當

20、我們到達電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開始了。 2、表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語或引導的從句連用。 3、用于表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過去事實相反 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it. 4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過去時動詞

21、的后面，表示在這些動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。 My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過了考試。 5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引導的定語從句要用過去完成時。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動詞的過去完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的設想、意

22、圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor. 7、過去完成時常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副詞的句子里。 She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。 No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。 （八）過

23、去將來時 過去將來時一般由 “助動詞would(第二、三人稱)/should(第一人稱)+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱，美國英語皆可用would。用法如下： 1、表示對過去某一時間點而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。 I thought they would come to help me. He said he would wait for us at the bus stop. 2、表示過去的某種習慣行為 He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常坐幾個鐘頭什么事也不做。 He would come to see us

24、on Sundays.過去星期天他經(jīng)常來看望我們。 3、過去將來時的其它表達法 （1）was/were going to ①表示過去的打算和意圖：He was going to start work the following week.（打算） ②表示沒有實現(xiàn)的打算和意圖：He was going to come last night, but it rained. (沒實現(xiàn)) I thought the film was going to be interesting.（結(jié)果不是） （2）was/were to+動詞原形 這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過去的計劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計

25、劃的動作沒有實現(xiàn)，要用動詞的完成式。 At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要發(fā)生的事情)那時他不知道辭職將會成為他生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點。 She said she was to take up the position. (表示打算)他說他打算上任。 She said she was to have taken up the position. ( 計劃但未能實現(xiàn)) 他說他本打算上任。 （3）was / were about to＋動

26、詞原形 was / were about to＋動詞原形，表示過去即將發(fā)生的事。 The meeting was about to be held the following day.會議打算第二天開。 （4）表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞 (如go，come，leave，start等)的過去進行時，表示按照過去的計劃安排將在過去將來發(fā)生的事情。I didn’t know you were coming.我不知道你會來。 （九）其他時態(tài) 1、現(xiàn)在完成進行時；2、將來進行時；3、將來完成時；4、過去完成進行時 【高考試題】 1.—Have you known Dr. Jackson for a

27、 long time? —Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined 2. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ______ each other for years. A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know 3. He _____ footba

28、ll regularly for many years when he was young. A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played 4. My parents _____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live 5. According t

29、o the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 6. At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. A. is

30、 B. are C. will be D. were 7. --Do you want a lift home? ---It’s very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock ______. A. doesn’t go off B. won’t gone C. wasn’t going off D. didn’t go on 8. Scientists

31、have many theories about how the universe ____ into being Ks5u A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come Ks5u 9. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we __ up , her voice had been full of life. A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D.

32、 would hang Ks5u 10. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ____ with them to school. Ks5u A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take Ks5 【專題突破】 1. So far this year we ____ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see

33、 C. had seen D. have seen 2. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they ______ today. A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were 3. They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____ on it as no good

34、results have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have worked; were still working D. have worked; are still working 4. The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. chan

35、ging D. have changed 5.--________David and Vicky ________married? --For about three years. A. How long were; being B. How long have; got C. How long have; been D. How long did; get 6. When the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mounta

36、in. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid 7. If their marketing plans succeed, they ____ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increase B. have been increasing C. have increased D. would be

37、increasing 8. No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made 9. —Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? —Who ________it? A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written 10

38、. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when _______ and see him. A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come 【強化訓練】 I. Multiple choice: 1. We _____ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying C. would stay D. have stayed 2. —Wh

39、o sings best in your class? —Mary _____. A. is B. does C. do D. sings 3. — Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? — No, he _____, but he happened to have fallen ill. A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to join 4. — Did he no

40、tice you enter the room? — I don’t think so. He _____ to the radio with his eyes shut. A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened 5. It was not long before the water _____ cold. A. is feeling B. feels C. felt D. was feeling 6. I _____

41、 as soon as you come back. A. went B. have gone C. am going D. shall go 7. The scientist _____ Canada and he will give us a talk when he _____ back. A. has gone to/comes B. has been to/will come C. has gone to/will come D. has been to/comes 8. He fo

42、und his book this morning, but now he _____ his pen. A. loses B. is missing C. has lost D. lost 9. She ____ to her hometown several times. A. has been B. has gone C. went D. is going 10. It _____ Jane and Mary who helped me the other day. A. is

43、 B. was C. are D. were 11. I _____ to bed when the telephone rang. A. have been B. went C. am going D. was going 12. Jane _____ some washing this time yesterday. A. is doing B. had done C. was doing D. did 13. When I got to the school, the

44、first class _____. A. had begun B. began C. is beginning D. has begun 14. Mother promised she _____ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought 15. She objects to _____ loud music _____ while she reads newspapers. A.

45、 have/play B. have/played C. having/played D. have/playing 16. If it _____, we will go to visit the zoo. A. not rains B. doesn’t rain C. won’t rain D. isn’t going to rain 17. Our English teacher _____ all the exercise books last Friday evening. A. has corrected

46、 B. will correct C. had corrected D. corrected 18. She _____ to the office than she got down to writing the report. A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got 19. There _____ an English evening party next Saturday. A. is going to be B. will

47、 have C. is to have D. is going to have 20. It is getting late. It’s time we _____. A. go B. went C. are going D. must go 21. Continue heating until steam _____. A. has appeared B. appear C. appeared D. will appear 22. Don’t get that i

48、nk on the shirt, for it _____. A. doesn’t wash out B. won’t be washing out C. isn’t washing out D. won’t wash out 23. I haven’t seen her _____. A. two weeks ago B. since two weeks C. for two weeks D. before two weeks 24. My brother _____ the Youth League since 1990. A. join

49、ed B. has been in C. has joined D. had joined 25. —Where is Peter? —He _____ to Shanghai. A. went B. had gone C. has been D. has gone 26. I knew I could not finish the homework _____. A. by the time he had come B. before he came C. until he has come

50、 D. when he comes 27. He _____ English for ten years by the time he takes the examination. A. will have been studying B. would have been studying C. will study D. studied 28. The bus came after I _____ for about half an hour. A. had been waiting B. have been waiting C. have waited

51、 D. was waiting 29. I saw that he _____ at seven o’clock last night. A. still worked B. is still working C. was still working D. had been working 30. I didn’t go to see the film because I _____ it. A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. am seeing 7