英文文獻(xiàn) 科技類 原文及翻譯 （電子 電氣 自動(dòng)化 通信…） 3

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1、智能建筑的設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng) 概述“智能建筑〞和“智能家居〞技術(shù) 建筑智能的領(lǐng)域、智能家居、建筑管理系統(tǒng)〔BMS〕包含了的很多種技術(shù)，包括各地商業(yè)，工業(yè)，和住宅樓宇能源管理系統(tǒng)和樓宇控制。建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)功能的核心是“智能建筑〞的概念，其目的是控制、監(jiān)測(cè)和優(yōu)化建筑效勞，例如，照明、加熱、平安、閉路電視及警報(bào)系統(tǒng)、出入控制、視聽和娛樂系統(tǒng)、通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)、過濾和氣溫控制等，甚至的考勤控制和考勤報(bào)告〔尤其是工作人員的活動(dòng)和效率性〕。這些概念和有關(guān)技術(shù)是前景巨大，并且我們的生活和工作環(huán)境正在受智能建筑的開展的影響而變化。對(duì)設(shè)備的規(guī)劃和設(shè)備管理也是潛在的巨大的影響。任何設(shè)備管理人員考慮樓宇開展或設(shè)備搬遷也應(yīng)

2、考慮智能建筑技術(shù)所帶來的時(shí)機(jī)。 這個(gè)概要文章是由一家在智能建筑、智能家居、以及大廈管理系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先的總部設(shè)在英國(guó)的公司的專家Gary Mills免費(fèi)的提供的。智能建筑物和建筑管理系統(tǒng)的起源已在20世紀(jì)70年代的工業(yè)界，使用的自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)和控制生產(chǎn)過程和優(yōu)化進(jìn)程。在1980年，智能建筑定義和應(yīng)用在調(diào)整、開展和改革，使智能建筑技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)能夠在住宅和商業(yè)部門運(yùn)用。 智能建筑-控制理論 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑的本質(zhì)是使所有效勞和提供效勞的設(shè)備和管理環(huán)境的建設(shè)一體化，自動(dòng)化和最優(yōu)化的控制技術(shù)。可編程邏輯控制器(PLC〕 ，是最根本的控制技術(shù)。后來開展到，在商業(yè)和住宅的應(yīng)用，是采“基于分布式

3、的微處理器智能控制〞。這些技術(shù)的采用，使各個(gè)客戶得到最好的建設(shè)優(yōu)化和效勞，往往顯示在降低本錢和節(jié)省大量能源。在建筑物內(nèi)的控制有幾種方法，下面大致可分為兩種方法： ?時(shí)間控制-只有在需要時(shí)間內(nèi)提供暖氣或照明效勞等。 ?優(yōu)化參數(shù)的根底- 經(jīng)常使用的一種更具設(shè)定參數(shù)來調(diào)整建筑室內(nèi)環(huán)境的效勞，如空間的溫度加熱或照明的照度。 暖氣-基于時(shí)間的控制 基于時(shí)間的控制--可以用來預(yù)先設(shè)定翻開和關(guān)閉供暖系統(tǒng)〔和/或熱水〕時(shí)間〔一天，一周等〕。優(yōu)化參數(shù)：無論在什么條件下，確?？蛻羧胱r(shí)房間到達(dá)預(yù)期的溫度， 暖氣-基于優(yōu)化參數(shù) 〔溫度〕控制的例子 ?溫度控制：當(dāng)外部溫度到達(dá)了一套水平〔 0° C時(shí)

4、〕，進(jìn)行凍結(jié)保護(hù)或霜凍保護(hù)，一般是運(yùn)行供暖系統(tǒng)水泵和鍋爐來提供熱量。 ?補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)：用加熱電路來根據(jù)外部溫度進(jìn)程適宜溫度的控制。當(dāng)室外溫度下降通過加熱電路會(huì)提高溫度到達(dá)預(yù)定的溫度。 ?散熱器恒溫閥：裝上這個(gè)器件，在一個(gè)房間內(nèi)的空間溫度和節(jié)流閥的流量通過散熱器或變換器來進(jìn)行交換到達(dá)預(yù)設(shè)的溫度。 ?比例控制：通過控制交換設(shè)備自動(dòng)開和關(guān)閉來到達(dá)規(guī)律性的輸出。 ?其他方法：可以包括恒溫器、紅外傳感傳感器〔被動(dòng)式紅外線感應(yīng)器〕 ，用戶手動(dòng)控制。 照明控制方法 有各種的控制系統(tǒng)的存在，但都是基于時(shí)間的控制和預(yù)設(shè)參數(shù)的兩種情況下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是的需要。 ?區(qū)域：燈的開關(guān)相應(yīng)的使用需要

5、和照明區(qū)域的布局，防止只有一小局部區(qū)域亮燈但是卻亮一大片，造成浪費(fèi)。 ?時(shí)間控制：在每個(gè)區(qū)域燈光根據(jù)預(yù)設(shè)的時(shí)間表來自動(dòng)開關(guān)和關(guān)閉。 ?被動(dòng)式紅外線〔紅外〕移動(dòng)遙感：在被控制的區(qū)域，移動(dòng)傳感器可以用來探 有人移動(dòng)進(jìn)區(qū)域或沒人進(jìn)到區(qū)域，從而控制燈關(guān)的開和關(guān)。 ?燈光質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)：這包括調(diào)光和開關(guān)的人工照明，通過光電探測(cè)來維持一個(gè)水平 的照度。 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑-節(jié)約能源 能源節(jié)約一直在建筑業(yè)主和投資者中是比擬少考慮和無知的。直到最近幾年，隨著能源急劇增加和節(jié)能意識(shí)關(guān)注和進(jìn)步，本錢效益的改良，能源節(jié)約正在迅速成為一局部房地產(chǎn)管理、設(shè)備管理和運(yùn)作策略?，F(xiàn)在能源節(jié)約在我國(guó)建筑部門得到很

6、大的重視。 在照明方面：節(jié)約能源的最多可以到達(dá)75 ％的原電路的負(fù)荷， 在加熱方面節(jié)：約能源的潛力從水加熱，冷卻，或熱水的生產(chǎn)，最多可以到達(dá)10 ％ ，它代表能節(jié)約7％住宅和商業(yè)部門的能源消費(fèi)總量。。 經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究說明，在奧地利公共建筑物加熱和冷卻可節(jié)省的能源是高達(dá)30 ％。甚有事實(shí)證明，在科研建設(shè)物已有更高的能源使用效率，這個(gè)數(shù)字是一個(gè)令人印象深刻的。 〔資料來源： EU2公司對(duì)歐洲的建筑技術(shù)在中歐和東歐國(guó)家分析和市場(chǎng)調(diào)查- GOPA〕。 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑-環(huán)境和溫室氣體的好處 減少溫室氣體排放量方法和相關(guān)的節(jié)能的使用。在商業(yè)，工業(yè)，體制和國(guó)內(nèi)住宅部門等，智能建筑和樓宇管理系統(tǒng)的

7、技術(shù)直接有助于減少能源的使用在短期內(nèi)，智能樓宇和適當(dāng)?shù)膽?yīng)用管理系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)有利于環(huán)境改善。法律法規(guī)和環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；衛(wèi)生和平安規(guī)定；和全球?qū)Ω纳剖覂?nèi)空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)， 都是建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑技術(shù)準(zhǔn)那么。在世界各地政府的措施對(duì)樓宇管理系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)的開展和建立有影響。例如，英國(guó)碳信托允許增強(qiáng)進(jìn)口能源稅額〔ECA〕 ，以抵銷稅務(wù)通過通過能源相關(guān)的建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能樓宇設(shè)備從節(jié)約的30 ％左右的能源節(jié)約系統(tǒng)，以及相關(guān)的安裝和設(shè)計(jì)本錢。 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑-市場(chǎng)趨勢(shì) 仔細(xì)解釋是必要的。在英國(guó)，在新的建筑和翻新的樓宇的運(yùn)用控制技術(shù)是比普遍的，這是在數(shù)年前，英國(guó)對(duì)建設(shè)管理控制系統(tǒng)在新的建筑和翻新的樓宇的運(yùn)用，

8、的市場(chǎng)估計(jì)和建議〔在1994年-來自英國(guó)對(duì)能源有效利用的論壇，1994〕 ： ?暖氣控制70 ％ 。 ?熱水系統(tǒng)控制的90 ％ 。 ?空調(diào)控制80 ％ 。 不過，根據(jù)歐洲委員會(huì)的多達(dá)90 ％的所有現(xiàn)有的建筑物已不適用或無效的，其中有許多需要完成的重新整改控制系統(tǒng)。此外傳統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)停止改為各種自動(dòng)化智能建筑的系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)重要的因素是人類所需的最優(yōu)的有效運(yùn)作，即使控制系統(tǒng)正確地使用和安裝。鑒于典型的裝置和設(shè)備經(jīng)常存在正確操作為建設(shè)利用〔住宅〕或管理〔商業(yè)〕的困難。正確的運(yùn)作和的使用是的有效節(jié)能的關(guān)重要。教育用戶;改善系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方便用戶，并提供有關(guān)指示和信息都是至關(guān)重要的，使理論轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)踐，

9、并為實(shí)現(xiàn)潛在的效益和節(jié)省。 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)和智能大廈-的實(shí)際利益 能源節(jié)約系統(tǒng)是平衡建筑的電燈，日光和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)之間以謀求最大利益。照明設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)多電器布局。它必須考慮的需要及實(shí)際的使用，季節(jié)和氣候的日光變化，及其對(duì)建筑物的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)影響。 照明系統(tǒng) 加日光天到建筑中以到達(dá)能源效益的是一種設(shè)計(jì)方法。自然日光獲取 ，可以使人們更快樂，更健康，更具創(chuàng)造性。從而減少電燈需要，在節(jié)約能源方面可以節(jié)省大量的金錢。幾乎每一個(gè)商業(yè)大廈是一個(gè)潛在的節(jié)能工程，通過利用日光電力照明系統(tǒng)可以設(shè)計(jì)為暗灰色，。從而高達(dá)75 ％的照明能源消耗可節(jié)省。此外，可以減少電燈照明和減少太陽熱增益，控制的照明還可以減少建筑物的

10、空調(diào)負(fù)荷。 機(jī)械系統(tǒng) 暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)和控制措施，包括分配制度的空氣進(jìn)入工作區(qū)，建筑物的機(jī)械局部影響熱舒適性。這些系統(tǒng)必須共同努力，提供建筑的舒適度。而不是通常的一局部的美學(xué)建筑，他們是至關(guān)重要的運(yùn)用和使用滿意度保證。辦公室頭號(hào)投訴是因?yàn)楣ぷ鲌?chǎng)所是太熱。第二是它的太冷。很多人參加的風(fēng)扇，空間加熱器應(yīng)付，與他們同事進(jìn)行“恒溫戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)〞，或者干脆離開辦公室。住戶可以驅(qū)車前往散心試圖調(diào)整舒適心情。不適當(dāng)?shù)臏囟龋瑵穸?，通風(fēng)，室內(nèi)空氣品質(zhì)也有重大影響的生產(chǎn)力和健康。當(dāng)我們舒適我們就更好地開展工作，銷售更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，放松，呼吸更容易，我們的注意力集中越好。 為了提供一個(gè)舒適和健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境建設(shè)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)必須：

11、 ?提供一個(gè)可接受的溫度和濕度和平安防范和室內(nèi)空氣污染物水平，。 ?創(chuàng)立一個(gè)可居住性環(huán)境，通過空氣流動(dòng)，通風(fēng)和輕微的溫度變化。 ?讓住戶以控制和修改的條件，以配合個(gè)人喜好。 大廈管理系統(tǒng)和智能建筑技術(shù)各種阻力 ? “我們的樓宇已具能源效益的〞 〔整個(gè)建筑的是否節(jié)能，或是業(yè)主以公用地方及租用空間限制他們的焦點(diǎn)？ 〕。 ? “我們寧愿設(shè)備與最低的本錢時(shí)，首裝修空間〞 〔是否標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有任何的想法誰承當(dāng)增加的經(jīng)營(yíng)本錢，這樣的策略呢？ 〕。 ? “我們需要一個(gè)為期兩年或更少的簡(jiǎn)單的回饋〞 〔這是仍然是現(xiàn)實(shí)，鑒于該回報(bào)率對(duì)貨幣市場(chǎng)是從字面上了其中的十分之一是，但是這是20年前是如何呢？ 〕。

12、 ? “住戶支付所有的能源本錢，并會(huì)得到所有的儲(chǔ)蓄〞 〔是否住戶真的支付所有的能源，還是只能源超過預(yù)先設(shè)定的基準(zhǔn)年或支付停止？ 〕。 ? “我們正在出售的建設(shè)〞 。〔我們是否應(yīng)該承當(dāng)，然后降低營(yíng)運(yùn)開支和收獲增加資產(chǎn)價(jià)值并不重〕。 智能家居 建設(shè)管理系統(tǒng)在住宅的應(yīng)用 與廣泛采用數(shù)字技術(shù)將帶來一場(chǎng)深刻變革，我們?nèi)绾闻c他人溝通。甚至如何，在和我們的家交流，我們購(gòu)置商品和效勞的，接收新聞，管理我們的財(cái)政狀況，了解世界，并開展業(yè)務(wù)，管理資源，尋找娛樂，當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入老并保持獨(dú)立性和自主性。 這些活動(dòng)的日益發(fā)生在家庭中。作為我們的看法，銀行，商店，大學(xué)，社區(qū)和城市等的變化的新技術(shù)，所以家庭建筑管理

13、制度，正在成為一個(gè)不平凡的的重要性。因?yàn)樗嬖诘慕裉欤揖硬荒軡M足這些需求，或利用新的時(shí)機(jī)所造成的社會(huì)和技術(shù)的變化。大多數(shù)人住在空間不善適合他們的需要。 一直到最近，大多數(shù)房屋被布線線主要是電氣線路，一些 線，和幾個(gè)電視電纜。時(shí)代變了。電氣及保安系統(tǒng)承辦商經(jīng)常安裝低壓電纜通信網(wǎng)為廣泛的“智能家居或〞或“智能家居系統(tǒng)〞提供布線。利用這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)效勞和設(shè)備包括：平安;家庭影院和娛樂; ，門 和來訪 ;個(gè)人電腦及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)網(wǎng)絡(luò);監(jiān)視攝像頭;車道的車輛傳感器;互感恒溫;自動(dòng)窗口百葉窗和窗簾;輸入系統(tǒng);和灌溉系統(tǒng)。 智能家園 “智能家居〞是智能化住宅的建筑另一種的工程。幾年前，這些智能

14、的概念只是未來和夢(mèng)想。現(xiàn)在他們已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。這些工程是現(xiàn)在常用來定義一個(gè)居住使用控制系統(tǒng)的整合居住的各種自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)。整合家居系統(tǒng)，使它們能夠通過控制系統(tǒng)從而使單一的按鈕和語音控制的各種家用系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)，在按照預(yù)先編程的情景或經(jīng)營(yíng)模式運(yùn)行。開展智能家居系統(tǒng)，集中討論如何家居和相關(guān)技術(shù)，產(chǎn)品和效勞發(fā)生相應(yīng)演變，以最好地滿足面臨的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)的未來?？赡苄院瓦\(yùn)用性是無止境的。 這里是一些例子： 智能家居例如1 情況如下我在家可引發(fā)迫切的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵按鈕遠(yuǎn)程控制您的車輛作按你的做法的車道上行駛?？刂葡到y(tǒng)接收的關(guān)鍵環(huán)遠(yuǎn)程控制的命令。這將觸發(fā)預(yù)先編程的函數(shù)序列。例如出發(fā)，翻開車道，車庫(kù)，走廊，和廚房照明。然

15、后解除武裝的保安系統(tǒng)，翻開車庫(kù)門，關(guān)閉進(jìn)入室內(nèi)車庫(kù)門，調(diào)整暖氣，以預(yù)設(shè)的溫度，并輪流對(duì)整個(gè)內(nèi)部音響系統(tǒng)播放你最喜愛的CD ，給你調(diào)水洗澡?？刂葡到y(tǒng)通過滿足特定用戶的需求編程，開創(chuàng)了連續(xù)自動(dòng)操作的家用系統(tǒng)，在回應(yīng)一個(gè)按鈕'命令的根底于情況和或時(shí)間。 智能家居，案例2 在上午07時(shí)30分，你你最喜愛的CD音樂的背景作為鬧鈴，您的臥室燈開關(guān)翻開，確保讓您在自己預(yù)設(shè)的時(shí)間醒來。該樓下闖入者警報(bào)系統(tǒng)是關(guān)閉的。在廚房，咖啡機(jī)翻開做出飲料，地面的窗簾和百葉窗翻開; 在浴室毛巾加熱器加熱毛巾。你還沒有起來嗎？ 這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子演示了如何智能家居技術(shù)將運(yùn)用在我們的生活。設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)組合在一起和自動(dòng)完成日常簡(jiǎn)單的

16、任務(wù)，改善生活品質(zhì)和減少壓力水平。 我很感謝加里米爾斯融提供的許多內(nèi)容在這方面的文章。融合專注于智能建筑，生活和工作環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)，其中包括為能源效率和氣候變化方面的考慮設(shè)計(jì)。 Intelligent Buildings Design And Building Management Systems overview of 'intelligent buildings' and 'intelligent homes' technologies The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Mana

17、gement Systems (BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls. The function of Building Management Systems is central to 'Intelligent Buildings' concepts; its purpo

18、se is to control, monitor and optimise buil ding services, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and ava

19、ilability). The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives are changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments. The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense. A

20、ny facilities managers considering premises development or site relocation should also consider the opportunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technologies and concepts. This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Int

21、elligent Homes, and Building Management Systems. The origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970's, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances. The concepts and applicati

22、ons were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980's, enabling transferability of the technology and systems to the residential and commercial sectors. intelligent buildings - control theory The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control techn

23、ologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) formed the original basis of the control technologies. Later developments, in commercial

24、 and residential applications, were based on 'distributed-intelligence microprocessors'. The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings. There are numerous methods by which building serv

25、ices within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types: · Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required, and · Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illu

26、minance for lighting. heating - time-based control Time-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the building reaches the de

27、sired temperature when occupancy starts. heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control examples · Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0°C). · C

28、ompensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops. · Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly

29、 through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted. · Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output. · Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIR's (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control. lighting control

30、 methods Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required. · Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area i

31、f only a small part of it needs light. · Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use. · Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is

32、present and switch the light on or off accordingly. · Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell. building management systems and intelligent buildings - energy savings The essence of Building Management Sy

33、stems and Intelligent Buildings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC's) formed the original basis of the

34、control technologies. Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on 'distributed-intelligence microprocessors'. The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy sav

35、ings. There are numerous methods by which building services within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types: · Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required, and · Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the

36、 service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting. heating - time-based control Time-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc). Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditi

37、ons, the controls make sure the building reaches the desired temperature when occupancy starts. heating - optimiser parameter-based (temperature) control examples · Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when

38、 external temperature reaches a set level (0°C). · Compensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature. This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops. · Thermostatic radiator valves: these sense space t

39、emperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted. · Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output. · Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIR's (passive infra-red

40、 sensors), and manual user control. lighting control methods Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or particular use of lighting is required. · Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the

41、 lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light. · Time control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use. · Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy senso

42、rs can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch the light on or off accordingly. · Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell. building management systems and intelligent buildings -

43、energy savings Until recent years, energy efficiency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors. However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fas

44、t becoming part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy. The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential house building sectors. For lighting: energy savings can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the

45、 total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors. Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represents up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors. Experiences from stu

46、dies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings. Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one. (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for Eu

47、ropean Building Technologies in Central & Eastern European Countries - GOPA). building management systems and intelligent buildings - environmental and greenhouse gas benefits Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use. Intelligent Buildings and Buildin

48、g Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reduction in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.Legislation and environmental

49、standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies. Government Initiatives around the

50、 world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies. For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance () to be offset against taxation on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Manage

51、ment Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs. building management systems and intelligent buildings - market trends Careful interpretation is required. In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sec

52、tors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994): · Heating controls 70%. · Hot water syst

53、em controls 90%. · Air conditioning controls 80%. However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.Moreover conventional control systems stop short of autom

54、ated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities. A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.Given typical installations and equipment there is often a difficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (comm

55、ercial) to operate them correctly. Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and the provision of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential eff

56、ectiveness and savings to be realised. building management systems and intelligent buildings - practical benefits Energy-effective systems balance a building's electric light, daylight and mechanical systems for maximum benefit. Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout. It mus

57、t consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the building's mechanical systems. lighting systems Adding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design. Natural daylight 'harvesting' can make people happier, heal

58、thier, and more productive. And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy. Nearly every commercial building is a potential energy saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75%

59、 of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlled lighting can also reduce a building's air conditioning load. mechanical systems The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the work

60、spaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that affect thermal comfort. These systems must work together to provide building comfort. While not usually a part of the aesthetics of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction. The number one office complaint is that th

61、e workplace is too hot. Number two is that it's too cold. Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting 'thermostat wars' with their co-workers, or simply leaving the office. Occupants can be driven to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their spa

62、ce. Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health. When we are thermally comfortable we work better, shop longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better. In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor

63、 environment the building mechanical system must: · Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and safe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants. · Create a sense of habitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature variation. · Allow the occupant to contr

64、ol and modify conditions to suit individual preferences. resistance to building management systems and intelligent buildings technology · "Our buildings are already energy-efficient." (Is the whole building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased

65、spaces?) · "We prefer the equipment with the lowest first cost when fitting out tenant space." (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?) · "We need a two-year simple payback or less." (Is this still realistic, given that the percentage ret

66、urn on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?) · "Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings." (Do tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or expense stop?) · "We're selling the building." (Should we assume then that lowering the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?) intelligent homes building management systems for residential applications With the widespread adoption of dig