葡萄埋藤機的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙和說明書】

資源目錄里展示的全都有預(yù)覽可以查看的噢，，下載就有,,請放心下載，原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：11970985 可咨詢交流】====================喜歡就充值下載吧。。。資源目錄里展示的全都有，，下載后全都有,,請放心下載，原稿可自行編輯修改=【QQ：197216396 可咨詢交流】==================== 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)書 學(xué)院 機械電氣化工程學(xué)院 班級 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué)號 課題名稱 葡萄埋藤機設(shè)計及其仿真 起止時間 指導(dǎo)教師 職稱 副教授 課題內(nèi)容 關(guān)于葡萄埋藤機設(shè)計及其仿真 擬定工作進(jìn)度（以周為單位） 第一周：查閱相關(guān)資料、熟悉本次設(shè)計課題內(nèi)容，了解制作機的優(yōu)缺點。 第二-三周：根據(jù)查閱相關(guān)的資料，擬定葡萄埋藤機總體方案，并撰寫開題報告。 第四—九周：分析葡萄埋藤機設(shè)計要求，完成一體機的設(shè)計，并生成關(guān)鍵部件及裝配圖工程圖。 第十周：改進(jìn)設(shè)計的不足，修改不合理的地方，完善設(shè)計及作圖的要求。 第十一周：撰寫畢業(yè)論文，修改設(shè)計中存在的問題。 第十三-十四周：編寫答辯提綱，準(zhǔn)備答辯。 主要參考文獻(xiàn) [1] 牛長河,劉旋風(fēng),郭兆豐,等.葡萄埋藤技術(shù)與裝備的現(xiàn)狀分析[J].新疆農(nóng)機化,2010(2):10-11. [2] 龐俊杰,勾賀明,寧書臣.我國葡萄機械化埋藤技術(shù)及其發(fā)展[J].中外葡萄與葡萄酒,2008(3):32-33. [3] 奚佳有.葡萄埋藤機械化技術(shù)探討[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)與裝備,2010(4). [4] 劉宗光.葡萄埋藤技術(shù)探討[J].農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)與裝備, 2007(8). [5] 德啟科.葡萄埋藤機械化技術(shù)發(fā)展研究[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)科技與裝備,2011(2). [6] 龐俊杰,寧書臣,李憶萱.MT200-2葡萄埋藤機及作業(yè)技術(shù)要點[J]. 新疆農(nóng)機化,2010(4):51. [7] 蒙賀偉,李進(jìn)江,坎雜,等. PM-1200型懸掛式葡萄埋藤機研制[J]. 農(nóng)機化研究,2012(2):97. [8] 胡志超,王海鷗,胡良龍,等.美國葡萄生產(chǎn)機械化[J]. 中國農(nóng)機化,2005(6):105. [9] 劉忠軍,楊學(xué)軍,劉立晶,等.葡萄藤越冬埋土機的設(shè)計[J].農(nóng)機化研究,2012(2):113. 任務(wù)下達(dá)人（簽字） 年 月 日 任務(wù)接受人意見 任務(wù)接受人簽名 年 月 日 注：1、此任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師填寫，任務(wù)下達(dá)人為指導(dǎo)教師。 2、此任務(wù)書須在學(xué)生畢業(yè)實踐環(huán)節(jié)開始前一周下達(dá)給學(xué)生本人。 3、此任務(wù)書一式三份，一份留學(xué)院存檔，一份學(xué)生本人留存，一份指導(dǎo)教師留存。 葡萄埋藤機仿真模型的建立葡萄埋藤機仿真模型的建立葡萄埋藤機仿真模型的建立葡萄埋藤機仿真模型的建立目錄葡萄埋藤機整體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計1葡萄埋藤機旋耕取土機構(gòu)設(shè)計2葡萄埋藤機土壤輸送機構(gòu)設(shè)計3裝配總圖及仿真動畫4 5傳動與換向機構(gòu)設(shè)計葡萄埋藤機整體機構(gòu)的設(shè)計1.1 1.1 總體機構(gòu)設(shè)計總體機構(gòu)設(shè)計 根據(jù)葡萄藤越冬埋土作業(yè)的要求，以及確定的農(nóng)藝要求，進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵工作部件的設(shè)計，確定出總體結(jié)構(gòu)（如圖1）。整機主要由動力傳輸系統(tǒng)、旋耕取土系統(tǒng)、土壤輸送系統(tǒng)及萬向行走輪等組成。1.2 1.2 傳動機構(gòu)設(shè)計傳動機構(gòu)設(shè)計 本機型設(shè)計的葡萄埋藤機旋土刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)半徑為318mm，機組配套使用的拖拉機功率為36.75kw，中間傳動換向齒輪箱輸入軸的輸入轉(zhuǎn)速為540r/min?？紤]到葡萄埋藤機刀軸，縱向輸土機構(gòu)和橫向輸土機構(gòu)都需要動力傳輸。故本文設(shè)計了（如圖2）動力傳輸系統(tǒng)。設(shè)計的動力傳輸系統(tǒng)主要分為三部分:第一部分:動力經(jīng)拖拉機輸出軸傳輸?shù)街虚g傳動齒輪箱，經(jīng)過錐齒輪、傳動軸傳給側(cè)邊傳動箱，側(cè)邊傳動箱經(jīng)過齒輪傳動傳遞給旋耕刀軸。第二部分:動力從側(cè)邊傳動箱上輸出軸經(jīng)過鏈輪、鏈條傳輸給縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)。第三部分:動力經(jīng)中間傳動齒輪箱的后輸出軸，在經(jīng)過傳動軸、鏈輪、鏈條傳輸給橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)。具體傳動方案如下：葡萄埋藤機傳動系統(tǒng)示意圖工作原理1.3 1.3 工作原理工作原理 工作時旋耕取土機構(gòu)對土壤進(jìn)行疏松打碎，土壤在旋耕取土機構(gòu)旋土刀與集土鏟的配合下沿集土鏟的方向拋送到縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)中，縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)在傳動鏈條的帶動下高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，將旋耕取土機構(gòu)拋送的土壤輸送到橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)中。橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)在中間齒輪箱后輸出軸的帶動下，將土壤均勻的拋灑在待埋藤的葡萄藤上，一次完成葡萄藤越冬埋土的全過程。旋耕取土機構(gòu)設(shè)計旋耕刀軸與集土鏟旋耕刀軸與集土鏟 葡萄埋藤機工作時，旋土刀在拖拉機動力輸出軸的帶動下一邊高速旋轉(zhuǎn)切削土壤直線前進(jìn)，土壤在旋土刀和送土鏟的作用下被均勻的打碎并沿著送土鏟向后拋送。2.1 2.1 旋土刀的設(shè)計與排列方案的選擇旋土刀的設(shè)計與排列方案的選擇2.1.1旋土刀的設(shè)計要求：（1）旋土刀旋土深度要大（2）旋土刀具有拋土功能（3）旋土刀工作時能耗?。?）旋土刀組布局要合理 合理的旋土刀布局可以減小機組的側(cè)向力，增加旋耕取土部件向后拋送土壤的能力，減小動力消耗。彎形刀示意圖2.1.2旋土刀的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 旋土刀是旋耕取土機構(gòu)的主要工作部件，旋土刀片的形狀和參數(shù)對旋耕取土機構(gòu)的工作質(zhì)量、功率消耗影響很大。旋土刀片可分為鑿形刀、彎形刀、直角刀和弧形刀。根據(jù)四種刀的不同形狀和參數(shù)特性、工作狀態(tài)，從動力消耗和旋耕拋土的要求出發(fā)，本課題選用彎曲形式的旋土刀。其刃口曲線方程如下：式中：刀刃起始工作半徑，cm 為比例常數(shù) 為位置度，極角2.1.3旋土刀片的排列方案 旋土刀片的排列方式有單螺旋排列、雙螺旋排列、星星排列、對稱排列等，均應(yīng)滿足機組碎土性好且刀軸受力均勻。但按照一般的雙頭螺旋排列方案經(jīng)試驗表明機組前面土壤擁堵嚴(yán)重，動力損耗大?？紤]到目前葡萄園種植行距允許拖拉機通過的功率及葡萄埋藤的要求，本課題采用四條螺旋排列的方式且螺旋線左右旋土刀對稱分布，保證了所有旋耕的土壤都被拋送到后面的輸送帶上并有效地解決了土壤擁堵問題。旋土刀排列示意圖 2.1.4旋耕機刀軸的設(shè)計 葡萄埋藤機要求取土量大，故應(yīng)該增加旋耕刀的取土深度，增大旋耕刀的半徑或者加大旋耕刀軸直徑都能增加取土深度，但是加大旋耕刀半徑容易造成旋耕刀的疲勞與斷裂，而通過增加旋耕刀軸的直徑的方法來間接加大旋耕刀的回轉(zhuǎn)半徑有效地解決了這一問題。常用旋耕機刀軸直徑是7080mm，為了增加旋耕取土機構(gòu)的取土深度，本課題采用直徑為146mm的刀軸并進(jìn)行了強度校核。旋耕刀軸三維結(jié)構(gòu)圖2.1.5集土鏟的設(shè)計 集土鏟主要有弧形鏟和左右側(cè)板組成。側(cè)板負(fù)責(zé)將旋松的土壤收攏，弧形鏟負(fù)責(zé)鏟土并向后拋送。旋耕刀旋土寬度為100cm，最大深度為20cm，弧形鏟需及時將土鏟走防止土壤在旋耕刀作用下發(fā)生繞流設(shè)計高度為24cm。為保證土壤全部收攏，側(cè)板設(shè)計為向兩側(cè)張開且底部加開20cm高的坡口以減小機具的行走阻力。旋耕取土機構(gòu)土壤輸送機構(gòu)設(shè)計3.1整體機構(gòu)設(shè)計 土壤輸送機構(gòu)是葡萄藤越冬埋土的直接執(zhí)行者，它將土壤輸送到葡萄藤上完成葡萄藤的越冬埋土工作，它的工作性能直接關(guān)系著葡萄藤越冬埋土的質(zhì)量。本文設(shè)計的土壤輸送機構(gòu)，包括橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)和縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)。為了承接旋耕取土機構(gòu)和橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)之間的土壤輸送，縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)設(shè)計成傾斜式。為防止輸送物料時由于傾角導(dǎo)致物料下滑本課題在縱向輸送帶上安裝了12個送土板，防止土壤滑落且便于土壤拋送。3.2縱向輸送機構(gòu)設(shè)計3.2.1橡膠輸送帶的設(shè)計3.2.2輸送輥及定位塊的設(shè)計3.2.3送土板的設(shè)計縱向土壤輸送機構(gòu)橫向土壤輸送機構(gòu)輸送帶的設(shè)計考慮到橡膠輸送帶的轉(zhuǎn)速和載荷，本課題對輸送帶進(jìn)行了設(shè)計。(1)輸送帶帶寬的確定帶寬的確定取決于帶速和生產(chǎn)率，生產(chǎn)率按ISO5408計算方法即：Q=AvK 式中：Q生產(chǎn)率(m3/s);v帶速(m/s);K運輸機傾角影響系數(shù);A膠帶上物料最大斷面積;代入數(shù)值得出膠帶上物料最大斷面積，通過查表和本機組的實際情況，本文縱向土壤輸送帶設(shè)計寬度為 110cm，橫向土壤輸送帶設(shè)計寬度為55cm。(2)輸送帶的強度對帆布層的普通輸送帶計算其層數(shù) 式中Z輸送帶層數(shù);F1穩(wěn)定工作情況下輸送帶最大張力;b帶寬(mm);輸送帶縱向扯斷強度(N/mm層);n安全系數(shù)，按DTll型推薦值參考，對棉帆布輸送帶n=89，對尼龍、聚酷帆布帶n=1012。本文設(shè)計的輸送帶選用的帆布為4層棉帆布，帶厚為8mm。輸送輥的設(shè)計本課題設(shè)計的輸送輥中間帶有梯形槽以防止輸送帶在高速旋轉(zhuǎn)下發(fā)生跑偏并且在輸送帶上有與其配套的定位塊。工作時橡膠定位塊卡在梯形槽中隨著輸送輥旋轉(zhuǎn)給橡膠輸送帶定位，從而防止輸送帶的跑偏現(xiàn)象。為了防止輸送帶跑偏，在輸送輥帶動橡膠輸送帶旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中至少有一個橡膠定位塊始終在輸送輥的梯形槽中，即定位塊在輸送帶上的間距S小于輸送輥半周長時滿足定位塊始終在輸送輥中起定位作用。即其中:輸送輥直徑 D=140mm將數(shù)據(jù)代入公式得故當(dāng)S219.8mm時定位塊始終起到定位作用。本課題設(shè)計定位塊的間距為150mm。輸送帶輸送輥傳動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 本課題設(shè)計的旋耕刀軸和縱向輸土機構(gòu)采用側(cè)邊傳動使得旋土刀能夠在刀軸上滿幅工作，減小了葡萄埋藤機旋耕取土部件的動力消耗和土壤的堵塞，使得旋耕取土部件拋送的土壤均勻細(xì)膩。為了增加旋土刀的旋轉(zhuǎn)半徑，側(cè)邊傳動箱體采用三級齒輪傳動，使上輸入軸與下輸出軸之間的垂直距離達(dá)到640mm。傳動機構(gòu)設(shè)計總裝圖 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）中期檢查記錄表 年 月 日 學(xué)生姓名 班級 課題名稱 葡萄埋藤機設(shè)計及其仿真 課題完成進(jìn)度（學(xué)生自述） 存在的問題及整改措施（學(xué)生自述） 指導(dǎo)教師意見（課題進(jìn)展情況、優(yōu)缺點、整改措施等） 指導(dǎo)教師簽名 年 月 日 學(xué)院意見 負(fù)責(zé)人簽名 年 月 日 編號： 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文翻譯 （原文） 學(xué) 院： 專 業(yè)： 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師單位： 指導(dǎo)老師： 職 稱： 資料來源： 文章名：INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 書刊名：《Digital Image Processing》 作 者：Y. Torres, J. J. Pavón, I. Nieto and J. A. Rodríguez 出版社：武漢大學(xué)出版社，2004 章 節(jié)：2.4 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 頁 碼：P15～P18 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 　　 （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY） ABSTRACT 　　Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. 　　Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 　　0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into "the integration of machinery" by "the machinery electrification" for the characteristic development phase. 　　1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, "integration of machinery" covering "technology" and "product" two aspects .Only is, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence. 　　2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the huge progress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Council had been established the integration of machinery leading group and lists as "863 plans" this technology .When formulated "95" the plan and in 2010 developed the summary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology development trend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity. 　　3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows: 　　3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .The artificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application .Here said "the intellectualization" is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential. 　　In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through. 　　Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes the scheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various 　　These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared. 　　Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request. 　　The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process. 　　The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out a condition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of\"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over\", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence . 翻譯 機電一體化 　　摘要 　　機電一體化是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果,本文簡述了機電一體化技術(shù)的基本概要和發(fā)展背景。綜述了國內(nèi)外機電一體化技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀，分析了機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢。 　　關(guān)鍵詞 　　機電一體化 技術(shù) 現(xiàn)狀 產(chǎn)品 制造技術(shù) 發(fā)展趨勢 1．緒論 　　現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，極大地推動了不同學(xué)科的交叉與滲透，導(dǎo)致了工程領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)革命與改造。在機械工程領(lǐng)域，由于微電子技術(shù)和計算機技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展及其向機械工業(yè)的滲透所形成的機電一體化，使機械工業(yè)的技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品機構(gòu)、功能與構(gòu)成、生產(chǎn)方式及管理體系發(fā)生了巨大變化，使工業(yè)生產(chǎn)由"機械電氣化"邁入了"機電一體化"為特征的發(fā)展階段。 2．機電一體化概要 　　機電一體化是指在機構(gòu)得主功能、動力功能、信息處理功能和控制功能上引進(jìn)電子技術(shù)，將機械裝置與電子化設(shè)計及軟件結(jié)合起來所構(gòu)成的系統(tǒng)的總稱。 　　機電一體化發(fā)展至今也已成為一門有著自身體系的新型學(xué)科，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不但發(fā)展，還將被賦予新的內(nèi)容。但其基本特征可概括為：機電一體化是從系統(tǒng)的觀點出發(fā)，綜合運用機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動控制技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感測控技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、接口技術(shù)、信息變換技術(shù)以及軟件編程技術(shù)等群體技術(shù)，根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能目標(biāo)和優(yōu)化組織目標(biāo)，合理配置與布局各功能單元，在多功能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、低能耗的意義上實現(xiàn)特定功能價值，并使整個系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的系統(tǒng)工程技術(shù)。由此而產(chǎn)生的功能系統(tǒng)，則成為一個機電一體化系統(tǒng)或機電一體化產(chǎn)品。 　　因此，"機電一體化"涵蓋"技術(shù)"和"產(chǎn)品"兩個方面。只是，機電一體化技術(shù)是基于上述群體技術(shù)有機融合的一種綜合技術(shù)，而不是機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)以及其它新技術(shù)的簡單組合、拼湊。這是機電一體化與機械加電氣所形成的機械電氣化在概念上的根本區(qū)別。機械工程技術(shù)有純技術(shù)發(fā)展到機械電氣化，仍屬傳統(tǒng)機械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的體力。但是發(fā)展到機電一體化后，其中的微電子裝置除可取代某些機械部件的原有功能外，還能賦予許多新的功能，如自動檢測、自動處理信息、自動顯示記錄、自動調(diào)節(jié)與控制自動診斷與保護等。即機電一體化產(chǎn)品不僅是人的手與肢體的延伸，還是人的感官與頭腦的眼神，具有智能化的特征是機電一體化與機械電氣化在功能上的本質(zhì)區(qū)別。 3．機電一體化的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 　　機電一體化的發(fā)展大體可以分為3個階段。20世紀(jì)60年代以前為第一階段，這一階段稱為初級階段。在這一時期，人們自覺不自覺地利用電子技術(shù)的初步成果來完善機械產(chǎn)品的性能。特別是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，戰(zhàn)爭刺激了機械產(chǎn)品與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合，這些機電結(jié)合的軍用技術(shù)，戰(zhàn)后轉(zhuǎn)為民用，對戰(zhàn)后經(jīng)濟的恢復(fù)起了積極的作用。那時研制和開發(fā)從總體上看還處于自發(fā)狀態(tài)。由于當(dāng)時電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展尚未達(dá)到一定水平，機械技術(shù)與電子技術(shù)的結(jié)合還不可能廣泛和深入發(fā)展，已經(jīng)開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品也無法大量推廣。 　　20世紀(jì)70~80年代為第二階段，可稱為蓬勃發(fā)展階段。這一時期，計算機技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展奠定了技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路和微型計算機的迅猛發(fā)展，為機電一體化的發(fā)展提供了充分的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。這個時期的特點是：①首先在日本被普遍接受，大約到20世紀(jì)80年代末期在世界范圍內(nèi)得到比較廣泛的承認(rèn)；②機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品得到了極大發(fā)展；③各國均開始對機電一體化技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品給以很大的關(guān)注和支持。 　　化進(jìn)入深入發(fā)展時期。一方面，光學(xué)、通信技術(shù)等進(jìn)入了20世紀(jì)90年代后期，開始了機電一體化技術(shù)向智能化方向邁進(jìn)的新階段，機電一體機電一體化，微細(xì)加工技術(shù)也在機電一體化中嶄露頭腳，出現(xiàn)了光機電一體化和微機電一體化等新分支；另一方面對機電一體化系統(tǒng)的建模設(shè)計、分析和集成方法，機電一體化的學(xué)科體系和發(fā)展趨勢都進(jìn)行了深入研究。同時，由于人工智能技術(shù)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)及光纖技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域取得的巨大進(jìn)步，為機電一體化技術(shù)開辟了發(fā)展的廣闊天地。這些研究，將促使機電一體化進(jìn)一步建立完整的基礎(chǔ)和逐漸形成完整的科學(xué)體系。 　　我國是從20世紀(jì)80年代初才開始在這方面研究和應(yīng)用。國務(wù)院成立了機電一體化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組并將該技術(shù)列為"863計劃"中。在制定"九五"規(guī)劃和2010年發(fā)展綱要時充分考慮了國際上關(guān)于機電一體化技術(shù)的發(fā)展動向和由此可能帶來的影響。許多大專院校、研究機構(gòu)及一些大中型企業(yè)對這一技術(shù)的發(fā)展及應(yīng)用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但與日本等先進(jìn)國家相比仍有相當(dāng)差距。 4．機電一體化的發(fā)展趨勢 　　機電一體化是集機械、電子、光學(xué)、控制、計算機、信息等多學(xué)科的交叉綜合，它的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步依賴并促進(jìn)相關(guān)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步。因此，機電一體化的主要發(fā)展方向如下： 4.1智能化 　　智能化是21世紀(jì)機電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個重要發(fā)展方向。人工智能在機電一體化建設(shè)者的研究日益得到重視，機器人與數(shù)控機床的智能化就是重要應(yīng)用。這里所說的"智能化"是對機器行為的描述，是在控制理論的基礎(chǔ)上，吸收人工智能、運籌學(xué)、計算機科學(xué)、模糊數(shù)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、生理學(xué)和混沌動力學(xué)等新思想、新方法，模擬人類智能，使它具有判斷推理、邏輯思維、自主決策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目標(biāo)。誠然，使機電一體化產(chǎn)品具有與人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微處理器使機電一體化產(chǎn)品賦有低級智能或人的部分智能，則是完全可能而又必要的。 　　在現(xiàn)代制造過程中，信息不僅已成為主宰制造產(chǎn)業(yè)的決定性因素，而且還是最活躍的驅(qū)動因素。提高制造系統(tǒng)的信息處理能力已成為現(xiàn)代制造科學(xué)發(fā)展的一個重點。由于制造系統(tǒng)信息組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的多層次性，制造信息的獲取、集成與融合呈現(xiàn)出立體性、信息度量的多維性、以及信息組織的多層次性。在制造信息的結(jié)構(gòu)模型、制造信息的一致性約束、傳播處理和海量數(shù)據(jù)的制造知識庫管理等方面，都還有待進(jìn)一步突破。 　　各種人工智能工具和計算智能方法在制造中的廣泛應(yīng)用促進(jìn)了制造智能的發(fā)展。一類基于生物進(jìn)化算法的計算智能工具，在包括調(diào)度問題在內(nèi)的組合優(yōu)化求解技術(shù)領(lǐng)域中，受到越來越普遍的關(guān)注，有望在制造中完成組合優(yōu)化問題時的求解速度和求解精度方面雙雙突破問題規(guī)模的制約。制造智能還表現(xiàn)在：智能調(diào)度、智能設(shè)計、智能加工、機器人學(xué)、智能控制、智能工藝規(guī)劃、智能診斷等多方面。 　　現(xiàn)代機械工程的前沿科學(xué)間的交叉融合將產(chǎn)生新的科學(xué)聚集，經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和社會的進(jìn)步對科學(xué)技術(shù)產(chǎn)生了新的要求和期望，從而形成前沿科學(xué)。前沿科學(xué)也就是已解決的和未解決的科學(xué)問題之間的界域。前沿科學(xué)具有明顯的時域、領(lǐng)域和動態(tài)特性。工程前沿科學(xué)區(qū)別于一般基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的重要特征是它涵蓋了工程實際中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)技術(shù)問題。 　　制造系統(tǒng)是一個復(fù)雜的大系統(tǒng)，為滿足制造系統(tǒng)敏捷性、快速響應(yīng)和快速重組的能力，必須借鑒信息科學(xué)、生命科學(xué)和社會科學(xué)等多學(xué)科的研究成果，探索制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)、制造模式和制造系統(tǒng)有效的運行機制。制造系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和良好的運行狀況是制造系統(tǒng)建模、仿真和優(yōu)化的主要目標(biāo)。制造系統(tǒng)新的體系結(jié)構(gòu)不僅對制造企業(yè)的敏捷性和對需求的響應(yīng)能力及可重組能力有重要意義，而且對制造企業(yè)底層生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的柔性和可動態(tài)重組能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造觀越來越多地被引入制造系統(tǒng)，以滿足制造系統(tǒng)新的要求。 　　21世紀(jì)將是生命科學(xué)的世紀(jì)，機械科學(xué)和生命科學(xué)的深度融合將產(chǎn)生全新概念的產(chǎn)品(如智能仿生結(jié)構(gòu))，開發(fā)出新工藝(如生長成形工藝)和開辟一系列的新產(chǎn)業(yè)，并為解決產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、制造過程和系統(tǒng)中一系列難題提供新的解決方法。這是一個極富創(chuàng)新和挑戰(zhàn)的前沿領(lǐng)域。 　　從生命現(xiàn)象中學(xué)習(xí)組織與運行復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的方法和技巧，是今后解決目前制造業(yè)所面臨許多難題的一條有效出路。仿生制造指的是模仿生物器官的自組織、自愈合、自增長與自進(jìn)化等功能結(jié)構(gòu)和運行模式的一種制造系統(tǒng)與制造過程。 　　制造在機制的驅(qū)動下，在組織結(jié)構(gòu)和運行模式上不斷自我完善、從而提高對于環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力的過程。為自下而上的產(chǎn)品并行設(shè)計、制造工藝規(guī)程的自動生成、生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)重組以及產(chǎn)品和制造系統(tǒng)的自動趨優(yōu)提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和實現(xiàn)條件。 　　制造屬于制造科學(xué)和生命科學(xué)的"遠(yuǎn)緣雜交"，它將對21世紀(jì)的制造業(yè)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。