全介紹中國科技 Science and Technology課件.ppt

Chapter 6Science and Technology A brief introduction of Chinese Science and Technology Ancient Science and TechnologyChinese Science and technology Modern Scientific and Technological Achievements Ancient Science and Technology The Four Major Inventions Compass Papermaking Gunpowder Printing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Other Impressive Ancient Inventions Modern Science and Technological Achievements Atomic energy Nuclear and hydrogen bombs Oil production Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin First man-made satellite Scientific research on the Pacific Ocean Breakthrough in Goldbachs Conjecture Reach on PNA semi-molecule Five-stroke code computer input method Great Wall scientific inspection station at the South Pole Nuclear power stations in China Research, development and application of super-conductivity Positive and negative electron collider 2.16 metre optical celestial telescope Yuan Longping and hybrid rice Shenzhou V and Shenzhou VI The four Major Inventions compass Compass The compass vehicle Compass Early in the Warring States period, while mining ores and melting copper and iron, Chinese people chanced upon a natural magnetite that attracted iron and pointed fixedly north. Referred to as a South-pointer, the spoon or ladle (長柄杓子) shaped compass is made of magnetic lodestone (天然磁石), and the plate is bronze. The circular center represents Heaven, and the square plate represents Earth. The compass vehicle Usages of the compass voyages Vasco da Gama voyage to India Christopher Columbus discover America Ferdinand Magellan voyage round the world Zhenghe voyages to the “western ocean” voyages to the “western ocean” The four Major Inventions Papermaking The usages of paper What people used before paper was invented Shang dynasty-bones, tortoise shells and bronze wares Later -silk, bamboo and wood Disadvantages of the bamboo slips and silk Discussion: What if we dont have paper? Cai Lun Paper Time: Eastern Han Dynasty Inventor: Cai Lun Job: court official Materials: bark, hemp (麻頭), rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials Ways to make paper: 1.the materials were soaked.2.cut into pieces,.3.boiled with plant ash.4.washed.5.grounded with a pestle in a mortar (杵和臼). 6.the mixture was then poured evenly on a flat surface to dry, or baked to become paper. Advantages of Cai Lun Paper: Effect: Traditional festival-Tomb sweeping day Traditional customs in Tomb sweeping day: Fire paper set off firecrackers A story about why people fire paper for the dead people The four Major Inventions Gunpowder Time: Tang Dynasty Inventor: Sun Simiao Job: pharmacologist(藥劑師) Usages of gunpowder in military application: Tang Dynasty: Explosive bombs, and catapults（石弩） Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties: Flying Fire-Arrows（發(fā)機(jī)飛火）, Bronze Cannons（火銃）, and Two-Stage Rockets（火龍出水） Studied by other countries: Yuan Dynasty Effect: The four Major Inventions Printing block printing Printing movable type printing Time of block printing invented: between the Sui and Tang dynasties Process of block printing: 1.cut the wood into blocks. 2.then characters were engraved in relief (凸起) on the blocks.3.Ink was brushed on the engraved block.4. a white sheet of paper was spread across it.5.then brushed with a clean brush on its back leaving an image when the paper was removed. ( )/ The worlds oldest surviving book printed on paper is Vajra Sutra (金剛經(jīng)). It is the earliest woodcut illustration in a printed book.Disadvantages of block printing: 1. 2. 3. Movable type printing Time: Song Dynasty Inventor: Bi Sheng Job: printing carver Process of movable type printing: 1.involved engraving single words into pieces of clay. 2.firing them until hardened and using them as permanent type. 3.The type was then set into printing plates. Advantages of movable type printing:1. 2. 3. Different materials: wood, tin, copper and lead blocks Chapter 6Science and Technology1. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)2. Other Impressive Ancient Inventions Discussion : whats the difference between TCM and Western medicine? Means of diagnosis (n.診 斷 ) ,treatment and its composition of drugs and prescriptions (n.處 方 藥 ， 治 療方 法 ). Traditional medicine is based on the premise（ 前 提 ） that the cause of sickness is an imbalance and blockage（ 阻 塞 、 堵 塞 ） of the flow of qi. Acupuncture(針 灸 ) Herbal（ 草 藥 ） Massage（ 按 摩 ） Diets Corrective breathing exercises: Taiji or qigong pills (丸 ) ， powder(散 )， extracts (膏 )， pellets(丹 )刮 痧 ， 推 拿 ， 針 灸 ， 拔 罐 Four diagnostic methods: Listen (望 ) Smelling （ 聞 ） Inquiring and observing（ 問 ） Feeling the pulse（ 切 ） The most famous medical experts in ancient China Bian Que Hua Tuo : Mafeisan and “The Five-Animal Exercise”（ 五 禽 戲 ） Zhang Zhongjing：On Disease (傷 寒 雜 病 論 ) Li Shizhen ： Compendium of Meteria Medica（ 本 草 綱目 ） Fireworks Abacus Silk Porcelain Seismograph Anaesthetic Weiqi Modern Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Introduction Since 1949, science and technology in China has continued to develop rapidly, particularly in the last 20 years. Contents Atomic energy（原子能） Nuclear and hydrogen bombs （核彈氫彈爆炸） Oil production （油田生產(chǎn)） Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin（合成結(jié)晶牛胰島素） First man-made satellite （第一顆人造衛(wèi)星） Breakthrough in Goldbachs Conjecture(哥德巴赫猜想) Research on RNA semi-molecule(核糖核酸半分子) Five-stroke code computer input method(五筆字型漢字輸入法) Great Wall scientific inspection station at the South Pole(南極長城科學(xué)觀察站) Nuclear power stations in China（中國的核電站） Research, development and application of super-conductivity(超導(dǎo)體) Positive and negative electron collider(正負(fù)電子對(duì)撞機(jī)) 2.16 metre optical celestial telescope (光學(xué)天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡) Yuan Longping and hybrid rice（雜交水稻） Shenzhou V(神舟五號(hào))and Shenzhou VI(神舟六號(hào)) Nuclear bomb（ 原 子彈 爆 炸 ） Hydrogen bomb（ 氫 彈 爆炸 ） Oil production （油田生產(chǎn)） Daqing Oil Field (大慶油田) Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin（合成結(jié)晶牛胰島素） First man-made satellite （第一顆人造衛(wèi)星）No.1Dongfanghong 東方紅一號(hào) Breakthrough in Goldbachs Conjecture(哥德巴赫猜想) Chen Jingrun 陳景潤 He proved that any sufficient even number could be the product of a prime numbers plus at most two other prime numbers (abbreviated as 1+2). “任一充分大的偶數(shù)都可以表示成二個(gè)素?cái)?shù)的和，或是一個(gè)素?cái)?shù)和一個(gè)半素?cái)?shù)(兩個(gè)素?cái)?shù)的乘積所得的自然數(shù))的和”。 4=2+2，63+3,85+3, 10=7+3,12=7+5,14=11+3, Nucleotide 核苷酸 Five-stroke code computer input method Chinese Scientific Survey Stations Zhongshan Station January 26,1989 KunLun Station October 16,2008 Arctic Yellow River Station July28,2004 Great Wall Station February 20,1985 Nuclear power stations in China （中國的核電站） Magnetic suspension train（磁懸浮列車） Positive and negative electron collider (正負(fù)電子對(duì)撞機(jī)) Optical Celestial Telescope (光學(xué)天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡) Yuan Longping and Hybrid Rice （雜交水稻） Yuan Longpings (袁隆平) pioneering work in hybrid rice breeding and production techniques has revolutionized rice cultivation in China. Shenzhou V (神州五號(hào)) October 17, 2003, after a landmark 14 orbit, 21-hour and 23-minute expedition, Yang Liwei returned to the Earth. Shenzhou VI (神州六號(hào)) On Oct, 17, 2005, the re-entry capsule of Chinas Shenzhou-VI spacecraft, carrying astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng after a five-day space expedition landed safely. 神舟八號(hào)與天宮一號(hào)對(duì)接 The Shenzhou 8 spacecraft was automatically docked with the Tiangong 1 space module (launched on 29 September 2011) on November 3 and again on November 14, 2011.This unmanned dockingChinas firstwas followed in 2012 with the manned Shenzhou 9 mission, which performed a manned docking (also Chinas first) with the Tiangong 1 module.Only the Soviet Union (Russia), Japan and the European Space Agency had achieved automatic rendezvous and docking prior to Chinas accomplishment. Shenzhou 10 Shenzhou 10 is a planned manned spaceflight of Chinas Shenzhou program that is scheduled for launch in June 2013.According to Niu Hongguang, the deputy commander-in-chief of the manned space programme, the backup launch windows will be in July or August 2013.This conventional Shenzhou will carry a crew of three astronauts, including one female astronaut. During the mission, the Shenzhou spacecraft will dock with the Tiangong 1 docking target. Discussion1.Who has breakthrough in Goldbachs Conjecture?2.If you have a chance to clone a person ,who do you want to clone?3.Do you know the usage of the nuclear power? For example http:/