綜合英語BookVUnit1HITTHENAILONTHEHEAD

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1、Unit One: Text 1 HIT THE NAIL ON THE HEAD Alan Warner Pre-reading Questionsn Whats the meaning of the English proverb Hit the nail on the head? What do you think this topic suggests in the article?n Hit the nail on the head: say or do exactly the right thing; make a point or interpret a remark preci

2、sely; guess right Para. 1This paragraph can be divided into two sections.n What are these two sections about? clumsyCarpenter: hammering a nail skillful drive sth. home Language craftsman: choice of words literal figurative meaning meaning Para. 1n Which sentence establishes the link?- So with langu

3、age; Para. 1n Pay close attention to the writers use of words: - drive sth. home (lit. and fig.)- squarely and easily, firmly and exactly- a word that is right, a phrase, an expression, or a adjective- clean English Para. 1n A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression,

4、 a vague adjective, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English . (II-1)- A writer who is particular about the exactness of an expression in English will never feel happy with a word which fails to express an idea accurately. - A writer who wishes to express his ideas precisely will not use

5、the words which are inaccurate. Para. 1 The writer begins his essay with “a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box” and shifts to “a skillful carpenter driving home the nail”, then “the good craftsman driving home his point” is elicited, which is what he is going to discuss in this essay: a writer s

6、hould choose the right words (i.e. “hit the nail on the head” ) in expressing himself. So the theme is introduced step by step. Para. 2n Difficult sentences:- The French have an phrase for .well-suited, to the pointto get the word that is completely right for this purpose Para. 2n Difficult sentence

7、s:- Choosing words is part of the process of , of , as well as . (II-2)Realization: fulfilling ones goal, i.e. to express oneself preciselydefining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves: getting to know what we are going to express for those who hear or read our words: for our listeners and reader

8、s to understand us Using the right word is one of the stages in the process in which we know our thoughts and feelings clearly and express them precisely, and on the other hand, make our readers and listeners catch what we think and feel accurately. Using the right word can help us to express oursel

9、ves exactly, to know what we are going to talk about, and can help our listeners and readers to understand us. Para. 2n Difficult sentences:- How can I know what I think till I see what I say?I cant get to know my own thoughts before I put them into words. I know my own thoughts after I utter it / w

10、rite it down. Para. 2n Why does the author think it a stupid-sounding question? And why does he think, however, this is true? n In this paragraph, Gustave Flaubert is mentioned. How much do you know about this scrupulous writer? Paras. 3n It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rew

11、arded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. (II-3)- Finding the most suitable word to use is in no sense easy, but there is nothing like the delight we shall experience when such a word is located. - Though it is not easy to find the most suitable word to drive home our points exactly, well

12、get satisfied / be delighted when we succeed in doing so. Paras. 3n The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with. (II-4)- Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to fully understand our subject matter. - Using the apt word indicates that

13、we can fully understand what we are dealing with / talking about. Para. 3n Tell the example in para. 3 and the purpose of using it. n Comp. II-3 Paras. 4 - 10n Distinguish the following pairs of words and sentences: - human and humane - anxiety and eagerness - singularity and singleness - contained,

14、 summed up, epitomized, distilled and imprisoned - In my childhood I loved to watch trains go by. When I was a child I loved watching trains go by. - He died poor. He expired in indigent circumstances. Paras. 4-10n Examples of and :- human action humane action human killer humane killer- the Declara

15、tion of Human / Humane Right ?- Helping that blind man to cross the street is a very _ thing to do. - We believe in _ treatment of prisoner. Paras. 4-10n Examples of and - single dress, singular dress- singular behavior / opinion- single-minded Paras. 4-10n These words have a common root but are use

16、d in very different senses. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct. Paras. 4-10n Examples of and - My _ grew when my 7-year-old son hadntreturned by nightfall.- Not knowing whether or not he would be admitted to the university caused the whole family gre

17、at _.- When the box of chocolate is passed around, David is waiting with intense _.- Her hands trembled with _ as she opened the letter. Paras. 4-10n Why are the words and better than ? - imprison: to put in with “force, coercion as if the meaning were held against its will”- contain and sum up: mor

18、e commonly used- epitomize: the same semantic meaning with contained and summed up, but too academic, too formal, so “rather a clumsy-sounding word”- distill: to leave out the impurities and make purifying essence Paras. 4-10n One word has some kinship with another but it will not do as a substitute

19、 in a certain context. Paras. 4-10n There are many different ways of making a statement. But words that are very similar in meaning have fine shades of difference, and a student needs to these differences. A student can increase his sensitivity to these shades of difference and improve his ability t

20、o express his own meanings exactly. n There are no synonyms, and the same statement can never be repeated in a changed form of words. Paras. 4-10 I loved trains go by. I loved trains go by. n He . He . Paras. 4-10n Even a slight alteration in the wording of a statement can subtly shift the meaning.

21、n The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. n Therefore, all of us can increase our skills and sensitivity with a little effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading. Paras. 4-10n In reading and writing

22、we should be aware that there are many synonyms in English language, i.e. different words bearing the similar meaning. n Workbook: LW1, 2 prune expertly and hard-heartedly; a manuscript looks worked over, torn apart, pinned together, added to, deleted from, words changed and words changed back, yet

23、maintain its original freshness and spontaneity.n Anthony Burgess: revise a page twenty timesn Roald Dahl: reread and alter and correct at least 150 times; good writing is essentially rewriting. Text II Scan paragraphs 11-20 for the italicized words and find out what writers should consider when rev

24、ising their drafts.n information: specific, accurate, and interesting, an abundance of informationn meaning: significance, carry the reader toward meaningn audience: put themselves in the readers situation n form: appropriate to the subject and the audiencen structure: logic, argument, narrative, or

25、 motivation, run through the entire piece of writing and hold it togethern development: adequately developed, enough informationn dimension: a pleasing and effective proportion among all the parts, keep the piece of writing in balancen voice: consistent, individual Text II n Read the first and the l

26、ast paragraphs and find out the differences between the professional writers and the amateurs, and what the makers eye is. n What will you be benefited in your writing practice if you follow Marrays suggestions? Post-reading discussionn Pair work: Select one of the compositions you made before and i

27、mprove it in the precise choice of words. n Class presentation: Present the modifications of your composition with the media. Language work I: Word distinctionsn Walking with difficulty- stagger: due to tiredness, overdrinking, great burden, weakness unsteadily; almost falling- shuffle: without rais

28、ing the feet properly- trudge: heavy steps, with effort, a long distance- plod: continue walking slowly with heavy steps without resting Language work I: Word distinctions- saunter: happy; slow; stops - stroll: happy slow or lazy; stops; a short distance- ramble: happy; slow; stops; long (ramble abo

29、ut / through / among)- roam: happy; slow; stops (roam through / about / around)- loiter: slow; stops; sometimes ill intention- meander: slow; like water flowing- tramp: long and far- lounge: move in a leisurely, indolent manner Language work I: Word distinctions- creep: with body closer to the groun

30、d- prowl: to and fro, move about to get sth.- stride: long, vigorous steps, in a hurry- strut: proud, self-important, but usu. in a derogatory sense - stalk: with long steps, stiff stride, in a proud way Language work I: Word distinctionsn Walkn Step out: go outside or go somewheren Pace: walk with

31、slow, steady steps, esp. backwards and forwardsn March: walk with firm regular steps like a soldiern Patrol: go at regular times round an area, building, etc. n Tread (on): step onn Toddle: walk with short, unsteady steps, as a small child does n Prance: move quickly, happily, or proudly with a spri

32、ngingly stepn Sidle: move uncertainly or secretively, as if really to turn and go the other way Language work II & IVn Make a list of more specific words for each of the generic terms.n Give one generic term that covers each of the groups of words. Paras. 4-10n It is difficult to find an exact equiv

33、alent from one language to another, or sometimes impossible to translate a word from one language into another. Why? Supply some such examples with English and Chinese. -Those are words denoting notions which are existent only in specific cultures, not universally shared by all cultures. E.g. bowlin

34、g, mosaic, party, lobby, highlight, etc. ，etc. Paras. 5 - 12n Culture is really an integral part of the interaction between language and thought. Cultural patterns, customs, and ways of life are expressed in language. Culture-specific world views are reflected in language.n Eskimo tribes commonly ha

35、ve as many as 7 different words for snow to distinguish among different types of snow (falling snow, snow on the ground, fluffy snow, wet snow, etc.), while certain African cultures in the equatorial forests of Zaire have no word at all for snow. n The Shona of Rhodesia and the Bassa of Liberia have

36、 fewer color categories than speakers of European languages and they break up the spectrum at different points. Text II n What are the differences between the professional writers and the amateurs? What does Marray mean by “Writers must learn to be their own enemy”? n What does a professional writer

37、 usually do when finishing his first draft? Identify the sentences in paras. 2-6.n What is the problem arising for the writers doing these kind of work and for the majority of students? n What are the possible ways of rewriting for writers? n What should writers consider when revising their drafts? How do you explain them?n How does Marray end his essay? Comment on the way Marray concludes his essay.