21世紀大學實用英語綜合教程 第二冊 Unit

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1、標準文檔 教 案 授課單元 21世紀大學實用英語綜合教程 第二冊 Unit 1 本（章）節(jié) 授課方式 課堂講授（√ ） 實踐課（ ） 教學時數(shù) 6 授 課 要 點 本 （章） 節(jié) 教 學 目 標 After studying this unit, the students are expected to 1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and give clarification; 2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Te

2、xt B and Text C, and master the useful sentence structures and words and expressions found in the exercises relevant to the first two texts; 3. know how to write a letter of invitation; 4. know how to use V+V-ing; 5. guess the meaning of unknown words in context. 教 學 重 點 和 難 點 Teaching focu

3、s: 1. Master the basic language and skills necessary to make requests 2. Explain some language points to the Ss. 3. Explain some grammar points to the Ss. Teaching difficulties: 1. How to improve Ss’ speaking ability. 2. How to improve Ss’ listening ability. 思考題 或 作 業(yè) 1. Review the

4、key expressions from the previous lesson. 2. Read Text B of this unit, and deepen the understanding of the theme in this unit. Share reflections on this theme in class. 3. Review the new words and phrases of this text. Try to use them in daily life. 4. Finish the reading and listening tasks

5、of this unit. 教學內(nèi)容與組織安排 1st period Text A (Global Reading) 2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading) 3rd period Grammar Review 4 th period Practical Writing 5th period Text B 6th period Improve Your Reading Skills 1st period Text A (Global Reading) 1 Background Information E

6、nglish Language The English language is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is used as either a primary or secondary language in many countries. During the 1500s, fewer than 2 million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the cen

7、turies, as the result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. Today, about 400 million people speak English as their native language. Most of them live in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. Another 100 million pe

8、ople living chiefly in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and in many African countries speak English in addition to their own language. An additional 200 million people probably know at least some English. (From the 1998 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia) Characteristics of English Vocabulary. Eng

9、lish has a larger vocabulary than any other language. There are more than 600,000 words in the largest dictionaries of the English language. Some English words have been passed on from generation to generation as far back as scholars can trace. These words, such as woman, man, sun, hand, love

10、, go, and eat, express basic ideas and feelings. Later, many words were borrowed from other languages, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Russian, and Spanish. For example, algebra is from Arabic, fashion from French, piano from Italian, and canyon from Spanish. A number of

11、 words, such as doghouse and splashdown, were formed by combining other words. New words were also created by blending words. For example, motor and hotel were blended into motel. Words can be shortened to form new words, as was done with history to form story. Words called acronyms are formed b

12、y using the first letter or letters of several words. The word radar is an acronym for radio detection and ranging. Pronunciation and spelling in English sometimes seem illogical or inconsistent. Many words are spelled similarly though pronounced differently. Examples include cough, though,

13、and through. Other words, such as blue, crew, to, too, and shoe, have similar pronunciations but are spelled differently. Many of these variations show changes that occurred during the development of English. The spelling of some words remained the same through the centuries, though their pronunc

14、iation changed. Grammar is the set of principles used to create sentences. These principles define the elements used to assemble sentences and the relationships between the elements. The elements include parts of speech and inflections. Parts of speech are the word categories of the English

15、language. Scholars do not all agree on how to describe the parts of speech. The traditional description lists eight classes: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The most important relationships of the parts of speech include subject and verb,

16、 verb and predicate, and modifier and the word modified. English has fewer inflections than most other European languages. An English noun has only two inflections, the plural and the possessive. Inflections are used to change the tense and number of a verb or the case of a pronoun. Inflections c

17、an change adjectives to the comparative or the superlative — for example, big, bigger, biggest. American English American English is a variety of the English language spoken in the United States. Although all Americans do not speak the same way, their speech has enough in common that American

18、English can be recognized as a variety of English distinct from British English, Australian English, and other national varieties. American English has grown up with the country. It began to diverge from British English during its colonial beginnings and acquired regional differences and ethnic flav

19、or during the settlement of the continent. Today it influences other languages and other varieties of English because it is the medium by which the attractions of American culture — its literature, motion pictures, and television programs — are transmitted to the world. Characteristics of Ameri

20、can English A. Pronunciation In broad terms, Canadian and American speakers tend to sound like one another. They also tend to sound different from a large group of English speakers who sound more British, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. For example, most Canadi

21、ans and Americans pronounce an r sound after the vowel in words like barn, car, and farther, while speakers from the British English group do not. Also, some British English speakers drop h sounds at the beginning of words, so that he and his are pronounced as if they were spelled ee and is. The Eng

22、lish spoken in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa sounds more like British English than American English does because these varieties have had less time to diverge from British English. The process of separate development began later in these countries than in North America. In some cases th

23、ere are differences between American English and British English in the rhythm of words. British speakers seem to leave out a syllable in words like secretary, as if it were spelled secretry, while Americans keep all the syllables. The opposite is true of other words, such as specialty, which Americ

24、ans pronounce with three syllables (spe-cial-ty) while British speakers pronounce it with five syllables (spe-ci-al-i-ty). Vowels and consonants may also have different pronunciations. British speakers pronounce zebra to rhyme with Debra, while American speakers make zebra rhyme with Libra. Canadian

25、 and British speakers pronounce the word schedule as if it began with an sh sound, while Americans pronounce it as if it began with an sk sound. B. Words The most frequently used words are shared by speakers of different varieties of English. These words include the most common nouns, the mo

26、st common verbs, and most function words (such as pronouns, articles, and prepositions). The different varieties of English do, however, use different words for many words that are slightly less common — for example, British crisps for American potato chips, Australian billabong for American pond, a

27、nd Canadian chesterfield for American sofa. It is even more common for the same word to exist with different meanings in different varieties of English. Corn is a general term in Britain, for which Americans use grain, while corn in American English is a specific kind of grain. The word pond in Brit

28、ish English usually refers to an artificial body of water, whereas ponds also occur naturally in North America. British English chemist is the same as American English drugstore, and in Canada people go to the druggist. Many of the words most easily recognized as American in origin are associated wi

29、th aspects of American popular culture, such as gangster or cowboy. C. Spelling American English spelling differs from British English spelling largely because of one man, American lexicographer Noah Webster. In addition to his well-known An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828

30、), Webster published The American Spelling Book (1783, with many subsequent editions), which became one of the most widely used schoolbooks in American history. Webster’s books sought to standardize spelling in the United States by promoting the use of an American language that intentionally differe

31、d from British English. The development of a specifically American variety of English mirrored the newcountry’s separate political development. Webster’s most successful changes were spellings with or instead of our (honor, labor for the British honour, labour); with er instead of re (center, theate

32、r for the British centre, theatre); with an s instead of a c (defense, license for the British defence, licence); with a final ck instead of que (check, mask for the British cheque, masque); and without a final k (traffic, public, now also used in British English, for the older traffick, publick). L

33、ater spelling reform created a few other differences, such as program for British programme. Canadian spelling varies between the British and American forms, more British in eastern Canada and more American in western Canada. 2. Group Discussion Have you ever had an experience in which you ar

34、e misunderstood or have failed to understand others? Misunderstandings can result from the spoken form or written form of the language that you use. 2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading) Words and Expressions & Difficult Sentences 1) misunderstanding: n. (an example of) wrong understandin

35、g 誤解，誤會 e.g. Her poor French often leads to misunderstandings when she visits France. misunderstand: vt. understand wrongly 誤解 e.g. I’m sorry, I misunderstood you. It seems that you have misunderstood what I said at the meeting. 2) get on: board (a bus, a train, etc.)登上（公共汽車、

36、火車等） e.g. When I got on the bus, I found all the seats were occupied. They felt worried when they realized that they had got on the wrong train. 3) head for: go towards 向…走去；朝…行進 e.g. The ship was heading for Britain. He headed for the bus stop. 4) … he could ride to New York

37、 without paying. 介詞without 解釋為“不、未”，其后跟動詞時，須用V-ing形式。 e.g. Tom was talking to his girlfriend without looking at her. He understood the meaning of the word without looking it up in a dictionary. 5) The message was passed from person to person. 這口信通過一個又一個的乘客傳下去。 注意本句中from… to…這一結(jié)構(gòu)

38、中的名詞前沒有冠詞。 e.g. She went from house to house asking if anyone had seen the child. They work hard from morning to night. 6) by the time: 到…時候 e.g. The phone was ringing but by the time she got indoors, it had stopped. 7) not… but…: 這一結(jié)構(gòu)常常用來連接兩個單詞、詞組或句子，表示“并非…而是…”的意思。 e.g. T

39、he animal you saw in this area was not a rabbit, but a wild cat. These youngsters are motivated not by a desire for success, but by fear of failure. 8) pull over: drive a vehicle to the roadside 把車開到路邊 e.g. The policeman asked the driver to pull over. 9) get off: leave (a bus,

40、 a train, a plane, etc.) 下（公共汽車、火車、飛機等） e.g. Tom was seen to get off the bus near the railway station. When I got off the train at the city on the coast, I could smell the sea. Second Period 10) takeoff: n. the beginning of flight, when a plane, spacecraft, etc. rises from the ground

41、（飛機的）起飛；（航空器的）升空 e.g. The plane crashed five minutes after takeoff. 11) He thought he heard his flight announced. 他以為聽到廣播中宣布了他的航班。 句中announced是賓語補足語。 12) uncommon: a. rare or unusual罕見的；不平常的；異乎尋常的 e.g. 20 years ago, supermarkets were uncommo

42、n in China. common/: a. found or happening often and in many places; usual常見的；普通的；通常的 Jones is a very common name in Britain. 13) wonder: v. express a wish to know sth., silently or in words對…感到疑惑；想知道 e.g. I was wondering if you are free for lunch. I wondered what his words meant

43、. 14) in the world: used for emphasis after words that ask questions, as who, why, what, etc. (用于疑問詞who, why, what等后以加強語氣)究竟，到底 e.g. What in the world is he doing? Where in the world were you when I was in need of your help? 15) be on time: be not late 準時 e.g. The London train

44、 was on time, but I didn’t see my Chinese friend. Don’t worry, she’ll be on time. 16) You were 15 minutes late. 你遲到了15分鐘。 英語中表示時間、距離時，常將具體的數(shù)字放在形容詞late, long等前面。 e.g. The bus was ten minutes early. The bridge is 140 feet long. During the storm, there were waves of up to 30 met

45、ers high off the coast. 17)instead of: in place of 代替；而不是 e.g. Can I have tea instead of coffee? Let’s play cards instead of watching television. If you want to have your meal at seven o’clock instead of five o’clock, you can. 18) feel like: have the feeling of being; have a

46、wish for, want有…的感覺；想要 e.g. When my best friend left me alone in the street, I felt like a hurt animal. Do you feel like another drink? 19) all right: good enough, satisfactory but not very good; in good health or spirits; well 令人滿意的；不錯的；健康良好的；健康的 e.g. “What’s the food like in this r

47、estaurant?” “It’s all right.” Kate looks really unhappy. You’d better make sure she’s all right. Are you feeling all right now? 3rd period Grammar Review 動詞的-ing形式 動詞的-ing形式由動詞原形+ -ing構(gòu)成。它可以在句中作主語、表語、定語、賓語、賓語補足語和狀語,但不能單獨構(gòu)成謂語。 1. 作主語 Making history in my family is yet another

48、important thing I hope to gain from my college education. 在我的家庭中創(chuàng)造歷史是我希望從大學教育中得到的又一樣重要的東西。 Taking a look back has motivated me to reach farther. 回顧過去激勵著我走得更遠。 2.作動詞、介詞和短語動詞的賓語 He thought that if he hid in the restroom, he could ride to New York without paying. 他想如果他躲在洗手間里，便可以不付錢就乘車去紐約。

49、He took up singing recently. 他最近對唱歌發(fā)生了興趣。 3. 作表語 It is fitting that January 4, Louis’s birthday, is considered Braille Day, in honor of the blind. 把路易的生日1月4日定為向盲人表示敬意的布拉耶日是非常恰當?shù)摹? My job is training new workers. 我的工作是培訓新工人。 4. 作賓語補語 I noticed the young porter of a sleeping car whisp

50、ering to the conductor and nodding toward me. 我注意到一個年輕的臥車行李搬運員正在跟列車員竊竊私語，并朝著我點頭。 Can you get the car going? 你能開動這輛車嗎？ 5. 作定語。動詞-ing形式單獨作定語時一般放在被修飾詞之前，動詞-ing短語作定語一般放在被修飾詞之后 I’ve tried every way to comfort the crying girl. 我已經(jīng)想盡了各種辦法來安慰那個哭哭啼啼的女孩。 Every day people speaking English ask one

51、 another questions like these: “Did you say seventy or seventeen?” 每天講英語的人會相互問這樣的問題：“你是說七十還是十七呢？”。 6. 作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、讓步、條件和結(jié)果等 She answered, wondering what in the world he meant. 她回答道，卻不明白他的話究竟是什么意思。 The brothers sat eyeing each other over the tops of the moneybags. 兩兄弟坐在那兒，目光越過錢袋頂看著對方.

52、 4 th period Practical Writing Letters of Invitation Do you have an engagement, wedding, or graduation coming up? Is there a performance, school event, or meeting to which you want to invite people? Do you want to invite someone to speak at your meeting or conference? Whatever your event

53、 is, the following will help you write an effective invitation. Guidelines for writing invitations: l State the occasion, date, time, and place. Include addresses and a map if necessary. Mention if refreshments will be served. List any charges that may apply. Include a telephone number for RSVP

54、s. If there is a dress code, state the preferred dress in the lower left-hand corner of the card. l If you need a response, include a self-addressed, stamped reply card or envelope with your invitation. l Express that you are looking forward to seeing the person. l Do not use abbreviations and

55、 do not use contractions (don’t; we’ll) except for name titles, such as Mr., Mrs., etc. l If dinner will be served, state two separate times: the time people can start arriving and the time dinner will be served. l If you do not want gifts, briefly state that gifts are not desired or needed. Exp

56、lain that your guests presence is the only gift you need. l Make sure you send out your invitations with ample advance notice. l If you have guests coming from out of town or from other countries, you may want to send out your invitation several months in advance (especially if your event take

57、s place around a holiday). This will allow your guests adequate time to make preparations, reservations, save money, etc. l For smaller, less formal events that include local guests or guests from nearby areas, you may only need to provide a few weeks’ notice. l If you are inviting someone to spe

58、ak at a conference, your invitation should include the following information: * Name of the conference and the sponsoring organization; * Date, time, place of the conference and speech; * Type of audience; * Type of speech, topic, and how long the speech should be; * Any accommodations tha

59、t will be made, including lodging, meals, and transportation; * Name of the contact person along with phone numbers and addresses where that person can be contacted; and * Finally, articulate your pleasure at having the person speak at the meeting or conference. Useful Expressions:

60、 1. How to start your letter: l You are invited to attend our company’s annual open house. l We invite you to join us in thanking David Shaw for his 25 years of leadership. l It would be a great pleasure to meet you on _____ (date) at/in the ____ (place). l _______ (company) invites you to an

61、 exclusive showing of its latest computing and telecommunications products. l Would you be interested in sharing your experience with the members of our association at their monthly dinner meeting? 2. How to offer details about your arrangements: l We are giving a luncheon at _____ (place) at

62、_____ (time) on ______ (date) to introduce . l The company will host a celebration in honor of David’s retirement at Legal Tech, on June 27, from 4:00 to 7:00 p.m. l Refreshments will be served from p.m. to p.m. l The presentation will take place at (place) at (time) on (date). 3. How to

63、end your letter: l We are sure you will find the presentation interesting. l We hope you will be able to attend. l We are all looking forward to hearing your views. l We are looking forward to seeing you. l Just call our office at 98-8899 and we will be glad to reserve a place for you. l P

64、lease let me know as soon as possible. Dear Mr. Smith, We take great pleasure in inviting you to attend a reception given in honor of Mr. David Brown, on the occasion of his retirement from McMillan Investment Company. The reception will be held at the Grand Hall, on Wednesday, May 12, 2

65、004. Our department will be presenting Mr. David Brown with a gift at that time. We are looking forward to seeing you. Yours sincerely, Jennifer Lew

66、is You are going to hold a graduation party at your house on Sunday, June 27. The party will start after your graduation ceremony, at about 4:00 p.m. Write an invitation letter to your friends. 5th period Text B Answer the following questions. 1. How many groups of interesting English words has the writer talked about in the text? 1. How many groups of interesting English words has the writer talked about in the text? 2. What kind of words are those t