中國歷史文化概況（英文版）Unit4SportsandRecreation

Unit 4 Sports and Recreation,CONTENTS,1,2,1,TEACHING AIMS,After studying this unit, you are required to: 1. Have a general idea of Sports and Recreation. 2. Know more the types of Chinese sports and recreation. 3. Master the difficult words and expressions.,Text A Theoretical Basis of Qigong,TEXT A Preview,氣功是中國人所獨有的，以中醫(yī)理論內容為核心指導的“調神”的實踐活動。氣功在我國有悠久的歷史，有關氣功的內容在古代通常被稱為吐納、導引、行氣、服氣、煉丹、修道、坐禪等等。如果從中醫(yī)學角度定義氣功：氣功是通過調神的自我鍛煉，使自身氣機變得協(xié)調的鍛煉方法。隨著科學的向前發(fā)展，我們可以用現(xiàn)代科學的有關知識來認識氣功，這將更加深化我們對氣功實質的認識。如果從現(xiàn)代行為醫(yī)學的角度看，氣功鍛煉是對一種有利于心身健康的良性行為進行學習訓練，最終以條件反射方式固定下來的行為療法。,TEXT A Reading Comprehension,Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage. 1. Qigong drills posture, respiration and focus of the mind in order to un-clog the channels and collaterals and re-establish body equilibrium. ( ) 2. Qigong is a holistic exercise, which requires much of the environment. ( ) 3. When Qigong practice is effective, oxygen consumption increase. ( ),TEXT A Reading Comprehension,4. The up-and-down movements of the diaphragm muscles in the Qigong-practicing group of patients were much larger on scale than in a comparison group that did not practice Qigong. ( ) 5. Qigong can significantly reduce pulmonary pressure, of which the effect is actually not better than intravenous injection. ( ),TEXT A Notes,1. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM中醫(yī)): Traditional Chinese Medicine refers to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.,TEXT A Notes,2. Taiji (Tai chi chuan太極拳): Tai chi chuan, often shortened to Tai chi or Tai chi in the west is a type of internal Chinese martial art practiced for both its defense training and its health benefits. It is also typically practiced for a variety of other personal reasons: its hard and soft martial art thechnique, demonstration competitions, and longevity.,As a consequence, a multitude of training forms exist, both traditional and modern, which correspond to those aims. Some of tai chi chuans training forms are especially known for being practiced at what most people categorize as slow movement. Today, tai chi chuan has spread worldwide. Most modern styles of tai chi chuan trace their development to at least one of the five traditional schools: Chen, Yang, Wu/Hao, Wu, and Sun.,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,1. theoretical ,iretikl, ,i:- adj. 理論的；假設的；理論上的；推理的 Hawking came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. 霍金來到應用數(shù)學與理論物理學院。 2. basis beisis n. 底部；基礎；主要成分；基本原則或原理 Here, the stopping of the train is like the interruption by memory of normal consciousness thats the basis of the poem. 這里，火車的停止就像是被正常知覺的記憶所打斷，那是這首詩的基礎。 3. circulate s:kjuleit vi. 循環(huán)；流通；傳播，流傳 vt. 使循環(huán)；使流通；使傳播 Hemoglobin, as you know, is an oxygen carrier and so red blood cells concentrate in bags of hemoglobin which circulate in your blood and they carry oxygen. 眾所周知,血紅蛋白可以攜帶氧氣，含有大量血紅蛋白的紅細胞，在全身循環(huán)，以攜帶氧氣。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,4. saliva slaiv n. 唾液；涎 And he had to attach something to dogs so that their saliva would pour out so he could study saliva. 他給狗套上了一些裝置，來收集狗的唾液用以研究。 5. secrete sikri:t vt. 藏匿；私下侵吞；生分泌 So maybe - and here thinking about the pancreas has many functions but one of its important functions is to secrete insulin. 胰腺有很多的功能,其中最重要的功能之一,就是分泌胰島素。 6. metabolism mitblizm, me- n. 新陳代謝 Metabolism is a complexity of chemical reaction. 代謝是各種化學反應的綜合。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,7. physiological ,fizildikl adj. 生理學的，生理的 Then were going to talk about two physiological systems just briefly, where cell communication sort of dominates the behavior of the organ. 然后我將簡要地講到兩個生理系統(tǒng),主要是講細胞通訊控制器官活動的方式。 8. clog kl v. 阻塞；障礙 n. 障礙；木底鞋 Sludge can also clog oil passages and prevent normal engine lubrication . 油泥還會阻塞油路，妨礙發(fā)動機的正常潤滑工作。 9. equilibrium ,i:kwilibrim n. 均衡；平靜；保持平衡的能力 Hence we may have to search for a suitable catalyst , to speed up attainment of equilibrium . 因此我們可能必須尋找一種適當?shù)拇呋瘎?，以加速反應達到平衡。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,10. mechanism meknizm n. 機械裝置；機制；技巧；原理，途徑；進程 The body also has a mechanism for replenishing calcium from outside sources, namely the diet . 而機體也有一種機制能從外來資源即飲食中吸收補充鈣。 11. holistic hulistik adj. 整體的；全盤的 We determined from the outset to focus on interpersonal skills in a different and more holistic way , she says. 她表示：“從一開始，我們就決定以一種不同且更為全面的方式來聚焦人際關系技巧。 12. respiration ,resprein n. 呼吸；呼吸作用 If the person is not breathing , try to find someone nearby who is able to do artificial respiration until help gets there . 如果那個人沒呼吸，試著在附近尋找會做人工呼吸的人，一直到援助到達。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,13. respiratory resprtri, rispai- adj. 呼吸的 Respiratory problems in adulthood can lead to other illnesses , such as heart disease and emphysema . 成年期的呼吸道問題會導致其他的疾?。ㄈ缧呐K病和肺氣腫）。 14. prolong prl vt. 拖延；延長 I think living in a brighter life is actually to improve the life quality and to prolong the life expectancy. 我認為色彩更明亮的生活對于提高生活質量以及延長壽命大有實際意義。 15. invigorate invireit vt. 鼓舞；使精力充沛 I myself expect him to stay invigorate the country s economy . 我本人就希望他留下來致力振興國家經濟。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,16. consumption knsmpn n. 消費；消耗；肺癆 More speculatively , it could make long-distance space travel more feasible by slowing down ageing and reducing the consumption of oxygen and food . 更令人欣喜的是，通過減緩衰老、降低氧氣和食物的消耗量，長距離的空間旅行將變得更加可行。 17. alveolar lvil adj. 肺泡的；齒槽的 n. 齒槽音 Accommodate surface tension and stable alveolar pressure . 調節(jié)表面張力，穩(wěn)定肺泡內壓。 18. digestive didestiv, dai- adj. 消化的；助消化的 n. 藥助消化藥 These bacteria can be thought of as an additional digestive organ . 這些細菌可以被認為是一個附加的消化器官。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,19. diaphragm daifrm n. 解橫隔膜；動隔膜；隔板；快門，光圈 The applied pressure acts on a diaphragm which in turn moves the anode pin . 施加的壓力作用在一個依次改變陽極管腳的膜片上。 20. peripheral prifrl adj. 外圍的；次要的 This operation clears all the latched data for peripheral conveyor motion . 該操作將清除所有關于外圍輸送機運動的數(shù)據(jù)。 21. phagocytic ,fsitik adj. 生理吞噬細胞的，白血球的 Nonspecific cellular defense mechanisms in the lung rest principally on epithelial cell elements and several types of phagocytic cell . 肺中非特異性細胞防御機理主要在于表皮細胞和幾種有吞噬作用的細胞。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,22. cardiovascular ,k:diuvskjul adj. 醫(yī)學心血管性的 These are used to measure the presence and development of cardiovascular disease . 它們被用來估量心血管疾病的存在和發(fā)展。 23. intravenous ,intrvi:ns adj. 醫(yī)學靜脈內的，靜脈注射的 Intravenous feeding and injections are performed using a salt solution that is isotonic with blood . 靜脈內輸液和注射就是用和血液等滲壓的鹽溶液進行的。 24. systolic sistlik adj. 心臟收縮的 Results : Half a year after treatment systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and PP decreased obviously (P <0.01 ). 結果：賴諾普利治療半年后，收縮壓、舒張壓和脈壓明顯下降（P<0.01）。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,25. diastolic ,daistlik adj. 心臟擴張的 Haing said this , the new guidelines do not consider diastolic dysfunction as one of the primary measure of target -organ damage . 盡管如此，但是新的指南并沒有把舒張功能不全作為衡量靶器官損害的主要方法之一。 26. cortex k:teks n. 皮質；樹皮；果皮 The correspondence suggests that behaviors may shape the way cortex is organized . 這種對應暗示，行為或許可以影響大腦皮質的組成方式。 27. integrate intireit vt. 使完整；使成整體 We integrate more economies into a system of global trade . 我們將幫助更多的經濟體加入全球貿易體系。,TEXT A New Words and Expressions:,28. arthritis :raitis n. 關節(jié)炎 They have to cope with arthritis and the other physical difficulties of aging . 他們必須要對付關節(jié)炎和由于衰老而引起的其他病痛。 29. fluid flu(:)id adj. 流動的；不固定的；流暢的 n. 流體；液體 Sometimes the bending is caused by the rising fluid in an upwelling . 有時這種扭曲是由涌升流里上升的流體造成的。 30. curve k:v n. 曲線 vt. 使彎曲；彎 vi. 成曲形 adj. 彎曲的；曲線形的 The increase of pollutants in the environment follows an upward sloping curve . 環(huán)境污染的增加是按照傾斜上升的曲線變化的。,TEXT A Assignment,Finish the rest of exercises of Text A Preview Text B,Text B Kunqu Opera,TEXT B Preview,發(fā)源于江蘇昆山至今已有600多年歷史的昆曲被稱為“百戲之祖，百戲之師”，許多地方劇種，像晉劇、蒲劇、上黨戲、湘劇、川劇、贛劇、桂劇、越劇和廣東粵劇、閩劇等等，都受到過昆劇藝術多方面的哺育和滋養(yǎng)。2001年5月，聯(lián)合國教科文組織在巴黎宣布第一批“人類口述和非物質遺產代表作”名單，中國的昆曲藝術入選，中國成為首次榮獲殊榮的19個國家之一。,TEXT B Reading Comprehension,Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage. 1. Kunqu Opera first appeared in late Yuan Dynasty (1271A .D. -1368A .D.) some 600 years ago in the higher reaches of Yangtze River. ( ) 2. The dance and movement of a role in Kunqu Opera is not closely connected with singing. ( ) 3. In order to match the poetry style of the play perfectly, flute is widely used as the accompanying instrument instead of instruments with strings. ( ),TEXT B Reading Comprehension,4. The Kunqu style of stage makeup is mainly used for Jing and Chou roles, and occasionally for Sheng and Dan roles. ( ) 5. As in Beijing Opera, the color white represents loyalty and justice and black signifies cunning and shrewdness. ( ),TEXT B Notes,1. UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization聯(lián)合國教育科學及文化組織（簡稱“教科文組織”）,TEXT B Notes,2. The Peony Pavilion(牡丹亭): The Peony Pavilion is a play written by Tang Xianzu in the Ming Dynasty and first performed in 1598 at the Pavilion of Prince Teng. One of Tangs “Four Dreams”, it has traditionally been performed as a Kunqu opera, but Chuan (川) and Gan (贛) opera versions also exist. It is by far the most popular play of the Ming Dynasty, and is the primary showcase of the guimendan (閨門旦) role type. All Kun theatre troupes include it in their repertoire. Recent adaptations have sought to inject new life into one of Chinas best-loved classical operas, though such efforts have met with opposition from the Kun opera traditionalists.,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,1. heyday heidei n. 全盛期 int. 嘿?。ū硐矏偦蝮@奇等） The analyst s heyday would seem to be long gone . 分析師的輝煌時代看來已經過去了。 2. reign rein vi. 統(tǒng)治；盛行；支配；君臨 n. 統(tǒng)治；支配；統(tǒng)治時期 With huge investments in public health care , life expectancy rose during the king s reign from 40 to 66 . 由于公共衛(wèi)生領域的巨額投資，平均壽命在國王的任內就從40歲增加到66歲。 3. acrobatic ,krubtik adj. 特技的；雜技的 In China , it was the first acrobatic gymnastics, traditional Chinese operas , folk dance , ballad and music into the acrobatic performance . 該團在中國雜技界最早將音樂、統(tǒng)中國戲曲、術、族舞蹈、蕾和現(xiàn)代舞等融入雜技表演。,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,4. poetic puetik adj. 詩的，詩歌的；詩意的；詩人的 n. 詩學，詩論 A fable is a poetic story that illustrates a moral or teaches a lesson . 寓言是一種用來闡明道理或給人以教訓的詩歌故事。 5. refined rifaind adj. 精煉的；微妙的；精確的；有教養(yǎng)的 LIBRA : Libras like to feel like they live a refined , sophisticated life , so season tickets to the symphony or the ballet fulfills their yen for culture . 天秤座：天秤座喜歡陶醉在精致生活的良好自我感覺中，交響樂或芭蕾舞季票恰能滿足其對文化生活的渴求。 6. flute flu:t n. 長笛 He was a flute player before . 他以前是一位吹笛手。,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,7. string stri n. (樂器的)弦 She wear the medal on a string round her neck . 她脖子上戴著一個用繩子穿著的獎牌。 8. solo sulu n. 獨奏曲；獨奏；獨唱 They might say for that sort of music: All right. Were now going to have a thirty-two-bar solo. 他們會事先交流好要演出一段怎樣的樂章,好吧,我們要出一段三十二小節(jié)的獨奏曲 9. orchestra :kistr, -kes- n. 管弦樂隊；樂隊演奏處 Bill can play the piano , sing and lead his orchestra all at once. 比爾能夠同時彈鋼琴、唱歌和領導他的管弦樂隊。,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,10. percussion p:kn n. 叩診；振動；碰撞；敲打樂器；打擊樂器組 Moreover, the plethora of percussion instruments is one of the most remarkable phenomena in the history of Chinese music . 打擊樂器的品種多樣，也是個國樂器發(fā)展史中最令人矚日的現(xiàn)象。 11. clapper klp n. 拍手者；鈴舌；響板；俚嘮嘮叨叨的嘴巴 With time elapsing , the flaps collapse on the clapper s lap . 隨著時間流逝，副翼在拍手者的膝蓋上堆疊起來。 12. category ktiri n. 種類，分類；范疇 Middle- class describes an income category but also a set of attitudes . “中產階級”描述的不僅是一種收入分類，亦是一套看法。,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,13. subdivision sbdi,vin, ,sbdivin n. 細分；分部 As tax laws affect virtually every entity (persons and businesses ) in a political subdivision , entities must be encouraged to voluntarily comply with the tax laws . 因為稅法幾乎一個政府管轄之下的所有主體（個人和商事主體），政府因此應當鼓勵每一個納稅主體自覺遵守稅法。 14. pauper p:p n. 乞丐；窮人；靠救濟度日者 adj. 貧民的 The King disguised himself in a pauper s clothes . 國王穿上貧兒的衣服以掩蓋身份。 15. pheasant feznt n. 野雞；雉科鳥 Now , do you mind if I go back to a delicious roast pheasant ? 怎么樣，我可以回去吃那只噴香的烤野雞了吧？,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,16. brigand brind n. 土匪；強盜；盜賊 Well , my boys , said the brigadier, the brigand must really have escaped early this morning ; “嗯，孩子們，”團長說，“那逃犯一定是今天一早就逃走了。 17. demon di:mn n. 魔鬼；精力充沛的人；惡魔；邪惡的事物 Ebenezer Scrooge was a demon for work - he worked even on the day of the funeral of his partner , Marley . 伊本芮塞史克魯奇是個工作狂，他甚至在他的伙伴馬利葬禮那天也去工作。 18. cunning kni adj. 狡猾的；可愛的；巧妙的 n. 狡猾 I know we had a nice boost over the last couple of days , but elections are cunning things . 我知道在過去幾天中，我們取得了一個漂亮的提升，但是選舉是件有趣的事。,TEXT B New Words and Expressions:,19. repertoire reptw: n. 全部節(jié)目；計算機指令系統(tǒng) They can all become part of the leader s repertoire . 這些風格都可能成為領導人傍身之技的一部分。 20. renown rinaun n. 聲譽；名望 vt. 使有聲望 A few writers of contemporary renown also hail from this area , as do some sports figures . 當代一些著名的作家就來自這個地區(qū)，一些運動界名人亦然。,TEXT B Assignment,Finish the exercises of Text B Preview supplementing reading.,Supplementing Reading,Chinese Martial Arts (Kung Fu) Martial Arts are traditional Chinese sports which have developed over a long historical period. In order to survive the extremely hostile environment, our primitive Chinese ancestors learned some primary means of attack and defence such as leaping, tumbling and kicking. Moreover, they generally knew how to fight with weapons made from stones and wood or bare-hand fighting. This is considered to be the origin of martial arts.,,Knowledge Expansion,Traditional Sports & Activities Aerial Sports: This will involve the use of swings, ropes and the springboard, etc. Equestrian Sports: These include horse racing, polo and other events to test riding skills. Aquatic Sports: These encompass swimming, diving and boating events such as the famous dragon boat races. Land Based Sports: Tug-of-War, Ancient Football, Top-Spinning Stepping on High, Silk Balls, Firework-Catching Crossbow-Firing, Wrestling, Shuttlecock Bamboo Pole Dance, Skipping Ropes, Lion Dance Martial Arts,,