2021屆 高考英語復(fù)習(xí)之高考真題閱讀詞塊精析（十五）

2021高考英語復(fù)習(xí)之高考真題閱讀詞塊精析（十五） 2020全國一卷（C篇） Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接觸) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 詞塊梳理 1：race 1. n. 種族，人種；家庭，門弟；屬，種 2. vt. 和…競賽；使急走，使全速行進(jìn)；使參加比賽 詞組｜習(xí)慣用語 races n. 競賽（race的復(fù)數(shù)形式）；賽馬會; v. 和…競賽；參加競賽；急行（race的第三人稱單數(shù)形式）; foot race 競走 rat race n. 激烈競爭（商業(yè)上）；無意義的競爭；環(huán)形導(dǎo)波管 white race 白種人 race walking 競走 wheelbarrow race 推小車比賽；手推車比賽 race track 競賽的跑道；[核] 跑道形電磁分離器 head race [水利] 引水道 racing driver 賽車駕駛員 2：fitness n. 健康；適當(dāng),適合 近義詞： [n.] suitability, suitableness, condition, shape, soundness, competence, competency 反義詞： [n.] unfitness, softness, poor shape, bad condition 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 physical fitness 身體健康；體力；身體適宜性 fitness equipment 健身器材 fitness center 健身中心；健身房 fitness club 健身俱樂部 fitness training 體能訓(xùn)練；體育訓(xùn)練 fitness test 適合性試驗 fitness instructor 健美師；健身指導(dǎo) physical fitness test 體能測驗；身體適宜性測驗 3：benefit vt.&vi.有益于,得益 n.益處,好處 救濟(jì)金,保險金 時態(tài):benefited alsobenefittedbenefiting benefittingbenefits 近義詞： [n.]payment,good,goodness,performance,publicpresentation [v.]get,acquire,help,aid 解析： avail:較文雅，常見于歷史小說、演說或講道中，較少用于日常話語，側(cè)重功效或效力。 benefit:通常既可指個人情況(如身體、智力或精神狀態(tài)等)的好轉(zhuǎn)或改善，又可指對實現(xiàn)某個目標(biāo)等帶來的好處。 profit:著重于物質(zhì)方面的受益，常用于財富或知識等方面的得益。 詞組|習(xí)慣用語 economicbenefit經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 benefitfrom得益于；得利于；因…而得到好處 mutualbenefit互惠互利 socialbenefit社會公益 forthebenefitof為…的利益 equalityandmutualbenefit平等互利 benefitby得益于 inbenefit有資格得到救濟(jì)金(或補(bǔ)助費、撫恤金、保險金) ofbenefitto對...有好處 ecologicalbenefit生態(tài)效益，生態(tài)效應(yīng) publicbenefit公益 maximumbenefit最大利益 benefitofthedoubt假定其無過失或無罪（因無充分證據(jù)證明某人有罪）；裁判員對可疑情況無把握時不對有關(guān)運(yùn)動員作不利判定 commonbenefit公共福利 reciprocityandmutualbenefit互惠互利 benefitpackage給付項目；福利待遇 benefitsystem福利制度；職工福利制度 unemploymentbenefit失業(yè)救濟(jì)金；失業(yè)津貼 taxbenefit稅收利益；賦稅優(yōu)惠 additionalbenefit附加利益；額外利益；附加利益（人身保險） 4： problem n. 問題, 疑難問題；習(xí)題, 思考題, 討論題 近義詞： [n.] difficulty, question, head 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 difficult problem 難題；難問題 no problem 沒問題 problem solving 解決問題 optimization problem [計]優(yōu)化問題；最佳化問題 big problem 大問題 environmental problem 環(huán)境問題 social problem 社會問題 scheduling problem 排定問題 technical problem 技術(shù)問題 practical problem 實際問題 inverse problem 反問題 economic problem 經(jīng)濟(jì)問題 housing problem 住房問題；房屋問題 academic problem 學(xué)術(shù)問題 assignment problem 指派問題；分配問題；分派問題；配置問題 bottleneck problem 瓶頸問題 math problem 數(shù)學(xué)題 allocation problem 配置問題，分配問題 problem analysis 問題解析 financial problem 經(jīng)濟(jì)問題；經(jīng)濟(jì)困難 5：conditioned adj. 有條件的,習(xí)慣于…的 近義詞： [adj.] fit, healthy 反義詞： [n.] unconditioned, innate, unlearned, unfit 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 air conditioned 空調(diào)的，有空調(diào)的；空調(diào)開放 conditioned reflex 條件反射 conditioned medium 條件培養(yǎng)基，條件培養(yǎng)液 conditioned response 條件反射（等于conditioned reflex） 6： through prep. 穿過；通過；憑借 adv. 從頭至尾；徹底 adj. 直達(dá)的；過境的；完結(jié)的 近義詞： [adj.] finished, direct 反義詞： [n.] unfinished, indirect 解析： across: 指“從……的一邊到另一邊”，強(qiáng)調(diào)橫過，多與動態(tài)動詞連用。 along: 指沿著一條直線在水平方向上運(yùn)動。一般表動態(tài)，有時也與靜態(tài)動詞連用。 over: 常和動態(tài)動詞連用，指“從……上面越過”或“橫越”；表靜態(tài)時，指“在彼處”。 through: 側(cè)重從一端穿到另一端。 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 go through 參加；經(jīng)受；仔細(xì)檢查；被通過 all through 一直；始終 through with 完成 through and through 完全，徹底；徹頭徹尾地 through it all 一路走過（歌詞）；經(jīng)過所有（歌詞） go through with 完成，實行；把…進(jìn)行到底 once through 單程的 7：attractive adj. 吸引的, 有吸引力的, 誘人的, 引起注意的 副 詞: attractively 名 詞: attractiveness 近義詞： [adj.] bewitching, captivating, enchanting, enthralling, entrancing, fascinating, charismatic 反義詞： [n.] unattractive, unappealing 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 attractive appearance 造型美觀 attractive force 引力，吸引力 attractive designs 款式新穎；款式新奇 attractive and durable 美觀耐用 8： exercise 1.n. 練習(xí)；運(yùn)動；運(yùn)用；操練；典禮；禮拜 2. vt. 練習(xí)；鍛煉；使用；使忙碌；使驚恐 詞組｜習(xí)慣用語 exercisable adj. 可操作的；可運(yùn)用的；可實行的 exerciser n. 做運(yùn)動的人；肌肉鍛練器具；試驗程序 military exercise 軍事演習(xí) floor exercise 自由體操 warm-up exercise 準(zhǔn)備活動; 熱身活動; exercise prescription 運(yùn)動處方 hoop exercise 圈操 compulsory exercise 規(guī)定動作 exercise mat 體操墊 aerobic exercise 有氧運(yùn)動 短語: conditioning exercises coordination exercises 保健操 Hit Exercise Hit-resistive Exercise 搏擊散打系列 physical exercise program exercise 健身操 warm-down exercises 放松操練 Abdominal exercises 腹肌練習(xí); 腹部練習(xí); hypoxic exercises 低氧運(yùn)動 exercise regularly 經(jīng)常運(yùn)動; 定期運(yùn)動; 規(guī)律的運(yùn)動; digressive exercise 離心運(yùn)動 9：physical adj. 身體的；物質(zhì)的；物理的 n. [口]體格檢查 名 詞: physicality 副 詞: physically 近義詞： [adj.] carnal, fleshly, sensual, bodily, corporal, corporeal 反義詞： [n.] mental, immaterial, nonmaterial, supernatural, lethargic, unergetic, forceless 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 physical education n. 體育課；體育教育 physical model 物理模型；實體模型 physical property 物理性質(zhì)；實物財產(chǎn) physical chemistry 物理化學(xué) physical training n. 體育；體能訓(xùn)練；身體訓(xùn)練 physical fitness 身體健康；體力；身體適宜性 physical activity 身體活動，體育活動；體力活動 physical examination 體格檢查 physical exercise 體育運(yùn)動；身體操練 physical health 身體健康 physical distribution 物流，物資調(diào)運(yùn) physical strength n. 體力 physical condition 身體狀況；實際條件；物理狀態(tài) physical culture n. 體育 physical quality 身體素質(zhì) physical therapy n. 物理治療法 physical geography 自然地理學(xué) physical environment 物理環(huán)境，實體環(huán)境；自然環(huán)境 physical process 物理過程；自理過程 physical world 物質(zhì)世界；物理世界 10：research n. 研究; 探討 vi. 做研究, 探究, 研究, 探討 vt. 從事…的研究, 為…而做研究 時 態(tài): researched, researching, researches 近義詞： [n.] investigation, investigating, problem solving [v.] investigate, look into 解析： inquiry: 普通常用詞，指正式調(diào)查，也指一般的打聽或查詢。 investigation: 一般指有系統(tǒng)的調(diào)查以得到希望發(fā)現(xiàn)或需要知道的事。 research: 指科學(xué)工作者等為揭示自然規(guī)律或獲取某個領(lǐng)域的新知識而進(jìn)行長時間的調(diào)查研究。 survey: 多指為寫書面報告而進(jìn)行的民意測驗或調(diào)查。 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 research and development （產(chǎn)品等的）研究與開發(fā) scientific research 科學(xué)研究 research results 研究結(jié)果，研究成果 research institute 研究機(jī)構(gòu)，研究所 research work 調(diào)查研究工作 research center 研究中心 research into 探究，研究；調(diào)查 experimental research 實驗性研究；試驗調(diào)查 research method 研究方法；研究模式 market research n. 市場調(diào)查 research field 研究領(lǐng)域 basic research 基本研究 research area 研究方向 academic research 學(xué)術(shù)研究 research project 研究項目 empirical research 經(jīng)驗研究，實證研究；實征性研究 research group 研究小組 medical research 醫(yī)學(xué)研究；醫(yī)療研究 research team 研究小組；科學(xué)研究組 research findings 研究成果；研究發(fā)現(xiàn) 11：hit vt. 襲擊；碰撞；打擊；偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)；傷…的感情 vi. 打擊；打；碰撞；偶然碰上 n. 打擊；打；（演出等）成功；諷刺 時 態(tài): hit, hitting, hits 近義詞： [n.] deed, feat, effort, exploit, touch, touching, success [v.] propel, impel, touch, affect, impact, bear upon, bear on 反義詞： [n.] miss 解析： beat: 普通用詞，含義廣泛，指連續(xù)打擊。游戲、競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中作打敗解。 strike: 普通用詞，多指急速或突然一次猛擊。 hit: 普通用詞，常與strike換用，側(cè)重有目標(biāo)的猛擊，強(qiáng)調(diào)用力擊中。 thrash: 側(cè)重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。 whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。 詞組 | 習(xí)慣用語 hit the ball 擊球；順利，成功 hit it off 合得來 hit hard 使受到沉重的打擊，使…遭受嚴(yán)重的挫折 hit the road 開始流浪，上路 hit on 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)；忽然想到 hit the mark 打中目標(biāo)；達(dá)到目的；成功 hit the spot 使人滿足；正合需要；恰到好處 hit the headlines 成為新聞頭條；被大肆宣傳 hit the books 用功學(xué)習(xí)；準(zhǔn)備功課 hit the target 射中靶子；達(dá)到目的 hit back 抵抗，反擊 hit out 猛打 hard hit 嚴(yán)重打擊；大力擊球；墜入情網(wǎng)；（美口）經(jīng)濟(jì)上的破產(chǎn) hit rate n. 命中率 big hit 熱門；非常成功 hit upon 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)，偶然碰到 direct hit 直接命中 hit the skids 倒霉，走下坡路 hit rating 命中等級；命中率 hit off 適合；將…打掉 12：while 1. conj. 當(dāng)……的時候；雖然；然而 2. n. 一會兒；一段時間 詞組｜習(xí)慣用語 whiles conj. 當(dāng)……的時間；盡管; adv. 有時候；其間; worth while 值得 between whiles 不時的，時常 the while 同時 at whiles 有時；間或；有時常常 do while 循環(huán)當(dāng)語句 a while 一會兒 while away 消磨；消磨時間 wait a while 等一會兒 a short while 片刻