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Piezoelectric hydraulic drive design and testing
Jason ? rand le, Eric ? Anderson
In mountain view, California, the street 2565 nest, add empty bureau engineering company
MaKeDong ? raigor Prague
In mountain view, California, the street 2565 nest, the diamond advisory group
This paper introduces the design method of smart material is to build a use of hydraulic fluid dynamic provide the drive. In described drives, hydraulic oil from the hard drive of the frequency of piezoelectric or other intelligent material separation output cylinder of running frequency. This kind of decoupling permitted in high frequency piezoelectric driven by extracting substances, large energy highest in low frequency, and hydraulic cylinder driving provide long stroke. However, due to follow the compressibility of fluid and structural, basic impedance matching and fluid piezoelectric hard to energy conversion between pressurized piezoelectric hydraulic overflows into. In materials, mechanical design, and fluid mechanical interface field of basic design weigh and important technical problems is debatable. Puts forward prototype equipment and components measurement. Introduce test methods, test quantitative pump, pressure and flow out power and speed. A series of experiments show that by intelligent materials with powerful long stroke drive the possibility of the device.
Keywords: piezoelectric, intelligent materials, piezoelectric hydraulic, drive, power wires, pumps
introduction
Intelligent piezoelectric materials, such as magnetic limit and electric limited in precise control long-term use. Because of its deformation ability is limited, these materials are usually not used for large linear motion drive. The last decades appear relied on various techniques to increase from the driving force of smart material core design. One common is the mechanical amplifier or transformation, such as those who are using the lever and the fulcrum, and repeat types, such as step, peristalsis. Recently, researchers have realized integrated intelligent materials and liquid, make a fundamental part of the pump to the possibility of using linear driver. This new method to realize long stroke high power drive.
And includes regular servo hydraulic and various electromagnetic type, compared to other types of drive, piezoelectric hydraulic drive has his merits and demerits. Compared with the traditional hydraulic pressure, the main advantage displays in wire aspects, namely, eliminate hydraulic distribution circuit. Compared with electromagnetic method, including motor drive the ball screw, piezoelectric hydraulic drive with powerful hydraulic and potentially more rapid response time. Compared with conventional methods, a new type of drive in thermal hydraulic oil distribution and have drawbacks. Compared with electromagnetic drives, although use a small amount of hydraulic oil, new drive still need electrical and hydraulic integration. Piezoelectric hydraulic drive many of these characteristics and electric limit drives (EHAs) is the same, such as joint strike fighter planes in. EHAs than other piezoelectric hydraulic drive in the energy density of piezoelectric materials themselves have a potential advantage. Extracting this energy is a daunting task, this paper tries to describe many current development efforts some of the challenges.
The overall design goal is to through different stages by piezoelectric stack components by a drive conversion power input output VAT will mechanical power to external load. Piezoelectric smart material, design began piezoelectric fluid interface, extends across the valve, and finally to output cylinder. Although the electronic drive drive in other local discussion, but it is also a consideration. Like many system, overall design is a comprehensive and repeated work, a single component can be design, but need to design combined with other subsystems. Subsystem and system level in this process test components. Tests to individual elements of the interaction between niv as characteristics. The total output (mechanical equipment strength, speed, or power) measure and maximization is the ultimate goal.
This paper expounds the solid-liquid mixture drive, the operation and prominent illustrate the basic concept of the limitations. Put forward the design concept of actuators, and expounds the next each key subsystems. Review of important priority piezoelectric properties of application. Decided to pressure the room design and describing the prototype device. Analysis of some or all parts of test methods and characteristics of the value of each method is emphasized. This article through the test results and explain how generation of piezoelectric hydraulic equipment conclusions.
Solid-liquid mixer driven
The more widely spoken, piezoelectric hydraulic or intelligence material hydraulic drive can be called "solid-liquid mixture" driver. The energy transferred to intelligent materials production pressurized fluids. Then mechanical valve adjusting oscillation fluid pressure to pressure fluid flow. With hydraulic accumulator and another valve, solid medium can not required load frequency operation. Generally speaking, solid drive running more often than required load frequency, maybe reach 100 times.
Although theoretically is attractive, but the actual restrictions would limit solid-liquid mixture drive mode efficiency. In particular, fluid viscosity and compression combined with active substances inherent in the mechanism, to limit the loss of drivers and total output power effectively drive bandwidth. Meanwhile, if the maximum power drive is available to drive mechanical load, must be very carefully designed to transport and output fluid with drive characteristic.
Drive concept
Intelligent materials hydraulic transmission main part of the basic concepts as shown in figure 1 below. This concept with the real photos in box design shown in figure 5 form. This device from external interface gain power and instructions and back to the remote sensing data (such as loading or displacement) state or safety information. Micro controller or low-end digital signal processor (DSP) necessary calculations, to match the instructions, transmission remote sensing information, to regulate the drive and valve timing. High power amplifier drive major intelligence material drive, low power amplifier drive any of the active valve. The main pressure drive the fluid pressure chamber, compression and valve quickly transmission fluid and cavities, battery, and output equipment. Output driver piston driven frequency range for internal drive drive frequency 1/100 to 1/50. Driver output driver loaded, and transmission of remote sensing data, such as banner global perspective, is to provide the embedded controller.
Piezoelectric materials and brake
In the past 20 years of development and evolution of equipment, the use of piezoelectric actuator has already been accepted for is different from many "intelligent structure" application. High density and high energy transfer is the basic demand, not accurate location or vibration control.
Hybrid drive needs intelligent material used in the main pressure and some architecture, as a means to promote positive valves. Due to a variety of reasons, the choice is superior to other piezoelectric materials of choice. Compared to a size and piezoelectric bandwidth requirements of the shape memory materials, therefore, in the high frequency of ability is offered under pressure should consider above all. Compared to magnetic limit, piezoelectric materials to generate lower energy density, and when including auxiliary field coil generated when the greater density. Compared to electricity is restricted, piezoelectric materials and drives have more choices. Usability. But, analysis, modeling and design of the intelligent materials shall be excluded any ignorant.
In piezoelectric materials, important is the number of power density unit volume or unit, i.e. the mechanical power quality of output produced. Mechanical energy conversion to electricity electromechanical coupling coefficient should be high. Because important is not only equipment, but also because the one-time operation driving mode need many cycles, other factors is also very important. Dielectric loss have very important three reasons. First, it shows that the output power into machine from waste of energy conversion. Second, in continuous high driver heat generation may cause material degradation. Finally, heat must be drive body abreaction part. High Curie temperature is desirable, so that in the environment of high temperature operation drive since heating makes temperature rise further. And control other high power application of these properties instead, such as mentioned here, common focus on one of d33 and d31 piezoelectric coefficient.
Piezoelectric materials will be used in equipment stack device configuration. This stack should be mechanical stiffness, namely sandwich thin little or cover. However, the stack shape can be optimized to produce very matching fluid stiffness. It should be the rough, and no mechanical internal stress. It must be able to withstand high heat, and operates in more than a billion cycle power and mechanical stress environment. This application needs at least some other aspects of the cycle. Imagine in 2000 hz operation 140 hours of drive test over one billion cycles.
conclusion
This paper proposes a concept that is driven by using intelligent materials, such as piezoelectric, combined with hydraulic transmission manufacturing compact hybrid device. Intelligent materials used for low power positioning or vibration control, but of their inherent advantage is that they inherent one of high-energy or power density. It can use multiple ways of development, this article describes is one of them.
Basic modeling consideration for this type of piezoelectric hydraulic drive is introduced in this paper. Explains the basic operation, and summarized the viscosity, compression and the lack of internal valve opening. Particularly suitable for the actual device has been submitted. Parts of key subsystem and discussed, and highlighted in each subsystem and interactive subsystems design important factors into account. Solve the problem and drive piezoelectric materials.
To achieve high internal pressure is discussed design considerations. In this type of equipment fierce piezoelectric actuators and short column fluid of match between impedance is vital. This paper points out several types of experiment, and expounds the overall installation test equipment. Puts forward a equipment, and typical result is currently in development of other high-speed equipment.
acknowledgement
This paper introduces the defense advanced research projects agency compact mixer driven project funded the development, this project under with the air force research laboratory has signed the contract. The author thank sponsor and gray, Gregory power ? ? Hector bart and, Brian warner contribution ? Richards.
壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和測(cè)試
杰森?蘭德勒，埃里克?安德森
加州山景里窩那街2565號(hào)，加空局工程公司
馬克東?瑞格布拉格
加州山景里窩那街2565號(hào)，菱形顧問組
摘要
本文介紹的設(shè)計(jì)方法是建設(shè)一個(gè)使用智能材料提供液壓流體動(dòng)力的驅(qū)動(dòng)器。在被描述的驅(qū)動(dòng)器類，液壓油從硬盤頻率壓電或其他智能材料中分離輸出缸的運(yùn)行頻率。這種解耦允許在高頻壓電驅(qū)動(dòng)，以提取物質(zhì)的最高大量能源，以及液壓缸在低頻驅(qū)動(dòng)提供長(zhǎng)沖程。然而，由于遵循流體的可壓縮性和結(jié)構(gòu)性，基本阻抗匹配和流體之間的壓電很難能量轉(zhuǎn)換成加壓壓電液壓油流。在材料，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)，以及流體機(jī)械接口領(lǐng)域的基本設(shè)計(jì)權(quán)衡和重大技術(shù)問題存在爭(zhēng)論。提出原型設(shè)備和元件測(cè)量。介紹測(cè)試方法，測(cè)試量化泵壓力和流量，得出動(dòng)力量和速度。一系列的試驗(yàn)表明由智能材料提供強(qiáng)力長(zhǎng)沖程驅(qū)動(dòng)的裝置的可能性。
關(guān)鍵詞：壓電，智能材料， 壓電液壓 ，驅(qū)動(dòng)，電源的電線，水泵
導(dǎo)言
智能材料，如壓電， 磁限和電限長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用在精確控制方面。由于其形變能力有限，這些材料通常沒有用于要求大量直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)器。近幾十年出現(xiàn)了依靠各種技術(shù)增加來自智能材料核心的驅(qū)動(dòng)力的設(shè)計(jì)。其中常見的是機(jī)械放大或轉(zhuǎn)型，如那些正在使用的杠桿和支點(diǎn)，并分步重復(fù)類型，例如，蠕動(dòng)。最近，研究人員已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到整合智能材料和液體，使泵的一個(gè)基本組成部分加以利用線性驅(qū)動(dòng)的可能性。這種新方法有望實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)沖程高功率驅(qū)動(dòng)。
與包括常規(guī)伺服液壓和各種電磁類型在內(nèi)的其他類型的驅(qū)動(dòng)相比，壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)有優(yōu)點(diǎn)，也有缺點(diǎn)。相比傳統(tǒng)液壓，主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)在電線方面，即消除液壓配電線路。與電磁方法相比，包括電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)滾珠絲杠，壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)提供強(qiáng)力液壓和潛在的更迅速的響應(yīng)時(shí)間。相比于傳統(tǒng)液壓，新型驅(qū)動(dòng)器在熱分布和漏油方面有不利之處。與電磁驅(qū)動(dòng)器相比，盡管使用少量液壓油，新型驅(qū)動(dòng)器仍然需要電氣和液壓一體化。壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的這些特點(diǎn)中有許多和電限驅(qū)動(dòng)器（ EHAs ）的是相同的 ，如用在聯(lián)合攻擊戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)比其他EHAs在壓電材料本身的能量密度方面有一個(gè)潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì)。提取這種能量是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)，本文試圖描述許多當(dāng)前發(fā)展努力的挑戰(zhàn)中的一些。
整體設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)是要通過不同階段由壓電棧元件轉(zhuǎn)換電力輸入由一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)器輸出缸將機(jī)械動(dòng)力傳到外部負(fù)載。設(shè)計(jì)始于壓電智能材料，延伸到壓電流體界面，通過閥門，并最終到輸出缸。盡管電子驅(qū)動(dòng)器的驅(qū)動(dòng)器在其他地方討論，但它也是一個(gè)考慮。像許多系統(tǒng)，整體設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)綜合性和反復(fù)的工作，單個(gè)的組件能夠被設(shè)計(jì)，但需要重新設(shè)計(jì)與其他子系統(tǒng)相配合。子系統(tǒng)和系統(tǒng)級(jí)在這一進(jìn)程中測(cè)試元件。測(cè)試以個(gè)別要素之間的互動(dòng)和合作為特點(diǎn)。設(shè)備的總機(jī)械輸出（力量，速度，或電量）的衡量和最大化是最終目標(biāo)。
本文闡述了在固液混合驅(qū)動(dòng)，可說明的操作和突出的局限性方面的基本概念。提出執(zhí)行器的設(shè)計(jì)理念的下一步，和闡述各個(gè)關(guān)鍵子系統(tǒng)。審議壓電性能重要的優(yōu)先性的應(yīng)用。決定加壓室的設(shè)計(jì)和描述原型器件。分析部分或全部器件特性的各種測(cè)試方法，強(qiáng)調(diào)每種方法的價(jià)值。本文通過測(cè)試結(jié)果和解釋對(duì)多代壓電液壓設(shè)備得出結(jié)論。
固液混合驅(qū)動(dòng)
更廣泛地說，壓電液壓或智能材料液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)可稱為“固液混合”驅(qū)動(dòng)。能源傳送到智能材料生產(chǎn)加壓流體。然后機(jī)械閥調(diào)整振蕩流體壓力促使加壓流體流動(dòng)。由于有液壓蓄能器和另一個(gè)閥門，固體介質(zhì)可以不在所要求的負(fù)荷時(shí)的頻率下運(yùn)行。一般來說，固體驅(qū)動(dòng)器運(yùn)行的頻率遠(yuǎn)高于所要求的負(fù)荷時(shí)的頻率，也許達(dá)到100倍。
雖然理論上是吸引人的，但實(shí)際的限制會(huì)限制固液混合驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的效率。特別是，流體粘度和壓縮結(jié)合活性物質(zhì)的機(jī)制中所固有的損失，以限制驅(qū)動(dòng)器和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的總輸出功率有效帶寬。同時(shí)，如果最大功率驅(qū)動(dòng)器是可用來驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械負(fù)荷，必須非常小心地設(shè)計(jì)使流體的輸送和輸出符合驅(qū)動(dòng)器的特點(diǎn)。
驅(qū)動(dòng)器概念
智能材料液壓傳動(dòng)的主要部分的基本概念如圖1所示。這一概念連同設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)物照片在框形圖5中顯示出來。該器件從外部接口獲得電力和指令并傳回遙感數(shù)據(jù)（例如加載或位移）狀態(tài)或安全信息。微控制器或低端數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器(DSP)進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算，以配合指令，傳送遙感信息，規(guī)范驅(qū)動(dòng)和閥門定時(shí)。高功率放大器驅(qū)動(dòng)主要的智能材料驅(qū)動(dòng)器，低功率放大器驅(qū)動(dòng)里的任何活躍閥門。主要的加壓驅(qū)動(dòng)器壓縮加壓室中的流體，并且閥門迅速傳送流體進(jìn)出腔體、蓄電池和輸出設(shè)備。輸出驅(qū)動(dòng)器活塞驅(qū)動(dòng)頻率范圍為內(nèi)部驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)頻率的1/100到1/50。驅(qū)動(dòng)器輸出驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載，和傳輸全球遙感數(shù)據(jù)，如旗幟角度，是提供給嵌入式控制器。
壓電材料和制動(dòng)器
在過去20年設(shè)備的發(fā)展和演變中，壓電驅(qū)動(dòng)器的使用已被公認(rèn)為是不同于許多“智能結(jié)構(gòu)”的應(yīng)用。高能量密度和高能量傳遞是基本的需求，而不是精確定位或振動(dòng)控制。
混合驅(qū)動(dòng)器需要智能材料應(yīng)用在主要壓力和某些架構(gòu)，作為一種手段來推動(dòng)積極閥。由于多種原因，選擇壓電材料優(yōu)于其他的選擇。相比于有尺寸和壓電帶寬要求的形狀記憶材料，因此，在高頻下提供壓力的能力是應(yīng)首先考慮的。相比于磁限 ，壓電在材料里產(chǎn)生較低的能量密度，而當(dāng)包括輔助領(lǐng)域線圈時(shí)產(chǎn)生更大的密度。相比于電限，壓電材料和驅(qū)動(dòng)器有更多的選擇?？捎眯源蟮枚?。但是，對(duì)分析、建模和設(shè)計(jì)的一無所知將排除任一智能材料。
在壓電材料中，重要的數(shù)量是功率密度，即單位體積或單位質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生的機(jī)械功率輸出量。機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的機(jī)電耦合系數(shù)應(yīng)該是高的。因?yàn)橹匾牟粌H僅是設(shè)備的一次性運(yùn)作，還因?yàn)轵?qū)動(dòng)方式需要許多周期，其他因素也很重要。介電損耗有非常重要的三個(gè)原因。首先，它表明從電能輸入到機(jī)械輸出轉(zhuǎn)換的能源浪費(fèi)。第二，在持續(xù)高驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱量可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致材料退化。最后，熱量必須被驅(qū)動(dòng)器體消散一部分。高居里溫度也是可取的，以便在高溫環(huán)境中作業(yè)驅(qū)動(dòng)器自加熱使溫度進(jìn)一步提高。與控制其他高功率應(yīng)用的這些特性相反，如這里提到的之一，共同側(cè)重于壓電系數(shù)d33和d31 。
壓電材料將用于設(shè)備的堆棧器配置。這堆棧應(yīng)該是機(jī)械僵硬，即夾層薄薄的一點(diǎn)或端蓋。然而，堆棧形狀可以優(yōu)化產(chǎn)生非常匹配流體介質(zhì)的剛度。它應(yīng)該是機(jī)械的不平，且無內(nèi)部制造壓力。它必須能夠承受較高的熱，及運(yùn)作超過十億周期的電力和機(jī)械應(yīng)力環(huán)境。此應(yīng)用至少需要一些其他方面的周期。設(shè)想在2000赫茲運(yùn)作140小時(shí)的驅(qū)動(dòng)器試驗(yàn)超過10億周期。
結(jié)論
本文提出了一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)的概念，即利用智能材料，如壓電，結(jié)合液壓傳動(dòng)制造緊湊型混合動(dòng)力裝置。智能材料常常被用于低力量定位或振動(dòng)控制，但它們內(nèi)在的優(yōu)勢(shì)之一是它們固有的高能量或功率密度。這可以利用多種方式開發(fā)，本文描述的就是其中之一。
基本建?？紤]對(duì)這一類型壓電液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)器作了介紹。解釋了基本的操作，并綜述了粘度、壓縮和內(nèi)部閥開口不足的限制。特別適合于實(shí)際的設(shè)備已提交。對(duì)關(guān)鍵分系統(tǒng)和部件進(jìn)行了討論，并且突出了在每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)和互動(dòng)的子系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)中重要因素的考慮。解決了有關(guān)壓電材料和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的問題。
對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)高內(nèi)部壓力的設(shè)計(jì)考慮進(jìn)行了討論。在這種類型的設(shè)備中激烈壓電驅(qū)動(dòng)器和短柱流體之間的匹配阻抗是至關(guān)重要的。本文指出了幾種類型的試驗(yàn)，和闡述了設(shè)備的全面安裝測(cè)試。提出了一個(gè)設(shè)備典型的結(jié)果，和目前正處于發(fā)展的其他高速設(shè)備。
鳴謝
本文介紹了驅(qū)動(dòng)器在國防部高級(jí)研究計(jì)劃局緊湊型混合驅(qū)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目資助下的發(fā)展，該項(xiàng)目與空軍研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室簽訂了合同。作者感謝主辦者以及格雷戈?包爾斯、布萊恩?赫巴特和理查?華納的貢獻(xiàn)。