2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 新人教版.doc
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2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 新人教版.doc
2019-2020年高三英語(yǔ)大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 新人教版
一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)由連詞if,unless,however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語(yǔ)從句,需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。
However much advice you give him,he will do exactly what he wants.
(2)安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))限于begin,e,leave,go,arrive等一類動(dòng)詞。
I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p.m. tomorrow.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的行為,常與every day,often,sometimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
I used to play football when I was young.
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
(1)will+do表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與一些表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;或表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。
Fish will die without water.
注意:臨時(shí)決定做某事,只能用此時(shí)態(tài)。
—The lights in the classroom are still on.
—Sorry,I’ll go and turn them off.
(2)be going to+do表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。此外還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象,對(duì)未來(lái)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。
Look at the clouds.It is going to rain.
(3)be about to+do表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為“正要;很快,馬上”。后面一般不跟具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但是可以由when連接一個(gè)并列句。
We are about to leave.
(4)be to+do表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情;還表示可能性、必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。
She is to get married next month.
(5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(go,e,leave,start,arrive等),可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
Uncle Wang is ing.
4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等感情色彩,常與always,constantly,continually等副詞連用。
She is always asking the same question.
5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或者還要延續(xù)下去,句中常有since,for,yet,already等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的過(guò)去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。
He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或者從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.
(2)表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞(如hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等)的過(guò)去完成時(shí),后接不定式to do時(shí),表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算,即“本來(lái)希望或打算做某事(但卻沒(méi)做)”。
I had planned to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.
(3)用于下列特殊句型中:
①hardly/scarcely/barely had...done...when...;no sooner had...done...than...。從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示“剛剛……就……”。
Hardly had I opened the door when he told me.
②It/That/This was the first/second...time+that從句。that從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。
It was the second time he had been out with her.
8.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中,主句常是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
He always said that he would study hard at that time.
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法
1.不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)或難以說(shuō)明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
2.當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來(lái)說(shuō)更能引起人們的關(guān)注而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
3.含有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子,主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語(yǔ)或者直接賓語(yǔ)都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語(yǔ),間接賓語(yǔ)前則需加介詞to或for。
The pianist gave the pupils(間接賓語(yǔ)) some advice (直接賓語(yǔ)).
→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
4.在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中,動(dòng)詞make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都需加上to。
The boss made them work ten hours a day.
→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
三、注意事項(xiàng)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法注意點(diǎn)
(1)狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
(2)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和副詞always,forever等連用時(shí),往往帶有一定的感情色彩,如贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、不滿、抱怨等。
2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性,著眼于動(dòng)作的過(guò)程;一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成,即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò),且已結(jié)束,著眼于結(jié)果。
She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫)
She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚寫了,并且寫好了)
3.語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)動(dòng)詞sell,write,read等與well,smoothly,easily等連用時(shí),說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。
(2)表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
(3)不及物動(dòng)詞及一些固定短語(yǔ)不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):e up,run out,give out等。
(4)以被動(dòng)的形式表主動(dòng)意義:有些動(dòng)詞devote,surprise,seat,hide,station,dress等,由于能接反身代詞,因此,可用被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義。
時(shí)態(tài)答題技巧
技巧1 熟練掌握常見的固定句型
在一些固定句型中,對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有特別的規(guī)定,我們可以把這作為判斷時(shí)態(tài)的一個(gè)依據(jù)。如下面的常見句型:
1.This/It/That is the first/second/last...time+that...如主句中動(dòng)詞用is,則that從句中動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如主句中動(dòng)詞用was,則that從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
This is the first time I have visited China.
這是我第一次參觀中國(guó)。
It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.那是我搬到倫敦以后第一次有人來(lái)看我。
2.主句+since +從句。在該句型中,主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),(若主句主語(yǔ)是it或表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),還可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)),since從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)(偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的情況)。
Cath hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
Cath自從去了柏林還沒(méi)有打來(lái)過(guò)電話。
It is three years since I joined the army.
我參軍3年了。
3.It is (high) time that...在that從句中常用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)或should do。
It’s time that we went to school.
到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)間了。
4.It + be...before...這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“要……時(shí)間才……”或“在……時(shí)間以后才……”。若be動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí),則before從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí);若be動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)時(shí),則before從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
It will be a long time before we meet again.
要過(guò)很久我們才能重逢。
It was half a year before I heard from him.
半年之后我才收到他的信。
5.hardly/scarcely...when...;no sooner...than...在這兩個(gè)句型中,when從句和than從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。意為“一……就……”。
No sooner had I left than he came.
他一來(lái)我就離開了。
6.was/were about to do...when...在when從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
I was about to leave when he came.
我正要離開這時(shí)他來(lái)了。
[考題印證]
The book has been translated into thirty languages since it________on the market in 1973. (xx重慶,24)
A.had e B.has e
C.came D.es
答案 C
解析 句意為:自從1973年上市以來(lái),這本書已經(jīng)被翻譯成了30種語(yǔ)言。主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去。
技巧2 利用試題中提供的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)確定時(shí)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)往往和一些特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday等常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用;...ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用;now, at present, at this time等常和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用;tomorrow, next week, in +時(shí)間段等常和一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用;by the end of last week, before I went there等常標(biāo)志著過(guò)去完成時(shí)。同時(shí)要注意,像副詞always, forever, constantly等常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用,表示說(shuō)話者的贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、生氣等語(yǔ)氣。
[考題印證]
—Why do you know the pany so well?
—Oh,I________there for three years.
A.worked B.would work
C.had worked D.was working
答案 A
解析 有些考生認(rèn)為“for three years”是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,于是誤選C。其實(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況,顯然與語(yǔ)境不符,因此正確答案為A。
技巧3 利用上下文語(yǔ)境推測(cè)時(shí)態(tài)
很多試題中沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但是我們可以從試題所提供的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境或上下文來(lái)推測(cè)出動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間或從雙方的交談中“捕捉”到時(shí)間點(diǎn),這就要求學(xué)生要有宏觀把握句子和分析句子的能力。
[考題印證]
—Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
—No.I________the book,so I already knew the story.(xx安徽,28)
A.was reading B.had read
C.a(chǎn)m reading D.have read
答案 B
解析 句意為:——你對(duì)這部電影的結(jié)局驚訝嗎?——不,我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)這本書,早知道結(jié)局了。從上下文句意看,應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
技巧4 利用時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)來(lái)把握時(shí)態(tài)
若主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)常用與過(guò)去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)(表客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理的從句總用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí));若主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句的限制,可根據(jù)需要選用時(shí)態(tài)。在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中,若主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái),或主句為過(guò)去時(shí),則從句也用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)。
He said that he had helped Tom.
他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)幫過(guò)湯姆了。
I think he is ill today.我認(rèn)為他今天病了。
You will fail the test if you don’t work hard.
如果你學(xué)習(xí)不努力,你考試會(huì)不及格。
[考題印證]
If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring,you________fresh watermelon in the fall.
(xx浙江,5)
A.eat B.would eat
C.have eaten D.will be eating
答案 D
解析 句意為:如果你春天播下西瓜種子,那么(整個(gè))秋天就會(huì)吃上新鮮的西瓜了。因?yàn)閺木溆昧艘话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí),那么主句就要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。因in the fall在此句中意為“在整個(gè)秋天”,相當(dāng)于during the fall,強(qiáng)調(diào)了完整的時(shí)間段,故用will be eating將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),表示在未來(lái)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
語(yǔ)態(tài)答題技巧
技巧1 固定搭配法
英語(yǔ)中有許多固定短語(yǔ),如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等,在試題中,常把短語(yǔ)中的名詞拿出來(lái)作句子的主語(yǔ),剩下的動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,如果能夠看出它們構(gòu)成固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,則問(wèn)題迎刃而解。
[考題印證]
The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune________.
(xx大綱全國(guó)Ⅰ,32)
A.is made B.would make
C.was to be made D.had made
答案 C
解析 句意為:在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金這件事情使成千上萬(wàn)的人相信要發(fā)財(cái)了。thousands在此處指代成千上萬(wàn)的人,由led的時(shí)態(tài)可知A項(xiàng)不符合句意;而had made為過(guò)去完成時(shí),發(fā)生在led動(dòng)作之前,不符合語(yǔ)境;would make應(yīng)該為would be made;故只有was to be made正確。
技巧2 習(xí)慣表達(dá)法
在英語(yǔ)中有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá),它們往往用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,如need/want/require/deserve doing =need/want/require/deserve to be done,be worth doing...等,在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中,要注意歸納和總結(jié)。
[考題印證]
Would you please make up a topic worth________in tomorrow’s conference?
A.discussing B.to be discussed
C.to discussed D.being discussed
答案 A
解析 worth作后置定語(yǔ),修飾the topic;worth后常用doing,主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。
1.Until we have discussed all the details,no decision ________ about any new operations.
A.will be made B.is made
C.is being made D.has been made
答案 A
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。 until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,所以,主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
2.In the past few years thousands of films ________ all over the world.
A.have produced B.have been produced
C.a(chǎn)re producing D.a(chǎn)re being produced
答案 B
解析 In the past few years為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,主語(yǔ)“電影”和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“produce”為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
3.Sorry.I would have e earlier,but I ________that you were waiting.
A.didn’t know B.hadn’t known
C.don’t know D.haven’t known
答案 A
解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:對(duì)不起,我該早來(lái)的,但是我不知道你一直在等我。前半部分用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,是對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬,后半部分?jǐn)⑹龅氖且粋€(gè)事實(shí),意思是當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道你在等,所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
4.We’d better take umbrellas—I’m sure it ________ when we arrive in London;it’s always wet there at this time of year.
A.will rain B.is raining
C.will be raining D.would rain
答案 C
解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。
5.Close the door of fear behind you,and you ________ the door of faith open before you. (xx湖南,25)
A.saw B.have seen
C.will see D.a(chǎn)re seeing
答案 C
解析 句意為:關(guān)上你身后的懼怕之門,你就會(huì)看到信心之門在你面前敞開著。該句為:祈使句+and+陳述句。根據(jù)句意,陳述句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該用一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
6.I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers________before my eyes. (xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó),33)
A.swim B.swum
C.swam D.had swum
答案 C
解析 句意為:整個(gè)下午我都在做數(shù)學(xué)題,眾多數(shù)字在我眼前晃來(lái)晃去。本題中的誤導(dǎo)信息是had been working on,這是過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),受其誤導(dǎo)易選D項(xiàng),但是這里應(yīng)用swam陳述過(guò)去的事實(shí),所以選C項(xiàng)。
7.—You’ve got your flat furnished,haven’t you?
—Yes.I ________ some used furniture at the Sunday Market and it was a real bargain.
A.will buy B.have bought
C.had bought D.bought
答案 D
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的was可以看出,買二手家具是過(guò)去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
8.In the weeks before the Academy Awards ceremony,movie reviewers make predictions about which movies and actors________.
A.have awarded B.will award
C.a(chǎn)re awarded D.will be awarded
答案 D
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。由make predictions可以看出,動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以用將來(lái)時(shí),電影和演員是被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的,所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),故選D。
9.—Look! Somebody________the sofa.
—Well,it wasn’t me.I didn’t do it.(xx江西,26)
A.is cleaning B.was cleaning
C.has cleaned D.had cleaned
答案 C
解析 從后面的回答可以看出事情已經(jīng)完成了,前面一句是著重談對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:——看,有人已經(jīng)清理了沙發(fā)?!?,不是我,我沒(méi)有做。
10.—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?
—I’m sorry,but by then I ________ to Beijing.How about five?(xx陜西,24)
A.fly B.will fly
C.will be flying D.a(chǎn)m flying
答案 C
解析 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)問(wèn)句中的two o’clock和答句中的by then可知所填詞表示的動(dòng)作在當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行,用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。
11.It was a pity that when we got to the cinema,the movie ________,so we saw only the end of t.
A.was finishing B.has just finished
C.just finished D.had just finished
答案 A
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由下文的so we saw only the end of it可以看出,我們到的時(shí)候電影還沒(méi)有放完,看到的是結(jié)尾,也就是說(shuō)馬上要放映完了,所以用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
12.She ________ volleyball regularly for many years when she was young.
A.was playing B.played
C.has played D.had played
答案 B
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when she was young來(lái)判斷,這是客觀的敘述過(guò)去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如果忽略了when she was young,僅僅從for many years判斷,就會(huì)誤選C。
13.—Have you seen Tom recently?
—No.He ________ for a software pany overseas.
A.worked B.had worked
C.is working D.was working
答案 C
解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。答語(yǔ)承前省略了標(biāo)志詞recently,所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
14.Next month a new road________in that part of the city.
A.is built B.will be built
C.will have built D.is being built
答案 B
解析 next month 與一般將來(lái)時(shí)連用,且句子的主語(yǔ)a new road 與 build之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故B項(xiàng)正確。
15.You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan________there.
A.is being discussed
B.is discussed
C.was discussed
D.is discussing
答案 A
解析 句意為:你不被允許進(jìn)入會(huì)議室。一個(gè)秘密計(jì)劃正在被討論。應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。