側(cè)裝式少齒差傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含4張CAD圖紙】
側(cè)裝式少齒差傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含4張CAD圖紙】,含4張CAD圖紙,側(cè)裝式少齒差,傳動(dòng),卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),設(shè)計(jì),CAD,圖紙
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 開 題 報(bào) 告
題 目 名 稱 側(cè)裝式少齒差傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
題 目 類 別 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)
學(xué) 院(系) 機(jī) 械 工 程 學(xué) 院
專 業(yè) 班 級(jí)
學(xué) 生 姓 名
指 導(dǎo) 教 師
輔 導(dǎo) 教 師
開題報(bào)告日期
開題報(bào)告
一、題目來(lái)源及類型
題目名稱:測(cè)裝式少差齒傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
題目來(lái)源:生產(chǎn)實(shí)際
題目類別:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
二、研究目的和意義
卷卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)又稱絞車,是由動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)的卷筒通過(guò)撓性件(鋼絲繩、鏈條)起升、運(yùn)移重物的起重裝置。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,使用方便,廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、安裝、運(yùn)輸?shù)炔块T的拽引和起重作業(yè)。揚(yáng)機(jī)按驅(qū)動(dòng)方式可分為人力驅(qū)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)兩大類。人力驅(qū)動(dòng)型有:絞盤、手搖卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)等。用在缺乏電源或使用電源不便的地方。動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)型主要是電力驅(qū)動(dòng)。 卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)按拽引速度可分快速和慢速兩種。快速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)一般拽引速度為30-50m/min,多用于建筑工地。慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)拽引速度為7-15m/min,主要用于設(shè)備安裝作業(yè) 。
利用少差齒傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)越性可以改進(jìn)和提高機(jī)械設(shè)備的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)技術(shù)性能,將漸開線少齒差行星齒輪傳動(dòng)應(yīng)用于建筑起重卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力傳輸系統(tǒng),是使傳統(tǒng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)減小體積,優(yōu)化結(jié)構(gòu),降低成本,提高性能的有效途徑,具有廣泛的前景。
少差齒傳動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)是速比大,體積小,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。它又少齒差輪副和一個(gè)具有等角速度轉(zhuǎn)換功能的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)組成。工程中目前試用的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)有銷軸式,浮動(dòng)盤式,十字滑塊式,零齒差式,曲柄式等幾種等幾種。以應(yīng)用最廣泛的銷軸式為例,其有點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。缺點(diǎn)是:(1)行星齒輪軸承的徑向載荷較大,(2)軸孔的位置精度要求較高,軸銷安裝也有一定困難。
此重卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)起重大、操作靈活、安全可靠、經(jīng)久耐用。廣泛適用于建筑、橋梁、港口、發(fā)電廠、冶金、礦山等企業(yè)工地中。
近年來(lái)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的試用為國(guó)家公路、鐵路、橋梁、碼頭、電建、水利、礦山、船舶等工程建設(shè)提供了很好的決定性的幫助。它在工業(yè)社會(huì)的巨大作用獲得了們的認(rèn)可誠(chéng)信的服務(wù)得到了用戶單位的一致贊許。
三、閱讀的主要參考文獻(xiàn)及資料名稱
[1] 張清國(guó)主編,建筑工程機(jī)械,重慶大學(xué)出版社,1998年第二版
[2] 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì)編著,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)第3版,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004年8月
[3] 漸開線齒輪行星傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造編委會(huì)著,漸開線齒輪行星傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社
[4] 朱景梓,漸開線齒輪變位系數(shù)的選擇,第二版[M] 北京:人民教育出版社,1982
[6] 劉海江.少齒差傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展概況及方向.現(xiàn)代機(jī)械,1996,(01)
[7] 楊江 ,張展.漸開線少齒差行星傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與制造.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與研究,1987,(05)
[8] 祝凌云 李斌 編著 王箐燕 改編 Pro/ENDINEER野火版 入門指南 人民郵電出版社
[9] 陸耀祖.少齒差漸開線內(nèi)齒輪副的幾何計(jì)算.組合機(jī)床與自動(dòng)化加工技術(shù),1985,(04)
[10]舒小龍 李平漸開線少齒差傳動(dòng)的最小嚙合角機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與研究-2000年4期
[11]白雁軍 祝凌云 編著 PRO/ENGINEER 野火2.0版 繪圖指南 人民郵電出版社
[12]周有強(qiáng),胡茂炫,張文照.少齒差傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展概況.齒輪,1983 (1)
[13]王瑞.漸開線少齒差行星減速機(jī)的改進(jìn)一X-Y型減速器.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),1992 (1)
[14]李玉忠.改進(jìn)型少齒差行星結(jié)構(gòu)的探討與成效.機(jī)械,1988 (6)
[16]吳春英.N型內(nèi)齒行星輪行星齒輪傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),1995.2
[17]李英民.少齒差建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)與加工.建筑機(jī)械化,2003,(03)
[18]高正立.試論輕型卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)[J].機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造工程,1995,(1).
[19]張麗珍 吳燕翔.卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)系統(tǒng)的國(guó)產(chǎn)化設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)電工程-2003年2期
[20]戴紅娟,周紅良,曾勵(lì),.少齒差行星齒輪傳動(dòng)技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展[J].機(jī)械工程師,2005,(12).
[21]林群,張文照.高效率漸開線少齒差行星齒輪傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).華東理工大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),1985,(04)
[22]馮曉寧,李宗浩.漸開線少齒差傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的選擇.機(jī)械傳動(dòng),1995,(01)
[23]曹清香.少齒差行星齒輪系傳動(dòng)比的計(jì)算.企業(yè)技術(shù)開發(fā),2001,(06)
[24]楊錫和,石輝.少齒差內(nèi)嚙合齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算[J].雷達(dá)與對(duì)抗,2003,(2).
[25]少齒差減速器編寫組編.漸開線少齒差行星減速器.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1981
[26]舒小龍 李平漸開線少齒差傳動(dòng)的最小嚙合角機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與研究-2000年4期
[27]齊治國(guó) 建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)?機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社-2000年1期
[28]Max Scefka,Michel Cooper. UK Patent Appication.GB22181A, Gearing Drivie
[29]Soucek Josek.Patent Awtent Aoolication Abstract.CS238349,Reductor
四、國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)與研究的主攻方向
(一)國(guó)內(nèi)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)概況
從70年代起,我國(guó)建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)進(jìn)入了技術(shù)提高、品種增多的新階段。在各廠自行設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,1973年,由卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)組織了有關(guān)廠家和院校聯(lián)合進(jìn)行了卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)基型設(shè)計(jì),并充分考慮到了當(dāng)時(shí)中小廠家的生產(chǎn)能力??焖倬?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的基型采用半開半閉式齒輪傳動(dòng),離合器采用單錐面石棉橡膠摩擦帶結(jié)構(gòu),操縱?用手扳剎車帶制動(dòng)(圖1-1)。慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的基型為閉式傳動(dòng)(圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)或蝸桿傳動(dòng)減速器)、電磁鐵制動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種基型一直到現(xiàn)今還在生產(chǎn)。為適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要,當(dāng)時(shí)第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部發(fā)布了JB926—74《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)型式與基本參數(shù)》和JB1803—76《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)技術(shù)條件》兩個(gè)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并把卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)劃歸常德建筑機(jī)械研究所(長(zhǎng)沙建筑機(jī)械研究院前身)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。隨著部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布,使建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)有了大發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。在此期間,由于石化工業(yè)的發(fā)展,大型設(shè)備很多,都需要吊裝,如一些大型反應(yīng)塔,塔的高度達(dá)七八十米,質(zhì)量達(dá)五六百噸,就需要有大型吊裝用的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),因而各廠家相繼生產(chǎn)了20t和32t卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(圖1-2),滿足了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。
??? 從70年代末期開始,中國(guó)實(shí)行了改革開放政策,使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)得到了大發(fā)展,基本建設(shè)務(wù)增加了很多,促使建筑機(jī)械的使用大量增加,生產(chǎn)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的廠家亦隨之大量增加。為使設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)規(guī)范化,國(guó)家頒布了GB1955—80《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)》、JJ3—83《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》。隨著改革開放逐步深入,生產(chǎn)形勢(shì)的不斷發(fā)展,新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)提到日程上來(lái)了,不少生產(chǎn)廠家成立了廠屬研究所,開發(fā)了如高速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、變速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、自動(dòng)限位卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)等新產(chǎn)品,以及諧波傳動(dòng)、擺線針輪傳動(dòng)、圓弧齒齒輪傳動(dòng)、圓弧齒圓柱蝸桿傳動(dòng)等具有新型傳動(dòng)型式的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。為使卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)滿足日益增加的需求和解決中小廠家設(shè)計(jì)力量薄弱的情況,1988年卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)組織了九廠一所一校成立了卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)系列設(shè)計(jì)組,對(duì)單簡(jiǎn)快速建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)起重質(zhì)量從0.5t到2.5t的機(jī)型進(jìn)行了系列設(shè)計(jì)。這次設(shè)計(jì)分兩種機(jī)型,一種為基本型(電控卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)),一種為溜放型(手控卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī))。設(shè)計(jì)既考慮到技術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì),又考慮到廠家的生產(chǎn)能力。因此基本型為一字型布置,采用二級(jí)或三級(jí)圓柱斜齒輪傳動(dòng),電制動(dòng)錐形轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī);溜放型采用封閉式二級(jí)行星齒輪傳動(dòng),普通Y系列電動(dòng)機(jī),用手操作兩條制動(dòng)帶控制工作和制動(dòng)。這兩種機(jī)型結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,加工簡(jiǎn)單,操作方便,體積小,重量輕,一般中小企業(yè)均可生產(chǎn),滿足了生產(chǎn)的需要又實(shí)現(xiàn)了技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。為使卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)發(fā)展規(guī)范化,又相繼頒布了一系列有關(guān)建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有GB1955——86《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)》、GB6947-86《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)試驗(yàn)規(guī)范和方法》、GB7902.2—87《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)術(shù)語(yǔ)》、GB13327—91《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)安全規(guī)程》、JG/T5031—93《建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》等。
?(二)國(guó)外卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)概況
在國(guó)外,卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的品種繁多,應(yīng)用也很廣泛。在西方技術(shù)先進(jìn)的國(guó)家中,雖然工業(yè)水平先進(jìn),機(jī)械化程度不斷提高,起重設(shè)備也在不斷更新,但仍不能完全淘汰卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)這樣的行之有效的簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械設(shè)備。下面介紹一下幾個(gè)主要國(guó)家生產(chǎn)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的狀況。
???(1)美國(guó)
美國(guó)生產(chǎn)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的廠家有近百家,主要有貝波(BEEBE)國(guó)際有限公司、哲恩(THERN)有限公司等。貝波國(guó)際有限公司成立于1919年,有七十多年的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。主要產(chǎn)品有:氣動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁(yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(0.25~40t),防爆拖式氣動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(0.5~30t),駁船卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(手動(dòng)、氣動(dòng)、電動(dòng)、液壓,25~75t),電動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁(yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(0.25~20t),電動(dòng)葫蘆(0.25~15t),電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(~12.5t),手動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(~75t),液壓卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(1~10t),水平卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(~9t),手動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁(yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(0.5~100t),棘輪牽引器(~1.75t),空中吊運(yùn)車(0.5~20t)。哲恩有限公司是美國(guó)較大的生產(chǎn)起重設(shè)備的公司,主要產(chǎn)品有各種手動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、提升機(jī)械及起重機(jī)。手動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的主要品種有:直齒傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、蝸桿傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī);電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的主要品種有:蝸桿傳動(dòng)系列、直齒齒輪傳動(dòng)系列、齒輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)組合系列、直接驅(qū)動(dòng)系列、鏈傳動(dòng)系列。其中直接驅(qū)動(dòng)式電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的傳動(dòng)是全封閉行星齒輪傳動(dòng),傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)全部裝在卷筒里面,機(jī)架和卷筒用高強(qiáng)度鋼焊接而成。美國(guó)除上述兩家公司外,比較重要的生產(chǎn)廠家還有布勞斯公司、賽林公司、斯塔斯派克公司、阿姆降公司、英格索·藝德公司等。
???(2)日本
日本從明治30年開始制造和使用卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。據(jù)日本荷役機(jī)械研究所核計(jì),1970~1975年間卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)量增加62.5%。據(jù)日本通產(chǎn)省機(jī)械核計(jì)月報(bào)載,僅1977年單純土建卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)量就達(dá)12萬(wàn)臺(tái),產(chǎn)值約100億日元。日本卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)由機(jī)械技術(shù)部會(huì)、荷役機(jī)械技術(shù)委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。主要生產(chǎn)廠家有北川鐵工所、遠(yuǎn)滕鋼機(jī)、南星、越野總業(yè)、藝浦、松崗產(chǎn)業(yè)等80多個(gè)廠家。北川鐵工所是一家大型生產(chǎn)廠。其生產(chǎn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)品種系列比較齊全,主要有:動(dòng)力卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 分BF、MF、DF三種型式。功率為3.7~44kW,鋼絲繩拉力從5880~44100N,有18個(gè)規(guī)格。BF型是V型帶傳動(dòng),MF型是單筒開式齒輪傳動(dòng),DF型是雙筒開式齒輪傳動(dòng)。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是全部為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型,采用改進(jìn)了的螺旋頂絲式離合器操縱,因而操作簡(jiǎn)便,易調(diào)整。鼓形離合器采用單錐體式,摩擦材料采用帶型樹脂。
五、主要研究?jī)?nèi)容、需重點(diǎn)研究的關(guān)鍵問題及解決思路
結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)計(jì)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)首先要確定卷筒直徑,因?yàn)樗苯佑绊懢頁(yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)及轉(zhuǎn)速。如果卷筒直徑大,會(huì)使卷?yè)P(yáng)的漲、抱閘系統(tǒng)的直徑增大,其產(chǎn)生的力矩大大增加;還使卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速下降,達(dá)不到設(shè)計(jì)要求。
傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)
卷筒直徑確定后,可以進(jìn)行卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速計(jì)算。
(一) 減速器設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算(漸開線少齒差行星齒輪減速裝置設(shè)計(jì),齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì))
(二)鋼絲繩的選擇
(二)卷筒設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
(三)轉(zhuǎn)臂軸承的選擇與偏心套的設(shè)計(jì)
(四)軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與校核
(五)聯(lián)軸器與制動(dòng)器的選擇
六、完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)所必須具備的工作條件(如工具書、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、某類市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備和實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境條件等)及解決的辦法
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)主要是應(yīng)用AutoCAD或Pro/Engineer制作卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的總裝圖,零件圖,卷?yè)P(yáng)筒,行星齒輪,輸出軸,所以工具就是計(jì)算機(jī),另外還需一些參考書和一些相關(guān)的手冊(cè),具體在上面第三條已列出。
七、工作的主要階段、進(jìn)度與時(shí)間安排
第一階段:掌握三環(huán)減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理
第二階段:熟練掌握Pro/Engineer的使用
第三階段:應(yīng)用AutoCAD或Pro/Engineer繪制卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的總裝圖,零件圖,卷?yè)P(yáng)筒,行星齒輪,輸出軸
第四階段:整理定稿準(zhǔn)備答辯
第6周: 翻譯,查閱資料
第7周: 撰寫開題報(bào)告
第8-14周:進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
第15周: 修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
第16周: 審查,評(píng)閱
第17周: 答辯
八、指導(dǎo)老師審查意見
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中文譯文
電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的控制
對(duì)于電動(dòng)機(jī)的控制,我們所知道的最好的方式就是使用由許多點(diǎn)動(dòng)式按鈕組成的簡(jiǎn)單的手工操作臺(tái)。而這種操作臺(tái)在某些應(yīng)用方面可能仍然是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇,如一些令人頭痛的復(fù)雜的控制也可以用。這篇文章講述了,在你設(shè)計(jì)、組建或是購(gòu)買卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)控制器之前,你必須對(duì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的基本電氣設(shè)備和你將需要尋址的用戶接口命令進(jìn)行編址。
首先,手動(dòng)控制臺(tái)應(yīng)該是手動(dòng)控制型的,因此,如果你把你的手指移開按鈕,卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)就會(huì)停車。另外,每個(gè)控制工作站都需要配備緊急制動(dòng)閘,緊急制動(dòng)閘可以切斷卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的所有電源,而不僅僅是控制電路的。仔細(xì)想想看,如果卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)在該停車時(shí),它卻沒有停下來(lái),你就確實(shí)需要一種故障保障的方法去切斷線路的電源。在控制工作臺(tái)上設(shè)置一個(gè)關(guān)鍵操作開關(guān),也是一個(gè)非常好的主意,特別是在通向工作站的線路不能控制時(shí),就可以用那個(gè)開關(guān)來(lái)控制。
(在設(shè)計(jì)控制臺(tái)時(shí),即使是最簡(jiǎn)單的手工控制臺(tái),也要考慮設(shè)置由專門人員操作的安全操作按鍵。)
控制定速電動(dòng)機(jī)
對(duì)于一臺(tái)定速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的實(shí)際控制設(shè)備是一臺(tái)三相起動(dòng)器。電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)向被反向,是通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的開關(guān)控制相序從A-B-C變換到C-B-A。這些動(dòng)作被完成,是通過(guò)兩個(gè)三磁極式電流接觸器,而且它們是互鎖的,所以,它們不可能被同時(shí)關(guān)閉。NEC公司要求同時(shí)擁有過(guò)載和短路保護(hù)裝置。為了保護(hù)電動(dòng)機(jī)免受由于機(jī)械過(guò)載引起的過(guò)熱的影響,在起動(dòng)器內(nèi)要安裝熱量過(guò)載延遲裝置。當(dāng)熱量過(guò)載延遲裝置過(guò)熱時(shí),它所擁有的雙金屬長(zhǎng)條斷開電動(dòng)機(jī)的電源。除此外,還可以選擇一臺(tái)電熱調(diào)節(jié)器可以用纏繞的方式安裝在電動(dòng)機(jī)上,它可以用于監(jiān)控電動(dòng)機(jī)的溫度變化。對(duì)于短路保護(hù),我們一般是通過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)常用的熔斷器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
一臺(tái)獨(dú)立的線性電流接觸器,被配置的電流接觸器應(yīng)該超過(guò)主回路的電流接觸器,從而達(dá)到冗余的目的。這臺(tái)電流接觸器是由安全電路來(lái)控制的,如:緊急制動(dòng)和越程極限。
我們可以使用限位開關(guān)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)上述的操作。當(dāng)你到達(dá)正常的行程極限位置末端時(shí),卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)就會(huì)停車,并且你只能夠向相反的方向移動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(即遠(yuǎn)離極限位置的方向)。這里也需要一個(gè)越程限制以防萬(wàn)一,由于電氣的或者機(jī)械的問題,而使卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的運(yùn)行超過(guò)正常的極限位。如果你碰到越程限制器,線形電流接觸器就會(huì)打開,因此,卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)將無(wú)法被驅(qū)動(dòng)超過(guò)這個(gè)極限位置。如果上述情況發(fā)生,就需要請(qǐng)專業(yè)的技術(shù)人員來(lái)檢查導(dǎo)致碰到越程限制器的具體原因。然后,你就能夠用起動(dòng)器內(nèi)部的彈力恢復(fù)撥動(dòng)開關(guān)來(lái)處理越程的問題,而不是使用跳閘器或是手工切斷電流接觸器。
變速的必要條件
當(dāng)然,簡(jiǎn)單的定速起動(dòng)器被變速驅(qū)動(dòng)器所取代。這就使事情開始變得有趣起來(lái)了!至少,你需要在控制操作臺(tái)上增加一個(gè)速度表盤。操縱桿是一個(gè)較好的操作接口,由于它使你對(duì)部件的移動(dòng)有一個(gè)更直觀的控制。
不幸的是,你不能僅僅從你的本地控制臺(tái)去發(fā)命令控制老式的變速驅(qū)動(dòng)器,此外,你不能希望它在初始階段,就能安全而可靠的提升與下放設(shè)備。大多數(shù)的變速驅(qū)動(dòng)器不能實(shí)現(xiàn)上述的要求,因?yàn)樗鼈儾⒉皇窃O(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)做提升工作的。驅(qū)動(dòng)器需要設(shè)置成在制動(dòng)器松開之前,就能夠在電動(dòng)機(jī)上產(chǎn)生扭矩,并且,當(dāng)停車時(shí),即在扭矩撤銷之前,制動(dòng)器將先動(dòng)作。
許多年來(lái),直流電動(dòng)機(jī)和驅(qū)動(dòng)器提供了一些普遍的解決方案,如它們?cè)诟鞣N速度時(shí)都具有良好的力矩特性。對(duì)于大多數(shù)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)所需求的大型直流電動(dòng)機(jī)是很貴的,那要比同類型的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)貴得多。雖然,早期的交流驅(qū)動(dòng)器不是非常有用,如它們有一個(gè)非常有限速度適用范圍,而且僅產(chǎn)生低速小扭矩。如今,隨著直流驅(qū)動(dòng)器的發(fā)展,低成本而且大量可用的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)的出現(xiàn),導(dǎo)致了一場(chǎng)交流驅(qū)動(dòng)的革命。
變速交流驅(qū)動(dòng)器有兩個(gè)系列。變頻轉(zhuǎn)換器已經(jīng)家喻戶曉,而且的確很容易使用。這些驅(qū)動(dòng)器將交流轉(zhuǎn)換成直流,然后,再把它轉(zhuǎn)換回交流,轉(zhuǎn)換后的交流已經(jīng)是不同頻率的。如果驅(qū)動(dòng)器產(chǎn)生30Hz的交流,一臺(tái)正常的60Hz的電動(dòng)機(jī)將以一半的速度運(yùn)行。從理論上說(shuō),這非常好,但是,在實(shí)際中,這將會(huì)有很多的問題。首先,一臺(tái)典型的60Hz的電動(dòng)機(jī)在線性頻率低于2Hz或是3Hz的區(qū)域會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤差,并且,開始嵌齒(即急推,猛拉),或是停車。這將限制你的速度范圍低于20:1,幾乎不適應(yīng)于運(yùn)行階段的細(xì)微調(diào)節(jié)。其次,許多低成本的轉(zhuǎn)換器也不能夠在低速時(shí)提供額定扭矩。使用這些驅(qū)動(dòng)器,將導(dǎo)致急速移動(dòng),或是對(duì)于提升部件完全的失效,準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō),當(dāng)你試圖去平穩(wěn)的提升一臺(tái)科學(xué)儀器時(shí),你不愿看到這樣的情況。一些新型的變極器是閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)(從電動(dòng)機(jī)獲得反饋,提供更加準(zhǔn)確的速度控制),并且使電動(dòng)機(jī)將會(huì)工作的相當(dāng)好。
交流驅(qū)動(dòng)器的另一個(gè)系列是流量矢量型驅(qū)動(dòng)器。這些元器件要求在電動(dòng)機(jī)的主軸上安裝編碼器,使用這些編碼器會(huì)使驅(qū)動(dòng)器可以準(zhǔn)確地監(jiān)控電機(jī)電樞的旋轉(zhuǎn)。處理器測(cè)定了準(zhǔn)確的磁性流量的矢量值,這些值要求使電樞在給定的速度下旋轉(zhuǎn)。這些驅(qū)動(dòng)器允許有無(wú)窮大的速度,因此,你實(shí)際能夠在零速度時(shí)就產(chǎn)生額定扭矩。這些驅(qū)動(dòng)器所提供的準(zhǔn)確的速度和位置的控制,使這些驅(qū)動(dòng)器在高性能應(yīng)用方面受到歡迎。
(基于PLC的控制器提供有系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)和控制選項(xiàng)。這個(gè)屏幕展示給操作者全面的訪問卡內(nèi)基霍爾德的九層電梯提升的控制面板。)
基于PLC的系統(tǒng)
一臺(tái)PLC的全稱是可編程序邏輯控制器。首先,PLC的控制器發(fā)展到取代了基于五六十年代的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)的繼電器,它們工作在室內(nèi)的惡劣的工業(yè)環(huán)境中。這些是模塊化的系統(tǒng),它們具有大量的各種各樣的I/O模塊。這些模塊化的系統(tǒng)可以很容易的實(shí)現(xiàn)把半自定義的硬件配置組裝起來(lái),而這樣得到的配置的價(jià)錢也很合理。這些模塊包括:位置控制模塊,計(jì)數(shù)器,A/D和D/A轉(zhuǎn)換器,以及各種實(shí)體狀態(tài)或是物理接觸閉式輸出模塊。大量不同類型的I/O元器件和PLC的模塊屬性使得它成為一條有效的途徑去組裝自定義和半自定義的控制系統(tǒng)。
對(duì)于PLC系統(tǒng)的最大的不足就是缺少真實(shí)的大量的顯示功能,從而告訴你PLC正在做什么和幫助你對(duì)PLC進(jìn)行編程。
第一臺(tái)被用于大型娛樂場(chǎng)所的專業(yè)的PLC系統(tǒng)之一,是在拉斯維加斯的原米高梅電影制片公司(現(xiàn)在的貝利公司)的搭車和四輪馬車系統(tǒng)上。許多的制造商提供了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基于PLC的系統(tǒng)和半自動(dòng)化聲學(xué)的標(biāo)志的主機(jī),設(shè)定命令行解釋器的位置,以及提升控制系統(tǒng)也是可用的。使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模塊去組構(gòu)用戶自定義系統(tǒng)的能力是基于PLC的控制器的最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
高端控制器
對(duì)于復(fù)雜的傳動(dòng)裝置,控制器開始變得復(fù)雜,超過(guò)了速度,時(shí)間以及位置控制。它們包括寫出復(fù)雜的指令,記錄輪廓線的移動(dòng),以及處理可以立即運(yùn)行的多點(diǎn)指令的能力。
許多大型的歌劇院正向著點(diǎn)提升系統(tǒng)的方向發(fā)展,在那里為每一條提升繩索配置有一臺(tái)獨(dú)立的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),那些繩索等同于每條電路的調(diào)光器。當(dāng)多臺(tái)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)被用來(lái)提升單個(gè)的部分時(shí),這些卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)必須完全的同步,或是載荷能夠轉(zhuǎn)移,如此會(huì)導(dǎo)致一臺(tái)單獨(dú)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)變得有過(guò)載的危險(xiǎn)。控制系統(tǒng)必須能夠使被選的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)保持同步,或是在一臺(tái)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)不能夠保持與其他卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)同步時(shí),能提供高速的同等的停車能力。對(duì)于一臺(tái)典型的高速達(dá)240英尺/分鐘和一臺(tái)要保持卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的彼此間的速度誤差在1/8分之內(nèi)的設(shè)備,你只有少于三微秒的時(shí)間去確認(rèn)問題,并嘗試糾正錯(cuò)誤的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)速度,在確定你失敗后,你起動(dòng)組中所有卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的停車。這將需要大量計(jì)算,快速I/O接口,以及好用的寫入軟件。
對(duì)于大型的繩索控制系統(tǒng)有兩種非常不同的解決方法。首先是,使用單獨(dú)的控制臺(tái),對(duì)于一般的問題而言,這樣的控制臺(tái)應(yīng)該安裝在適合于操作者視角的位置。然而,這不僅不能夠從一個(gè)角度到另一個(gè)角度觀察,而且還不可以從一條指令到另一條指令的控制。這些困難已經(jīng)被部分解決。通過(guò)使用安裝在不同位置的視頻攝像機(jī),而且這些攝象機(jī)連接于三維屏幕圖形,這些圖形使得操作者可以從任意的視角去觀察在三個(gè)坐標(biāo)方向上的預(yù)期的繩索運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些可以使得操作者,從一個(gè)適合他在實(shí)際的操作臺(tái)處的視角,或是實(shí)際的閉環(huán)電路照相機(jī)的視角,來(lái)觀察在屏幕上的繩索的運(yùn)動(dòng)。對(duì)于有內(nèi)部關(guān)聯(lián)的部件的復(fù)雜的移動(dòng),上述的觀察使得實(shí)現(xiàn)控制和查出故障原因變得更加簡(jiǎn)單。
另一個(gè)解決的方案就是分布式系統(tǒng),這個(gè)系統(tǒng)使用了多個(gè)輕便的控制臺(tái)。這將允許不同的操作者以同樣的方式控制傳動(dòng)裝置的不同方面,我們已經(jīng)改進(jìn)了手動(dòng)控制裝置。一個(gè)生動(dòng)的例子,就是在倫敦中部一個(gè)蔬菜花卉市場(chǎng)的皇家歌劇院使用了上述的方案,在那里用十個(gè)控制臺(tái)控制著240臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)。每個(gè)控制臺(tái)有五個(gè)錄音重放裝置,并且已經(jīng)被開啟,以便于每臺(tái)電動(dòng)機(jī)被指派給一個(gè)單獨(dú)的控制臺(tái)。一位操作者和一個(gè)控制臺(tái)就能夠控制所有的裝置,但是,常常是一個(gè)控制臺(tái)可能是運(yùn)行臺(tái)幕的提升,另一個(gè)控制臺(tái)是控制臺(tái)上的傳動(dòng)裝置,以及第三個(gè)控制臺(tái)被用來(lái)在后臺(tái)將必要的背景畫面放下。
(刃口式輕便的控制臺(tái)允許多位操作者從最優(yōu)點(diǎn)出發(fā)來(lái)控制機(jī)器的運(yùn)動(dòng),并且提供三維圖象的顯示。)
結(jié)論
有巨大變化的繩索控制系統(tǒng),已經(jīng)從按鈕式的工作站發(fā)展到復(fù)雜的多用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)化的控制系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)要購(gòu)買繩索控制系統(tǒng)時(shí),你總是可以找到滿足你需要的。控制系統(tǒng)最重要的性能是安全性和可靠性。這些是有真實(shí)價(jià)值的性能,而且你會(huì)期望能以一個(gè)合適的價(jià)格買到這樣的安全性。與某個(gè)確定的產(chǎn)品制造商共事,他會(huì)使你知道如何進(jìn)行安裝。而且,他將會(huì)讓你和用戶接觸,那些用戶有著與類似的要求。
畢業(yè)論文中英文資料
英文原文
Control of Electric winch
For motor control, we know the best way is to use the style buttons to move the many simple manual console. And this console, in some applications may still be a good choice, as some complex control headache can also be used. This article describes in your design, build or purchase winch controller, you have the motor's basic electrical equipment and you will need to address the user interface command addressed.
First, the manual should be a manual control console type, so if you remove your finger buttons, hoist will stop. In addition, each control station equipped with an emergency need to brake, hoist the emergency brake to cut off all power, not just the control circuit. Think about it, if the hoist at the stop, it did not stop, you do need a way to cut off the fault line protection power. Set the table in the control of a key operated switch, is also a very good idea, especially in the line leading to the workstation can not control, you can use the switch.
(in the design of the console, even the simplest manual console, but also consider setting by specialized personnel to operate the safe operation of the keys.)
Constant speed motor control
For a fixed speed winch actual control device is a three-phase starter. Turn the motor is reversed, by a simple switch controlled phase transformation sequence from ABC to CBA. These actions are completed by two three-pole contactor-style, and they are interlocked, so that they can not be simultaneously closed. NEC, required in addition to overload and short circuit protection devices. To protect the motor against overload due to mechanical effects caused by overheating in the heat to be installed inside the starter overload delay device. When the heat overload delay device overheating, it has a long double off the metal motor power. In addition In addition, you can also select a thermistor can be installed in the motor winding way, it can be used to monitor motor temperature changes. For the short-circuit protection, we generally used by motor fuses to achieve.
A linear current independent contactors, the contactors are configured should be more than the current main circuit contactor, so as to achieve the purpose of redundancy. This sets the current contactor is controlled by the security circuit, such as: emergency brake and the more-way limits.
We can use the limit switches to achieve the above operation. When you reach the end of the normal travel limit position, the hoist will stop, and you can only move the winch in the opposite direction (ie, the direction away from the limit position.) There is also need for a more limited way just in case, due to electrical or mechanical problems, leaving the operation of hoist limit bit more than normal. If you run into more limiter, linear contactor will open, therefore, can not be driven winch will exceed this limit position. If this happens, you need to ask a professional technician to check the lead to meet the more specific reasons limiter. Then, you can use the starter toggle switch inside the elastic recovery process to deal with more problems, rather than tripping device or a hand-off the current contacts.
A necessary condition for speed
Of course, the simple fixed speed starter is replaced by variable speed drives. This makes things start to get interesting again! At a minimum, you need to add a speed control dial operation platform. Joystick is a better user interface, because it makes you move parts of a more intuitive control.
Unfortunately, you can not just from your local console to send commands to control the old variable speed drives, in addition, you can not want it in the initial stages, will be able to enhance the safe and reliable and decentralized facilities. Most of the variable speed drive can not achieve these requirements, because they are not designed to do upgrading work. Drivers need to be set to release the brake before the motor can generate torque, and when parking, that is, before the revocation of torque, the brake will be the first action.
For many years, DC motors and drives provide a number of common solutions, such as when they are in a variety of speeds with good torque characteristics. For most of the hoist of the large demand for DC motor is very expensive, and that the same type of AC motor than the much more expensive. Although the early AC drives are not very useful, as they have a very limited scope of application of the speed, but produced only a small low-speed torque. Now, with the DC drives the development of low cost and a large number of available AC motors has led to a communication-driven revolution.
Variable speed AC drives in two series. Frequency converter has been widely known and, indeed, easy to use. These drives convert AC into DC, and then, and then convert it back to exchange, the exchange after the conversion is a different frequency. If the drive produced the exchange of 30Hz, 60Hz a normal motor will run at half speed. Theoretically, this is very good, but in practice, this will have a lot of problems. First of all, a typical linear motor 60Hz frequencies below 2Hz 3Hz area or there will be errors, and start cog (that urgent push, yank), or parking. This will limit your speed range lower than 20:1, almost not adapted to the operational phase of the fine adjustment. Second, many low-cost converter is not able to provide the rated torque at low speeds. Use of these drives, will result in the rapid move to upgrade the components or complete failure, precisely, when you try to upgrade a stable scientific instruments, you do not want to see this situation. Some new inverter is a closed-loop system (to get feedback from the motor to provide a more accurate speed control), and the motor will work quite well.
Another series of AC drives is the flow vector type drive. These components require installation of the spindle motor encoder, encoder makes use of these drives can accurately monitor the rotation of the motor armature. Processor accurately measured magnetic flux vector values ??that are required to make the armature at a given speed rotation. These drives allow infinite speed, so you actually can produce at zero speed to rated torque. These drives provide precise speed and position control, so these drives in high performance applications to be welcomed.
(Based on PLC controllers provide system status and control options. This screen shows the operator full access to the nine-story elevator enhance the control panel.)
PLC-based systems
Is the full name of a PLC programmable logic controller. First of all, PLC controller developed to replace the fifties and sixties-based industrial control system relay, they work in harsh industrial indoor environments. These are modular systems that have a large variety of I / O modules. The modular system can easily achieve the semi-custom hardware configuration assembled, and the resulting configuration is also very reasonable price. These modules include: position control module, the counter, A / D and D / A converter, and a variety of physical state or physical contact with closed output module. Large number of different types of I / O components and PLC module property makes it an effective way to assemble custom and semi custom control system.
The biggest shortcoming of PLC systems is the lack of the real number of display to tell you what is being done and the PLC on the PLC program to help you.
The first is professional entertainment for the large-scale PLC system is one of the original in Las Vegas, MGM (now Bailey Company) of the riding and carriage system. Many manufacturers offer a standard PLC-based semi-automated acoustic systems and a host of signs, set the location of the command line interpreter, and the upgrading of the control system is also available. Using standard modules to set user-defined system configuration capability is based on the PLC controller of the greatest advantage.
High-end controller
For complex transmission, the controller became complex, more than speed, time and location control. They include complex instructions to write and record the movement contour, and the processing can immediately run the ability to multi-point instructions.
Many large opera house is toward the direction of point lift system, where each one is equipped with a rope to enhance independent winches, rope equivalent to those of each dimmer circuit. When more than one hoist is used to enhance the individual part, the hoist must be fully synchronous, or the load to shift, so will lead to a separate winch becomes the risk of overload. Control system must be able to be selected to keep pace winch, or a hoist winch is not able to maintain synchronization with the other, can provide the same high-speed parking capacity. For a typical speed of 240 ft / min and a winch to maintain the rate of error of between 1 / 8 points of equipment, you only have less than three microseconds of time to identify problems and try to correct the error The hoist speed, make sure you fail, you start all the winch stop the group. This will require a large amount of computation, fast I / O interface, and easy to use to write software.
For large rope control system has two very different solutions. The first is to use a separate console, the problem in general terms, this console should be installed in the appropriate location of the operator perspective. However, this not only from one angle to another angle, but still can not get an instruction to another instruction from the control. These difficulties have been partially resolved. Installed in different locations through the use of video cameras, and these cameras connected to the three-dimensional display graphics, these graphics enables the operator to observe from the perspective of any of the three coordinates in the expected direction of rope movement. These operators can make from a console for him at the actual angle, or closed circuit camera practical perspective, to observe the movement of the rope on the screen. For the complex interrelated moving parts, makes the implementation of the above observation Failure to control and find out easier.
Another solution to the problem is a distributed system that uses multiple light console. This will allow the different operators in the same way the different aspects of control gear, we have improved the manual control device. A vivid example is the flower in a vegetable market in central London, the Royal Opera House, the program uses the above, where the control console 240 with ten motors. Each console has five playback device, and has been open, so that each motor has been assigned to a single console. An operator and a console can control all the devices, however, often may be running a console platform screen upgrade, another console is a console on the transmission device, and the third console is used to the necessary background in the background image down.
(edge-type portable console allows the operator many advantages from the start to control the movement of the machine, and provide three-dimensional image display.)
Conclusion
A huge change in the rope control system, a workstation has been developed from a push-button to complex multi-user computerized control system. When the control system to buy rope, you can always find to meet your needs. Control system performance is the most important security and reliability. These are the true value of the property, and you can expect the price to buy a suitable way of security. With a certain product manufacturers to work, he will make you know how to install it. And he will make contact with you and the users, those users have with similar requests.
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