CA5-38五檔變速器設(shè)計(jì)【版本2】【9張圖紙】
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附 錄
附錄A 變速器介紹
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)出現(xiàn)。為了發(fā)揮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和車輪的實(shí)際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車行駛過(guò)程中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車輪之間產(chǎn)生不同的變速比，通過(guò)換擋可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在其最佳的動(dòng)力性能狀態(tài)下。變速器的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，自動(dòng)化程度也越來(lái)越高，自動(dòng)變速器將是未來(lái)的主流。
汽車變速器的任務(wù)是傳遞動(dòng)力,并在動(dòng)力的傳遞過(guò)程中改變傳動(dòng)比，以調(diào)節(jié)或變換發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的特性，同時(shí)通過(guò)變速來(lái)適應(yīng)不同的駕駛要求。由此可見，變速器在汽車傳動(dòng)系中扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。隨著科技的高速發(fā)展，人們對(duì)汽車性能的要求越來(lái)越高，汽車的性能、使用壽命、能源消耗、振動(dòng)噪聲等在很大程度上取決于變速器的性能，因此必須重視對(duì)變速器的研究。
變速器的型式：
汽車自動(dòng)變速器常見的有三種型式：分別是液力自動(dòng)變速器(AT)、機(jī)械無(wú)級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器(CVT)、電控機(jī)械自動(dòng)變速器(AMT)。目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的是AT，AT幾乎成為自動(dòng)變速器的代名詞。
AT是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統(tǒng)組成，通過(guò)液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。
與AT相比，CVT省去了復(fù)雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動(dòng)，而是兩組帶輪進(jìn)行變速傳動(dòng)。通過(guò)改變驅(qū)動(dòng)輪與從動(dòng)輪傳動(dòng)帶的接觸半徑進(jìn)行變速。由于取消了齒輪傳動(dòng)，因此其傳動(dòng)比可以隨意變化，變速更加平順，沒(méi)有換擋的突跳感。
AMT和液力自動(dòng)變速器（AT）一樣是有級(jí)自動(dòng)變速器。它在普通手動(dòng)變速器的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)加裝微電腦控制的電動(dòng)裝置，取代原來(lái)由人工操作完成的離合器的分離、接合及變速器的選擋、換擋動(dòng)作，實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)換擋。
手動(dòng)變速器主要采用齒輪傳動(dòng)的降速原理。變速器內(nèi)有多組傳動(dòng)比不同的齒輪副，而汽車行駛時(shí)的換擋工作，也就是通過(guò)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)使變速器內(nèi)的不同的齒輪副工作。手動(dòng)變速器又稱手動(dòng)齒輪式變速器，含有可以在軸向滑動(dòng)的齒輪，通過(guò)不同齒輪的嚙合達(dá)到變速變矩的目的。手動(dòng)變速器的換擋操作可以完全遵從駕駛者的意志，且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、故障率相對(duì)較低、價(jià)廉物美。
自動(dòng)變速器是根據(jù)車速和負(fù)荷（油門踏板的行程）來(lái)進(jìn)行雙參數(shù)控制，擋位根據(jù)上面的兩個(gè)參數(shù)來(lái)自動(dòng)升降。自動(dòng)變速器與手動(dòng)變速器的共同點(diǎn)，就是二者都屬于有級(jí)式變速器，只不過(guò)自動(dòng)變速器可以根據(jù)車速的快慢來(lái)自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)換擋，可以消除手動(dòng)變速器“頓挫”的換擋感覺。
自動(dòng)變速器是由液力變矩器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱機(jī)構(gòu)組成，通過(guò)液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來(lái)達(dá)到變速變矩的目的。
無(wú)級(jí)變速器又稱為連續(xù)變速式無(wú)級(jí)變速器。這種變速器與一般齒輪式自動(dòng)變速器的最大區(qū)別，是它省去了復(fù)雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動(dòng)，而只用了兩組帶輪進(jìn)行變速傳動(dòng)。無(wú)級(jí)變速器結(jié)構(gòu)比傳統(tǒng)變速器簡(jiǎn)單，體積更小，它既沒(méi)有手動(dòng)變速器的眾多齒輪副，也沒(méi)有自動(dòng)變速器復(fù)雜的行星齒輪組，主要靠主動(dòng)輪、從動(dòng)輪和傳動(dòng)帶來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)速比的無(wú)級(jí)變化。
汽車上廣泛采用內(nèi)燃機(jī)作為動(dòng)力源，其轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的變化范圍很小，而復(fù)雜的使用條件要求汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)力和車速能在相當(dāng)大的范圍內(nèi)變化。為解決這一矛盾，在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中設(shè)置了變速器，用來(lái)改變傳動(dòng)比，擴(kuò)大驅(qū)動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的變化范圍，以適應(yīng)經(jīng)常變化的行駛條件，如起步、加速、上坡等，同時(shí)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在最有利的工況范圍下工作；在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下，使汽車能倒退行駛；利用空擋，中斷動(dòng)力傳遞，以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠起動(dòng)、怠速，并便于變速器換擋或進(jìn)行動(dòng)力輸出。變速器設(shè)計(jì)的目的就是為了滿足上述的要求，使汽車在特定的工況下穩(wěn)定的工作。
變速器除了要能滿足一定的使用要求外，還要保證使其和汽車能有很好的匹配性，可以提高汽車的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性，保證發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在有利的工況范圍內(nèi)工作提高汽車的使用壽命、降低能源消耗、減少汽車的使用噪聲等。
當(dāng)今世界各大汽車公司對(duì)無(wú)級(jí)變速器的研究都十分活躍。不久的將來(lái)，隨著電子控制技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步完善，電子控制式的無(wú)級(jí)變速器可望得到廣泛的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。
附錄B Transmission description
Transmission gearbox's function the engine's output rotational speed is high, the maximum work rate and the maximum torque appears in certain rotational speed area. In order to display engine's optimum performance, must have a set of variable speed gear, is coordinated the engine the rotational speed and wheel's actual moving velocity. The transmission gearbox may in the automobile travel process, has the different gear ratio between the engine and the wheel, through shifts gears may cause the engine work under its best power performance condition. Transmission gearbox's trend of development is more and more complex, the automaticity is also getting higher and higher, the automatic transmission will be future mainstream.
Automotive Transmission's mission is to transfer power, and in the process of dynamic change in the transmission gear ratio in order to adjust or change the characteristics of the engine, at the same time through the transmission to adapt to different driving requirements. This shows that the transmission lines in the automotive transmission plays a crucial role. With the rapid development of science and technology, people's car is getting higher and higher performance requirements, vehicle performance, life, energy consumption, such as vibration and noise transmission depends largely on the performance, it is necessary to attach importance to the study of transmission.
Transmission gearbox's pattern the automobile automatic transmission common to have three patterns: Respectively is hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT), machinery stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electrically controlled machinery automatic transmission (AMT). At present what applies is most widespread is, AT becomes automatic transmission's pronoun nearly.
AT is by the fluid strength torque converter, the planet gear and the hydraulic control system is composed, combines the way through the fluid strength transmission and the gear to realize the speed change bending moment. And the fluid strength torque converter is the most important part, it by components and so on pump pulley, turbine wheel and guide pulley is composed, has at the same time the transmission torque and the meeting and parting function.
And AT compare, CVT has omitted complex and the unwieldy gear combination variable transmission, but is two groups of band pulleys carries on the variable transmission. Through changes the driving gear and the driven wheel transmission belt's contact radius carries on the speed change. Because has cancelled the gear drive, therefore its velocity ratio may change at will, the speed change is smoother, has not shifted gears kicks the feeling.
AMT and the hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT) is the having steps automatic transmission equally. It in the ordinary manual transmission gearbox's foundation, through installs the electrically operated installment which the microcomputer controls, the substitution originally coupling's separation which, the joint and the transmission gearbox completes by the manual control elects to keep off, to shift gears the movement, realizes fluid drive.
Manual transmission gear mainly uses the principle of deceleration. Transmission within the group have different transmission ratio gear pair, and the car at the time of shift work, that is, through the manipulation of institutions so that the different transmission gear pair work. Manual transmission, also known as manual gear transmission, with axial sliding in the gears, the meshing gears through different speed to achieve the purpose of torque variation. Manual shift transmission can operate in full compliance with the will of the driver, and the simple structure, the failure rate is relatively low, value for money.
Automatic transmission is based on speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control gear in accordance with the above two parameters to automatically take-off and landing. Automatic transmission and manual transmission in common, that is, there are two-stage transmission, automatic transmission can only speed the pace to automatically shift, manual transmission can be eliminated, "setback" of the shift feel.
?? Automatic transmission is a torque converter, planetary gears and hydraulic manipulation of bodies, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of variable-speed torque variation.
Also known as CVT-type continuously variable CVT. This transmission and automatic transmission gear generally the biggest difference is that it eliminates the need of complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, and only two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley.
CVT transmission than the traditional structure of simple, smaller and it is not the number of manual gear transmission, no automatic transmission planetary gear complex group, mainly rely on the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the transmission ratio brought about by the realization of non-class change.
Widely used in automotive internal combustion engine as a power source, the torque and speed range is very small, and complex conditions require the use of motor vehicles and the speed of the driving force in the considerable changes in the scope. To resolve this contradiction, in the transmission system to set up the transmission to change transmission ratio, the expansion of the driving wheel torque and speed range in order to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions, such as start, acceleration, climbing and so on, while the engine in the most favorable conditions to work under the scope; in the same direction of rotation of the engine under the premise of the automobile can be driven back; the use of neutral, interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idle speed, and ease of transmission or power shift . Transmission is designed to meet the above requirements, so that the conditions in a particular vehicle stability.
In addition to transmission can be used to meet certain requirements, but also to ensure that it and the car can have a good match, and can improve the car's power and economy to ensure that the engine in a favorable condition to increase the scope of the work of the use of motor vehicles life, reduce energy consumption, reduce noise, such as the use of motor vehicles.
Today the world's major car companies CVT are very active in the study. The near future, with electronic control technology to further improve, electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission-type is expected to be a wide range of development and application.
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