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畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯（原文）
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯
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學(xué) 院： 機電工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè)： 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
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年 6 月 3 日
第 20 頁 共 21 頁
畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）報告用紙
Die history and Design
1 Die history
1.1 Die position in industrial production
Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.
采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要手段和工藝發(fā)展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的發(fā)展和技術(shù)水平的提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展將起越來越大的作用。
The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月國務(wù)院頒布的《關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點的決定》中，把模具列為機械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列的第二位 ( 僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備 ) ，確立模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國家重點鼓勵發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." 經(jīng)國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從 1997 年到 2000 年，對 80 多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實行增值稅返還 70% 的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有這些，都充分體現(xiàn)了國務(wù)院和國家有關(guān)部門對發(fā)展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開始，我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.
據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在家電、玩具等輕工行業(yè)，近 90 ％的零件是綜筷具生產(chǎn)的；在飛機、汽車、農(nóng)機和無線電行業(yè)，這個比例也超過 60 ％。According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飛機制造業(yè)，某型戰(zhàn)斗機模具使用量超過三萬套，其中主機八千套、發(fā)動機二千套、輔機二萬套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 從產(chǎn)值看， 80 年代以來，美、日等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)值已超過機床行業(yè)，并又有繼續(xù)增長的趨勢。 From the output of view, since the 80's, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 據(jù)國際生產(chǎn)技術(shù)協(xié)會預(yù)測，到 2000 年，產(chǎn)品盡件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 ％將由模具完成；金屬、塑料、陶瓷、橡膠、建材等工業(yè)制品大部分將由模具完成， 50 ％以上的金屬板材、 80 ％以上的塑料都特通過模具轉(zhuǎn)化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.
1.2 Die trend
1.2.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction
(1) mold software features integrated
模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計、制造、裝配、檢驗、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. 如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計高級渲染、塑料模設(shè)計專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。 Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. 集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。 A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. 國內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的CAXA系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。 Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .
(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional
傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. 模具設(shè)計、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。 Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. 如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。 Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. 另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。 In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . 澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應(yīng)用。 Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. 國內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。 China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. 面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。 For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. 如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗等。 Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.
（3） 模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢
(3) mold software applications, networking trend
隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計算機軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. 美國在其《21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略》中指出，到2006年要實現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個月縮短到4個月。 The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.
1.2.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction
(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient
精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對檢測設(shè)備的要求越來越高。Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. 現(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達(dá)2～3μm，目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日本等國的高精度三坐標(biāo)測量機，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。 Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. 如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm×3250mm三坐標(biāo)測量機，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實現(xiàn)了從測量實物→建立數(shù)學(xué)模型→輸出工程圖紙→模具制造全過程，成功實現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。 Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm × 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical → model output of engineering drawings → → the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. 這方面的設(shè)備還包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLON SERIES2)可實現(xiàn)激光測頭和接觸式測頭優(yōu)勢互補，激光掃描精度為0.05mm，接觸式測頭掃描精度達(dá)0.02mm。 This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. 另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺式掃描儀和英國泰勒·霍普森公司的TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價化和功能復(fù)合化等特點。 Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.
(2) CNC EDM
日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機伺服驅(qū)動的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動反應(yīng)快、傳動及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點。Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. 瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動編程專家系統(tǒng)。Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. 另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。 Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.
(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)
銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。Milling is an important means of cavity mold. 而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點。 The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. 因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。 Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. 瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動加工中心，其機床定位精度可達(dá)8μm，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/min。 Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. 意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達(dá)2500mm×5000mm×1800mm，轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)20500r/min，切削進(jìn)給速度達(dá)20m/min。 Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、壓鑄模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可達(dá)0.01mm。 HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.
1.2.3 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly
模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. 因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。 Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. 在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具鋼有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火鋼(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼(如美國P20)、時效硬化型鋼(如美國P21、日本NAK55等)、熱處理硬化型鋼(如美國D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一勝白136等)、粉末模具鋼(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆蓋件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V鑄鐵等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密沖模常采用鋼結(jié)硬質(zhì)合金及硬質(zhì)合金YG20等。在模具表面處理方面，其主要趨勢是：由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展；由一般擴散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展；可采用的鍍膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同時熱處理手段由大氣熱處理向真空熱處理發(fā)展。另外，目前對激光強化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍(刷鍍)防腐強化等技術(shù)也日益受到重視。 In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention.
進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在經(jīng)濟全球化的新形勢下，隨著資本、技術(shù)和勞動力市場的重新整合，我國裝備制造業(yè)在加入WTO以后，將成為世界裝備制造業(yè)的基地。The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. 為了適應(yīng)用戶對模具制造的高精度、短交貨期、低成本的迫切要求，模具工業(yè)正廣泛應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)來加速模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，滿足各行各業(yè)對模具這一基礎(chǔ)工藝裝備的迫切需求。 In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.
2 manufacture die technology
Along with the global economy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing development, urges the industry product more and more to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthens the product in market competitive power, product development cycle, production cycle more and more short, thereupon to makes each kind of product the essential craft equipment mold request to be more and more harsh. On the one hand the enterprise for the pursue scale benefit, causes the mold to turn towards high speed, is precise, the long life direction develops; On the other hand enterprise in order to satisfy the multi- varieties,, the product renewal quickly, wins the market the need, requests the mold to turn towards the manufacture cycle to be short, the cost low fast economy direction develops. The computer, the laser, electronic, the new material, the new technical development, causes the fast economical pattern making technology even more powerful, the application scope expands unceasingly, the type increases unceasingly, the creation economic efficiency and the social efficiency are more and more remarkable. The fast economical pattern making technology and the traditional machine-finishing compares, has the pattern making cycle short, the cost is low, the precision and the life can satisfy in the production the operation requirements, is synthesizes an economic efficiency quite remarkable kind to make the mold the technology, summarizes below, has several types to leave.
2. 1 fast prototypes manufactures technology
The fast prototype manufacture technology is called RPM, is one kind of new manufacture technology which the 80's later period develops. US, Japan, England, Israel, Germany, China have all promoted own commercialization product, and has formed the new industry gradually.RPM is the computer, the laser, the optical scanning, the advanced new material, the computer-aided design (CAD), the computer assistance processing (CAM), the numerical control (CNC) synthesizes the application the high technology and new technology. In takes shape in the concept take the plane separate, piles up as the instruction, in the control take the computer and the numerical control as the foundation, take biggest flexibility as general goals. It has abandoned the traditional machine-finishing method, to the manufacturing industry transformation is a significant breakthrough, uses the RPM technology to be possible directly or indirectly the fast pattern making, this technology already by profession widespread application and so on automobile, aviation, electrical appliances, ships, medical service, mold.
2.2 surfaces take shape the pattern making technology
The surface takes shape the pattern making technology, mainly is the use spurts spreads, the electrolytic casting, chemistry corrosion and so on the new technique formation cavity surface and the fine pattern one kind of craft technology, in the practical application including following several kind of types.
2.2.1 electric arcs spurt spread take shape the pattern making technology
The electric arc spurts spreads takes shape the technical principle is: Has the electric arc quantity of heat using between 2 circular telegrams tinsel to melt the tinsel, depends upon the compressed gas its full atomization, and gives the certain kinetic energy, high speed sprays in the type mold surface, layer upon layer mounts, forms a metal shell, namely the cavity internal surface, uses to fill the substrate material again (generally for metal silt and resin compound materials) performs to support the reinforcement, enhances its intensity and the rigidity, combines the mold together with the metal pattern frame. This kind of pattern making technology craft simple, cost low, manufacture cycle extremely short, the cavity surface takes shape only needs for several hours, saves the energy and the metal material, general cavity surface 2-3mm is only thick, simulation greatly strengthened, the pattern precision may achieve 0.5 mu m. At present this technology widely uses in superficial shape and so on airplane, automobile mold, electrical appliances, furniture, shoemaking, fine arts handicraft is complex and the pattern fine each kind of polyurethane product blow molding, attracts models,
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