大學(xué)英語專業(yè)英語寫作課件.ppt

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1、TEM 4 Composition,高校英語專業(yè)四級考試大綱將寫作分成兩個部分： Section A: Composition 測試目的：檢查學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)階段末期的英語寫作能力。 測試要求：根據(jù)所給的題目及具體要求，寫一篇200字左右的短文。 測試時間：35分鐘 測試短文類別：說明文、議論文或記敘文。 評閱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：內(nèi)容切題完整，條理清楚，意思明確，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語法正確，語言通順恰當(dāng)。,,Composition Marking Criteria,15 points: 文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達(dá)清楚，行文通順流暢，論證嚴(yán)密，論據(jù)充分，基本上無語言錯誤。 14-12 points: 文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達(dá)

2、清楚，語言比較通順、連貫、只有極少量語法錯誤。 11-9 points: 文章內(nèi)容基本切題，尚能表達(dá)中心思想，但說理不夠清楚，文字連貫不夠好，有少量語法錯誤。 8-6 points: 基本切題，思想表達(dá)不夠清楚，連貫性差，語言錯誤多。 5-3 points: 文章條理不清，語言缺乏連貫，句子錯誤很多，或語言雖通順流暢，但完全偏題。 注：白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想，則給0分。,1.如題目中給出主題句，起始句，結(jié)束句，均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù) 2.只寫一段者：04分；只寫兩段者：09分（指規(guī)定三段的作文） 長度計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 170150詞: 扣1分 130150詞: 扣2

3、分 110130詞: 扣3分 90110詞: 扣4分 90詞以下: 至多給5分,,經(jīng)原國家教委批準(zhǔn)，四、六級考試已從1997年6月份起采用“作文最低”制計(jì)算成績，其中足見國家對提高大學(xué)英語寫作能力的重視程度。按規(guī)定，考生作文若為0分，無論其總分是否高于60分，均作不及格處理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，報導(dǎo)成績時，需從總分中減去6分，再加上實(shí)得作文分。也就是說，要從總分中減去實(shí)得作文分與6分之間的差額部分。,英語專業(yè)四級考試委員會要求閱卷人員評分時綜合考慮以下四個問題: 1. 作文是否體現(xiàn)主題思想; 即是要求作文文章切題,全文統(tǒng)一,無不相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容. 2. 組織結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理; 主要體現(xiàn)在全文

4、條理清楚,組織連貫和諧,善于使用銜接語以增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性. 3. 語言文字是否有重大錯誤; 4. 卷面布局是否整潔.,2006年TEM-4作文試題及樣卷評分,Topic,Recently a Beijing information company did a survey of student life among more than 700 students in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xian, Chengdu, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shengyang. The results have shown that 67 percent o

5、f students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using tomorrows money today is better. What do you think?,Instructions,Write a composition of about 200 words. You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is. In the second par

6、t, support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your composition. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instr

7、uctions may result in a loss of marks.,Sample 1,The Good Habit Nowadays, more and more young people think that it is better that using tomorrows money today than saving money, while in my opinion, I think its right. For the first, our contrair has to develop. So it calls us to use more money to le

8、t the nation develop. And then, that may make our life more comfortable. For example, I heard a story. There are two man. A use tomorrows money to buy a new houseas he has to pay money to the bank every monthswhile B start keeping money.Twenty years later, B finally keeping enough money to buy a new

9、 house, but A has been lived in it for twenty years and pay enough money to the bank. At the end, if we have the abilile to pay the list, why we dont use tomorrows money to let our life more wonderful? So, thats what I think.,,5-6分。結(jié)構(gòu)基本符合，但語言過于簡單，語法錯誤多，內(nèi)容模糊不清，題目不正確，字?jǐn)?shù)少于170。 舉例不可信。舉例應(yīng)該真實(shí)可信，比如親身經(jīng) 歷、朋

10、友體驗(yàn)或者名人軼事等。 文章結(jié)尾太簡單。,Sample 3：Saving Money is a Good Habit,I think saving money is a good habit. Because saving money can make you learn how to use less money to buy more things. Saving money can make you become a rich man. If some thing happen one day, you must use some money to solve the problem

11、, but nobody can lend to you the money. Your saving money can help solve the problem. Nowdays, some students use their parents money to buy a lot of unnessary things. Such as, Some students change their mobil phone every month. Its not a good habit. Although their parents have a lot of money, they c

12、ant use money in that way. Its waste of money. If you save money as a habit. You can think carefully before you buy everything. “This thing is necessary for me? Can I buy the cheaper one?” All those questions can be asked by yourself. If you want to buy a very useful thing, but you dont have enough

13、money, you can save money for it. After some time, you can buy it for your-self. Saving money is a good habit. It make you become rich. It make you learn how to use less money to buy more things.,,本卷得分8-9分。文章基本切題，結(jié)構(gòu)基本正確。但語言簡單，重復(fù)動詞，語法錯誤多。 開始段沒有引入主題，而是直接提出作者觀點(diǎn)，太突然。而且有許多非完整句。 文章沒有深度，思考膚淺。,Sample 2: Sav

14、ing money is a good habit,The other day, I heard a conversation between a boy and a girl. “Why are you always lack of money? As far I know, your parents give you ample money for your daily life”. said the girl. “Yes, I always use tomorrows money today”. Said the boy. “Its a bad habit, and you should

15、 your money!” the girl shouted. This is a very common phenomenon among the university students. Owing to their argument, certainly, I am in favor of the girls view. What possibly contributes to the preference can be listed as follow. In the first place, money is very important for us. We use money

16、 buy food, buy clothes and so on. But, money is very precious, because its very hard to make money. So money should be used when its necessary. In the second place, there are so many poor children who quit school for lack of money in poor religion. So its very significant to save our money to help

17、those poor children. And they are look forward to your help! The last but the least important is that if you always use tomorrows money today, you will form a bad habit. But your money is limited. So you may rob others of money. In short, I hold a firm belief that saving money is a good habit and

18、we should keep it forever. Its the high time that we took some measures to save money!,,9-10分。文章切題，結(jié)構(gòu)正確，有內(nèi)容，有句式變化。但語法錯誤多，隨意，粗心漏詞。 說理缺乏邏輯。比如很多小孩失學(xué)不是我們需要節(jié)約用錢的理由，再比如錢不夠用就會去搶別人的錢嗎？ 文章的入題不錯，但故事交代很馬虎，語言也很平凡，且不夠簡練。 文章結(jié)尾主題被簡單重復(fù)，思想沒有升華。,Sample 4: Saving Money or Using Tomorrows Money,A survey by a Beijing in

19、formation company which is to reveal how students think of the way to deal with money did recently, with the result that 67 percent of students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using money of tomorrow today is better. As far as I am concerned, it depends.,,First of

20、 all, saving money is a good habit of traditional concept, which makes people feel secure. However, using tomorrows money today is suggested and couraged according to societys needs. Economics can develop rapidly by the great amount of money used by people. That is to say, peoples consumption urge t

21、he economics to develop. Secondly, different people have different life goals. Some people prefer to work hard when they are young and then enjoy the happy and rich life when they are old. Others would like to enjoy life every minute and do not think about the life after they retire from their compa

22、ny. They believe “time is money”, as the proverb goes. Therefore, it goes without saying that not enjoying todays life is a great pity for them. Money can be earned after its spent, while time past will not come back.,,All in all, saving money or using tomorrows money today depends on peoples percep

23、tion. The passitive of saving money does not outweigh that of using tomorrows money today. In a word, people could deal with money, according to their thoughts.,,11-12分。文章切題，結(jié)構(gòu)正確，內(nèi)容充實(shí)，觀點(diǎn)有代表性，語言通暢。但長句有一點(diǎn)語法錯誤。 單詞和拼寫有個別失誤。,Sample 5,There is no concensus among the people on the issue of the choice betwe

24、en saving money and using tomorrows money today. The attitudes toward this problem vary from person to person. And in my humble opinion, it is essential for us to save more money today instead of using tomorrows money. There are many reasons that may account for my point, and the following are the m

25、ost conspicuous aspects.,,To start with, we Chinese people boast a good tradition of being economical. The traditional Chinese culture regards waste as a poor moral standard. As a university student, we need to keep on carrying forward our nations fine moral standard, i.e. saving. And saving money i

26、s conducive not only to the cultivation of a good moral, but also to release the heavy burden resulting from some accidents in the future. In other words, saving todays money could meet our urgent need of it in the future. Last but not least, the fierce competition well face after we graduate is ful

27、l of uncertainties. Once we could not find a job which offers high salaries, it will be impossible for us to return the money to the creditors. To put it into a nutshell, I am a great believer that saving money is a good habit because it really exerts positive impacts on both the present and the f

28、uture.,,本卷得分12分。語言通暢，詞匯豐富，觀點(diǎn)明確，條理清楚，結(jié)構(gòu)正確。但有少量語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤。沒寫題目（如果有題目可給13分）。,Characteristics of a Good Composition,(Robert Kaplan),The classic organizational pattern that readers of English expect is a straight line of development which includes:introductions, main ideas, topic sentences, supporting det

29、ails, conclusions, etc.,This organizational pattern can be stated simply: Tell your audience what you are going to tell them; then tell them; then tell them what you told them.,,1. A composition must have unity.,All the facts and all the ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its

30、 thesis or central thought. Irrelevant things, however interesting they are, should be excluded.,2. Each paragraph should have one central thought.,All paragraphs must be arranged in some kind of order, so that one paragraph leads naturally to another to form an organic whole.,3. Proportion is as im

31、portant to an essay as it is to a painting.,The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. It will be just right to give this part about seven-or-eight-tenths of the total space.,Some Principles of Organization,Organization of an Essay,Is there a clearly stated purpose/objective? Are

32、 there effective transitions? Are the introduction and conclusion focused on the main point of the essay? As a reader, can you easily follow the writers flow of ideas? Is each paragraph focused on a single idea? At any point in the essay, do you feel lost or confused? Do any of the ideas/paragraphs

33、seem out of order, too early or too late to be as effective as they could?,Steps in Writing a Composition,,. Prewriting: choosing a topic and exploring ideas . Writing the first draft: getting your ideas on paper . Revise the first draft: Strengthen your composition . Making the final copy,. Prewrit

34、ing: choosing a topic and exploring ideas,It is important to note that writing is a process, not a “product.” This means that a piece of writing, whether it is a composition for your English class or a lab report for your chemistry class, is never complete; that is, it is always possible to review a

35、nd revise, and review and revise again. 1. Choosing and Narrowing a Topic If you are given a specific writing assignment (such as an essay question on an examination), what you can write about is limited. On the other hand, when you are given a free choice of topics and can write about something yo

36、u are interested in, you must narrow the topic to a particular aspect of that general subject.,1: Choosing and Narrowing a Topic,General topic Environment Pollution Specific topic Ocean Pollution Very specific topic Effects on Sea Life,,2. Brainstorming After you have chosen a topic and n

37、arrowed it to a specific focus, the next prewriting step is to generate ideas. This is done by a process called brainstorming. Although these brainstorming activities may seem unnecessary at first, after doing them a few times, you will realize their usefulness. Brainstorming for ideas can get you t

38、o start writing more quickly and save you time in the later stages of the writing process. Listing is a brainstorming technique in which you think about your topic and quickly make a list of whatever words or phrases come into your mind.,II. Prewriting,Write down the general topic at the top of you

39、r paper. Then make a list of every idea that comes into your mind about that topic. Keep the ideas flowing. Use words, phrases, or sentences. Rewrite the list, group similar ideas together and cross our items that dont belong or that are duplications.,Listing,II. Prewriting,communication problems,ho

40、meless people shocking sight,poor verbal skills,families dont spend time together,children disrespectful,classroom environment,new language,unclear expressions,American family life,public transportation is not good,lack vocabulary,use first names with teachers,show affection in public,college profes

41、sors wear jeans,Americans talk too fast,students ask questions,they are friendly,no formal dress code,use slang and idioms,professors role,everyone eats fast food,students can challenge professors,Now rewrite your list and group similar ideas together.,,,,Now circle the main idea and cross out irrel

42、evant items.,,,,,,,3. Thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose,All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses

43、 the point of view you are taking towards the subject. The thesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. After that, you should look at the list of facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.,4. Make an outl

44、ine,Once the thesis is formulated, certain facts on the list will become more important than others, while a few may seem irrelevant. After those suitable items are picked out, an outline may be prepared. Suppose the topic assigned is The School Library.,Topic: The School Library Thesis: The librar

45、y plays a very important part in a students life. Outline: I . A student has to borrow books, from the library. A. He needs reference books for his elective courses. B. He may want to read novels, stories and plays. II. He reads newspapers and magazines in the library. A. Many new magazines are o

46、n display in the First Reading-Room. B. There are newspapers from all provinces. C. Back numbers may be borrowed at the counter. III. He needs the library all the more in his junior and senior years. A. The library provides him with books for his research. B. He would not be able to write his g

47、raduation paper without using the library Conclusion: students should make good use of their school library.,,Types of Outlines,Thesis (controlling idea) I . Introduction II. Main idea: A. Sub-idea B. Sub-idea: 1. Supporting detail 2. Supporting detail: a. Fact 1

48、 b. Fact 2 III. Main idea: A. Sub-idea B. Sub-idea: 1. Supporting detail 2. Supporting detail 3. Supporting detail C. Sub-idea IV. Conclusion,,Two Commonly Used Types of Outlines,the topic outline the sentence outline,,A Topic Outline,Thesis: Forei

49、gn trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations. I . Introduction: the foundation of foreign trade II. The necessity of visible trade A. Lack of certain commodities B. Insufficiency of particular items C. Comparative advantage in certain items D. Latest innovations and differ

50、ent styles of commodities. E. The importance of a favorable balance of trade III. The necessity of invisible trade---exchange of services between nations A. Transportation B. Insurance C. Tourism D. Technology IV. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade and the importance of the ba

51、lance of payments,A Sentence Outline,Thesis: Foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations. I . Introduction: the utilization of different economic resources and the development of different skills form the foundation of foreign trade. II. Trade in commodities (visible trade) i

52、s necessary between nations. A. No nation has all the commodities it needs. B. A nation may not have enough of certain commodities. C. A nation may sell certain commodities at a profit. D. Latest innovations and different styles of commodities may make foreign trade necessary. E. All nations st

53、rive to maintain a favorable balance of trade so as to be assured of the means to buy necessary goods.,,III. Exchange of services between nations (invisible trade) is part of foreign trade. A. Nations vie in providing transportation for foreign trade. B. Prudent exporters purchase insurance for th

54、eir cargoes. C. Tourism brings a nation huge profits. D. Technology is also exported and imported. IV. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade is to earn money for necessary imports and it is important to keep the balance of payments.,Rules for Writing Outlines,Avoid single subdivisions. If th

55、ere is a major point marked “I”, there must be at least another marked II; if there is an A, there must be a B, and so on. Avoid mixing types. A topic outline is written in noun phrases, and a sentence outline in sentences. Do not mix these two types. Use parallel structures for the headings of the

56、same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal important and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order. Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.,. Writing the first draft: getting your i

57、deas on paper,It is necessary to write a first draft in which there should be enough space between lines for future corrections and improvements. While writing the draft, you need not be afraid of departing from the outline at one place or another. Youd better stop to revise your outline or work out

58、 a new one if you find your original outline entirely impracticable.,. Revise the first draft: Strengthen your composition,I. Content: Look at the essay / composition as a whole II. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material III. Sentences: IV. Diction: V. Capitalization and punctuation,C

59、ontent: Look at the essay / composition as a whole,A. What is the topic of the essay / composition? Does the draft fulfill the assignment (e.g. mode of development or type of composition)? B. Is the thesis clear? Is it supported by enough facts (details, examples, reasons, etc.)? C. Is there i

60、rrelevant material that should be removed? D. Is the logic reasonable? Are there gaps in the logic?,Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material,A. Does the introductory paragraph lead to the main point of the paper? B. Does each paragraph have a separate central idea? Does it relate t

61、o the essays main idea or to the previous paragraph? Are there proper transitions between sections? Are the paragraphs arranged in climactic order? C. Does the concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of what the paper intends to say?,Sentences,A. Is each sentence clearly relat

62、ed to the sentence that precedes it and to the sentence that follows? B. Are there unnecessary sentences that may be removed? C. Are there structural mistakes? D. Are there wordy and redundant sentences? E. Is there variety in sentence type? F. Are there any grammatical mistakes in the following res

63、pects?,Diction,A. Are there words that are not appropriate for the topic or the style of the whole essay (e.g. too colloquial or too formal)? B. Are there words or phrases which are directly translated from Chinese but which may mean something different in English? C. Are there collocations, which m

64、ay be incorrect because they are taken from Chinese (e.g. a big rain)?,. Making the final copy,After the draft is carefully revised, a clean final copy has to be made. The very last step in writing a composition, a step that should never be forgotten, is to check the final copy. In doing so you are

65、likely to find that you have made careless mistakes in grammar and spelling, and you may also want to change a word here and there.,Exercises:,Chinese young people of the 20th century,Exercises:,1) happy and lucky 2) eager to learn 3) full of ideas and aspiration 4) having exploring minds 5) having

66、a strong desire for promoting democracy and cleaning up corruption 6) ready to give full support to the open policy and all-round reform 7) having little knowledge of the bitter past of labouring people 8) playing important roles in society 9) having more chances of schooling 10) having different ways of thinking as compared with those of the older generation(generation gap) 11) making life difficult for the old 12) inexperienced 13) politically immature 14) in need of further education 15) stan