2021年中考英語語法備考訓(xùn)練12 動詞時態(tài)

【知識方法】 一般現(xiàn)在時 ： 謂語動詞用動詞原形或第三人稱單數(shù)形式 一般過去時：謂語動詞用動詞的過去式 的形式 一般將來時：謂語動詞用will/be going to +動詞的原形 動詞的時態(tài) 現(xiàn)在進行時：謂語動詞用am/is/are +動詞原形的形式 過去進行時：謂語動詞用was/were+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在完成時：謂語動詞用have/has+動詞的過去分詞 知 識 清 單 動詞的時態(tài) 動詞的時態(tài)有很多。初中階段主要掌握八種：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時。 知識梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點和難點！ 1． 一般現(xiàn)在時 1）一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：主語是I, we, you, they和名詞復(fù)數(shù)時作謂語的行為動詞用原形。主語是he, she , it和名詞單數(shù)時，作謂語的行為動詞的詞尾變化如下： 一般情況 ＋s 以s, x, ch, sh　或　o結(jié)尾 ＋es 以輔音＋y結(jié)尾 去y變i＋es 2）一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以be和like為例）： 主 語 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 問 式 第一、二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞復(fù)數(shù) I am a student. We/You/ They are students. He/ She is a student. I / We/ You/ They/ like music. Many people like music. I am not a student. We/You/ They are not students. He/ She is not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music. Many people don’t like music. Are you a student. Are you/ they students? Is he/ she a student? Do you/ they like music? Do many people like music? 3）一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的用法： 現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動作 。例如： I get up at six every morning. He plays tennis once a week. 現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài) 例如： My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school. 客觀真理 例如： The earth goes around the sun. 4）常用于一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的時間狀語： often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。 例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！ 1. --- May I help you, sir? --- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______. A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work 【答案】B. 【解析】：電視雖然是前天買的， 但壞了是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)， 應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 2．______ the bus until it ______.. A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop 【答案】C 【解析】：這是一個以until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，主句是祈使句，因此從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將要發(fā)生的動作。根據(jù)句意此題應(yīng)用not …until（直到……才）句型。應(yīng)選C。 3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning. A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take 【答案】A 【解析】：“這個70歲的老人早晨鍛煉?！边@里鍛煉是一個經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作。因此，應(yīng)選A. 2． 一般過去時 1）一般過去時的構(gòu)成： 用動詞的過去式。作謂語的行為動詞的詞尾變化如下： 一般情況 +ed 以e字母結(jié)尾的輔音 +d 以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾 去y變i＋ed 重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的單詞，末尾只有一個輔音字母 雙寫詞尾字母+ed 2）一般過去時態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問句形式（以be和like為例）： 主 語 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 問 式 第一、二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞復(fù)數(shù) I was a student. We/You/ They were students. He/ She was a student. I / We/ You/ They/ liked music. Many people liked music. I was not a student. We/You/ They were not students. He/ She was not a student. I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music. Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student. Were you/ they students? Was he/ she a student? Did you/ they like music? Did many people like music? 3）一般過去時的用法： 1． 過去發(fā)生的動作。例如： The police stopped me on my way home last night. 2． 過去存在的狀態(tài)。例如： They werent able to come because they were so busy. 3. 常用于一般過去時的時間狀語： yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。 3.一般將來時 1.一般將來時表示在將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語，如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week month/year、soon、in a few days等連用。 Mr. Wu will teach us English this term 這學(xué)期將由吳老師教我們英語。 I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。 2.一般將來時有下面幾種形式： (1)助動詞will+動詞原形。 We wont leave before nine.9點之前我們不會走。 在疑問句中，當主語是第一人稱I或we時，常用助動詞shall . What time shall we leave?我們什么時候出發(fā)？ What shall we do in our English class tomorrow ? 明天的英語課上我們干什么？ (2)“be going to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事或打算、計劃要做某事。 Im going to do my homework this evening. 我打算今晚做我的家庭作業(yè)。 Who is going to speak first?誰先發(fā)言？ (3)come、go、start、leave等動詞常用進行時態(tài)表示按計劃將要發(fā)生的事。 I am going to Beijing this Sunday. 這周日我要去北京。 (4)在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來要發(fā)生的事。 Ill give the note to him as soon as he comes back.他一回來我就把這張便條交給他。 四、現(xiàn)在進行時 1.現(xiàn)在進行時由“助動詞am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。其時間狀語為now或現(xiàn)在的具體時刻，也可從上下文體現(xiàn)出來。 -What are you doing? -Im reading a book . 你在干什么？ ——我正在看書。 He is watching TV now.現(xiàn)在他正在看電視。 2.“連系動詞+介詞/副詞”也可表示正在進行的 動作。 He is at work.他正在工作 3． 表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞，如hope smell、hear、see、like等一般不用進行時態(tài)。 五、過去進行時 過去進行時由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示過去某一時刻或某一階段正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。這一特定的過去時間除有上下文暗示外，一般用表示過去的時間狀語來表示，常和at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,this time yesterday等連用。 They were having a class this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候他們正在上課 六、現(xiàn)在完成時 一. 用法： （1）動作發(fā)生在過去，強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響。 與一般過去時的區(qū)別： 強調(diào)過去—一般過去式 強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響---現(xiàn)在完成時。 　 　試比較： I have lost my new book. I lost my new book yesterday. My mother went to Shanghai. Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai. . I didn’t have breakfast. I haven’t have breakfast yet. （2）動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間，但對現(xiàn)在有某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、 yet 等副詞修飾。如： --Have you had lunch yet? --Yes, I have. Ive just had it. （3）現(xiàn)在完成時表示未完成。動作從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能以后繼續(xù)。通常和帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。 He has been in the army for ten years. I have studied English since 1980. （4）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗，一般譯為漢語“過”，表示次數(shù)：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times…, ever, never等時間狀語。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次。 I have been to Shanghai twice. She has watched this film three times. I have never seen more beautiful girl than she. 練 習(xí) 1. 我已經(jīng)在深圳住了十年。 ___________________________________ 【答案】I have lived in Shenzhen for ten years 2. 我的叔叔自從1960年以來都在尋找他的女兒。 ___________________________________ 【答案】My uncle have been looking for his daughter since 1960 3. 我踢足球已經(jīng)有兩年了。 ___________________________________ 【答案】I have played football for two years 4. 我自從1996年就認識瑪麗 __________________________________ 【答案】I have known Mary since 1996 5. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 6. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 7. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 8. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 9. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 【答案】5. since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since 二. 構(gòu)成： (1) 肯定句： have / has done (2) 否定句：...have/has not done (3) 一般疑問句： Have/ Has ... done ....? Yes, ... have/has. No, ...have/has not. (4) 常用的時間狀語有： already “已經(jīng)” 肯定句的中間 never “從不” 中間處 ever “曾經(jīng)” 疑問句和肯定句的中間處 just “剛剛” 中間處 yet “已經(jīng)” 、“還” 疑問句、否定句的末尾處) 或不加任何的時間狀語，但不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用. A. already和yet區(qū)別: I have already finished my homework. already用在_______，位于_______。 “已經(jīng)” 【答案】肯定句的中間、 助動詞之后實義動詞之前 Have you finished your homework yet? yet用在_______和________中，位于_______?！叭匀唬€，已經(jīng)” 【答案】 否定句和疑問句中 位于句末 B.for 與since區(qū)別: for +時間段 since+ 時間點 I have lived in Changchun__________ two years. 【答案】for I have been here__________7 oclock. 【答案】 since 用since和for填空 1. ______ two years 2._______ two years ago 3. _______ last month 4.______ 1999 5._______ yesterday 6. _______ 4 o’clock 7. ______ 4 hours 8._______ an hour 9. _______ we were children 【答案】 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since 三. have been in, have been to 與 have gone to 的用法區(qū)別 （一）.have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多長時間”，常與表示一段時間的狀語連用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如： Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 此外還有這些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm have been here (there) / abroad （二）.have(has)been to表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地”，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那里了?？膳cjust, ever, never等連用，例如： I have just been to the post office.。 Mary has never been to the Great Wall. Have you ever been to Hangzhou? have(has) been to 后面可接次數(shù)，表示去過某地幾次。例如： I have been to Beijing three times. They have been to that village several times. （三）.have(has) gone to意為“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中?？傊f話時該人不在現(xiàn)場，一般不用第一、第二人稱代詞作句子的主語。 例如：----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop. Jack Johnson has gone to London. 四.注意 現(xiàn)在完成時中，非延續(xù)性動詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時間的狀語連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞來代替。（就是說：有for或since 的句子里， 一定不能是非延續(xù)性代詞，必須是延續(xù)性動詞）。例如： borrow → keep,buy → have,begin/start → be on, die → be dead,join → be in/be amember of-，come/arrive → be here/in, come/get back → be back,go/leave → be away(from),marry → be married(to） 練 習(xí) 1) The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____. 2) I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. 3) He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. 4)He came back two years ago. He _________ ________ _________ for __________ __________. 【答案】1.has been on;two minutes 2 .have had,two hours 3.has been away from 4.has been here；two years