真空加熱式高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計【三維SW】【含11張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】
真空加熱式高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計【三維SW】【含11張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】,三維SW,含11張CAD圖紙+PDF圖,真空,加熱,高效,油機(jī),設(shè)計,三維,SW,11,CAD,圖紙,PDF
重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論文)開 題 報 告
題 目 真空加熱式高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計
二級學(xué)院 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 班 級 109040202
姓 名 涂成康 學(xué) 號 10904020226
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
時 間 2013年2月25日2013年6月14日
1.本課題研究的目的及意義
1.1概述
世界的發(fā)展離不開機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)離不開機(jī)油的潤滑。在機(jī)器的摩擦面加入潤滑油不僅可以降低摩擦,減輕磨損,保護(hù)零件不遭銹蝕,而且在采用循環(huán)潤滑時還能起到散熱降溫的作用,并且潤滑油雜質(zhì)越少,效果就越好。正因為如此,潤滑油的提純工作就顯得格外重要。然而不管是從石油中提煉的潤滑油,還是從收集的廢油提煉的潤滑油都含有大量的雜質(zhì),這是不能直接使用的,必須經(jīng)過專門的機(jī)器的提純才能使用。本課題針對潤滑油的提純,研究一款真空凈油機(jī)。
1.2國內(nèi)外凈油機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
國外凈油機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀:國外的凈油機(jī)發(fā)展較早,技術(shù)先進(jìn),占據(jù)著大部分凈油機(jī)的市場。國外有名的公司和產(chǎn)品有:美國頗爾(PALL)公司HNP021、HVP 2703凈油機(jī)、THP070高真空變壓器油凈化設(shè)備、日本加滕(KATO)公司KLVC-8AXSO-II 30000 L/h型全自動凈油機(jī)、KLVC-AX-IA 6000L/h型帶電在線凈油機(jī)、瑞典HERING公司EOK型凈油機(jī)、瑞士麥克菲爾(MICAFIL)公司VH061-E型凈油機(jī)等。美國頗爾(PALL)公司自1946年創(chuàng)立以來以研究流體凈化分離技術(shù)、開發(fā)生產(chǎn)高性能過濾器及過濾系統(tǒng)為主要業(yè)務(wù),高性能過濾器及過濾系統(tǒng)年銷售額超過15億美元,在全世界同類型過濾行業(yè)居第一位。日本加滕(KATO)公司是全球著名的凈油機(jī)制造廠,創(chuàng)立于1923年。目前,KLVC系列高真空凈油機(jī),流量從100 L/h至60000 L/h。國內(nèi)電力系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的大多數(shù)省級變電公司,大型發(fā)電廠和供電公司及變壓器制造商在上世紀(jì)九十年代就開始直接向加藤公司購買高真空凈油機(jī),其帶電在線濾油技術(shù)方面已開創(chuàng)世界先列。
國內(nèi)凈油機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀:國內(nèi)凈油機(jī)制造業(yè)現(xiàn)狀從產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量來看,國產(chǎn)凈油機(jī)與進(jìn)口凈油機(jī)的差距已經(jīng)在逐步縮小,但自主創(chuàng)新能力缺乏,模仿情況依然普遍存在。而在價格方面,國產(chǎn)設(shè)備仍然要比波爾等進(jìn)口的低很多。目前國產(chǎn)凈油機(jī)在中國油處理、凈油設(shè)備市場上的占有率已經(jīng)超過了六成。從市場需求來看,我國作為機(jī)電產(chǎn)品制造大國,凈油機(jī)的市場有很大的發(fā)展?jié)摿ΓF(xiàn)在凈油機(jī)行業(yè)正面臨著產(chǎn)品的升級,如普通壓力式板框凈油機(jī)將會向高效雙級真空凈油機(jī)發(fā)展。雖然部分生產(chǎn)廠商已經(jīng)意識到這個趨勢,并且已經(jīng)開始有所行動,但基本上還是停留在現(xiàn)在技術(shù)的改進(jìn)方面。比如有的設(shè)備加裝個環(huán)保裝置,有的控制方式變換個模式等,大的技術(shù)突破還比較少。大幅提升技術(shù)含量、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代、提高售后服務(wù)水平,依然是國產(chǎn)凈油機(jī)需要重視和解決的問題。重慶市長期以來是我國凈油機(jī)、產(chǎn)品的主要生產(chǎn)基地?,F(xiàn)在,重慶凈油機(jī)制造企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)品種基本覆蓋油處理、油凈化設(shè)備市場需求的各個方面,完全具備了整廠輸出能力,部分企業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量和產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)接近甚至部分超過國外凈油機(jī)品牌產(chǎn)品。
1.3本課題研究的目的和意義
真空凈油機(jī)有許多優(yōu)點:采用先進(jìn)的大面積混流式油水分離專利技術(shù),脫氣脫水效率高;采用強(qiáng)風(fēng)冷凝除水,增強(qiáng)了設(shè)備輸出功率,延長真空泵使用壽命;采用復(fù)合微孔過濾技術(shù),壽命長,可滿足各種過濾精度要求;結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,造型美觀,裝拆容易,清洗方便;可提供大流量的、蒸汽加熱的,或有特殊要求的油凈化系統(tǒng)。正因為真空凈油機(jī)有以上優(yōu)點,使得真空凈油機(jī)應(yīng)用極為廣泛。本課題在老師的指導(dǎo)下,查閱資料文獻(xiàn),應(yīng)用所學(xué)知識,在現(xiàn)有真空凈油機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計一款真空凈油機(jī),并有所創(chuàng)新,達(dá)到知識用于實踐,提高自身能力。
2.本課題的任務(wù)要求及實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的可行性分析
2.1本課題的任務(wù)要求
(1)查閱文獻(xiàn)資料,完成開題報告、任務(wù)書、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、畢業(yè)論文;
(2)了解真空凈油機(jī)的工作原理;
(3)凈油機(jī)總體方案設(shè)計;
(4)裝備的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,繪制總裝圖;
(5)過濾加熱裝置設(shè)計及裝備圖繪制;
(6)加熱器機(jī)構(gòu)零件圖繪制;
(7)建立真空凈油機(jī)的三維模型。
2.2本課題的預(yù)期目標(biāo)
(1)掌握特種裝備的設(shè)計方案制定;
(2)熟悉非標(biāo)件設(shè)計方法;
(3)可基本具備機(jī)械裝備設(shè)計能力。
2.3實現(xiàn)本課題的可行性分析
第一:本課題的設(shè)計任務(wù)是建立在現(xiàn)有真空凈油機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行逆向設(shè)計,并有一定創(chuàng)新,不存在憑空設(shè)計的問題。
第二:在大學(xué)期間所學(xué)的機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械設(shè)計、機(jī)械工程制圖、機(jī)械裝備設(shè)計制造、機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)、互換性與測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、電工學(xué)、機(jī)電控制原理、微機(jī)原理、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)等課程完全可以解決真空凈油機(jī)的理論知識問題。
第三:通過圖書館查閱資料文獻(xiàn)和咨詢老師,了解凈油機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及趨勢,了解凈油機(jī)的工作原理,了解真空凈油機(jī)的組成部件,為真空凈油機(jī)的設(shè)計打下基礎(chǔ)。
第四:能運(yùn)用AutoCAD、SolidWorks及COSMOSMotion等制圖軟件完成真空凈油機(jī)的三維建模、二維制圖,以完成總體方案設(shè)計和重要部件的設(shè)計。
3.本課題的關(guān)鍵問題及解決思路
3.1總體方案的設(shè)計及解決方案
總體方案的設(shè)計參照老師所給GRJ-50型真空凈油機(jī)資料,在保證正常工作和兼顧結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化的情況下,并有創(chuàng)新,完成真空凈油機(jī)的布局設(shè)計。通過SolidWorks三維軟件完成真空凈油機(jī)的三維建模,在這個基礎(chǔ)上對真空凈油機(jī)進(jìn)行計算、校核、檢驗,待老師檢查無誤后,以此為模型進(jìn)行裝備圖和零件圖的繪制。
3.2過濾加熱裝置設(shè)計及解決方法
過濾器加熱裝置的作用是濾除外部混入或者系統(tǒng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中產(chǎn)生的固體雜質(zhì),使油液保持清潔,保證系統(tǒng)工作的可靠性。過濾器的過濾精度用雜質(zhì)的顆粒大小表示,一般可分為粗過濾器、普通過濾器、精過濾器和超精過濾器四種,分別是:大于100μm為粗過濾器,10~100μm為普通過濾器,5~10μm為精過濾器,1~5μm為超精過濾器。根據(jù)雜質(zhì)顆粒的大小,選擇合適的過濾器。參照總體方案和過濾器的常規(guī)設(shè)計,完成過濾加熱裝置的設(shè)計。
4.完成本課題的工具和條件
(1)具備機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械設(shè)計、機(jī)電控制、機(jī)械裝備設(shè)計、機(jī)械制圖、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)等知識。
(2)對真空凈油機(jī)進(jìn)行市場調(diào)研,了解發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及趨勢和發(fā)明專利。
(3)熟練使用AutoCAD、SolidWorks及COSMOSMotion等電腦繪圖軟件。
(4)真空凈油機(jī)的設(shè)計資料。
(5)合理的任務(wù)計劃安排。
5.工作方案分析及進(jìn)度計劃
2012 年12月 28 日-2013 年 2 月24日: 查閱資料、學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)知識、初步擬定任務(wù)計劃和完成老師布置的作業(yè);
2013 年 2 月25 日-2013 年 3 月 17日:制定任務(wù)計劃,完成開題報告、任務(wù)書、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯;
2013 年 3 月 18日-2013 年 3月31日:凈油機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè)計、三維建模;
2013 年 4月1 日-2013 年5月 12 日:完成凈油系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,完成局部部件設(shè)計,繪制二維圖,完成畢業(yè)論文初稿。
2013 年 5月 13日-2013 年 5 月 26 日:指導(dǎo)老師進(jìn)行論文初稿審核、修改后定稿;
2012 年 5月 27日-2013 年6 月 5日:論文定稿并由老師審核,準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯。
報告人:(手簽名)
年 月 日
指導(dǎo)教師意見(要求手寫)
指導(dǎo)教師:(手簽名)
年 月 日
開題報告應(yīng)根據(jù)教師下發(fā)的設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書,在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下由學(xué)生獨立撰寫。
重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書
題目 真空加熱式高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計
(任務(wù)起止日期 2013年 2月 25 日~2013年 6月 14 日)
機(jī)械工程 學(xué)院機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè) 109040202班
學(xué)生姓名 涂成康 學(xué) 號 10904020226
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
二級學(xué)院院長
課題內(nèi)容:
1. 凈油機(jī)總體方案設(shè)計;
2. 裝備的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,繪制總裝圖;
3. 過濾加熱裝置設(shè)計及裝配圖繪制;
4. .加熱器機(jī)構(gòu)零件圖繪制;
5. 建立真空凈油機(jī)的三維模型。
課題任務(wù)要求:
1. 查閱文獻(xiàn)不少于20篇,完成開題報告,文獻(xiàn)綜述不少于3000字,翻譯與課題相關(guān)的外文資料不少于1萬個字符。
2. 提交一份電子檔案交與老師,包括任務(wù)書、開題報告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、外文翻譯、畢業(yè)論文。
3. 做好真空凈油機(jī)的調(diào)研工作,了解真空凈油機(jī)發(fā)展趨勢和發(fā)明專利。
4. 完成真空凈油機(jī)的總裝設(shè)計,過濾加熱裝置的設(shè)計。
5. 利用Solidworks對真空凈油機(jī)進(jìn)行三維建模三維建模,完成后交與老師修改。
6. 按要求用計算機(jī)繪制裝配圖、零件圖、并用A0、A1、A2紙張打印。
主要參考文獻(xiàn)(由指導(dǎo)教師選定)
[1] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛. 機(jī)械設(shè)計. 7版. 北京:高等教育出版社,2001.
[2] 孫桓,陳作模. 機(jī)械原理[M]. 6版. 北京:北京高等教育出版社,2001.
[3] 王霄. 逆向工程技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用. 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004.
[4] 威·胡勃卡著. 劉偉烈,刁元康譯.工程設(shè)計原理. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1982.
[5] 馮辛安. 機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999.
[6] 何存興,張鐵華. 液傳動與氣壓傳動[M]. 第二版. 武漢:華中科技大學(xué)出版社,2000.
[7] 王先逵. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1995.
[8] 劉全忠. 電子技術(shù)[M]. 2版. 北京:高等教育出版社,2004.
同組者 無
注:1、任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師填寫;
2、任務(wù)書在第七學(xué)期期末下達(dá)給學(xué)生
學(xué)生完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作進(jìn)度計劃表
序號
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作任務(wù)
工 作 進(jìn) 度 日 程 安 排
周次
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
查閱資料
2
完成開題報告、任務(wù)書、文獻(xiàn)綜述和外文翻譯
3
結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè)計、三維建模
4
完成結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,局部設(shè)計,繪制零件圖
5
繪制裝配圖,完成論文初稿
6
論文初稿審核、修改后定稿
7
論文定稿并由老師審核,準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯(5月31日前結(jié)束全部設(shè)計,資料交指導(dǎo)老師)
8
準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯及資料整理
注:1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫;
2、此表每個學(xué)生一份,作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)檢查工作進(jìn)度之依據(jù);
3、進(jìn)度安排用“—”在相應(yīng)位置畫出。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)階段工作情況檢查表
時間
第 一 階 段
第 二 階 段
第 三 階 段
內(nèi)容
組織紀(jì)律
完 成 任 務(wù) 情 況
組織紀(jì)律
完 成 任 務(wù) 情 況
組織紀(jì)律
完 成 任 務(wù) 情 況
檢
查
情
況
教師簽字
簽字 日期
簽字 日期
簽字 日期
注:1、此表由指導(dǎo)教師認(rèn)真填寫(要求手寫);
2、“組織紀(jì)律”一欄根據(jù)學(xué)生具體執(zhí)行情況如實填寫;
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重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué)
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論文)英文翻譯
題目 真空加熱式高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計
二級學(xué)院 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化班 級 109040202
姓 名 涂成康 學(xué) 號 10904020226
指導(dǎo)教師 系 主 任
時 間 2012年2月25日~2013年6月14日
Purification of design method and vacuum purifying oil engine lubricating oil
1.Foreword
Turbine oil (oil) on turbine generator is mainly used for lubrication and cooling speed, etc., for the steam turbine unit long-term operation, due to high pressure steam seal, motor shaft seal and other serious wear, band gap or steam pressure regulating improper, cause on phenomena, and oil cooler leakage, resulting in serious water turbine oil oily, appear murky or emulsified oil, accelerated aging, to produce soaps, colloid and organic and inorganic acid, reduce the stability and lubricating oil. At the same time, water and additive effect of oil could promote the decomposition, cause equipment corrosion. On the other hand, because the system external contaminants through shaft seal and various pore to enter, such as sand, dust, rust, carbon particle, and internalmetal wear particles, oil oxidation products, will also reduce the oil viscosity, anti - foam, destruction of oil film, increasing friction, wear of mechanical equipment, and may cause the speed control system block, failure, cause local overheating and even stuffy car. The formation of sludge pipeline emulsified oil may also deposit in the speed control, circulation system, the operation of oil, can not flow smoothly, no lubrication, cooling speed, good effect. Therefore, the turbine oil is good or bad, directly affect the safe and economic operation of the unit.
Transformer oil after several years of operation, due to various reasons, the quality deterioration, oil oxidation, color depth, water, clay, free carbon, acid value, viscosity, mechanical impurities will exceed the standard, the potential danger of transformer. Processing methods commonly used are: power off, stop, change new oil.
However, the rapid economic development and energy is very scarce in China, a new oil is obviously not the economy. Therefore, this article will explore the oil processing method, and introduces a high efficiency oil machine apparatus and process.
2. Lubricating oil processing method
Currently the oil regeneration purification method there are 7 ways
2.1Gravity settling barrier method
This method is primarily used to remove large proportion, larger particles of impurities in oil, as well as water intake is very serious in making coarse purification, purification measures must be complemented with other purification methods.
2.2Pressure filtration method
The Act, also known as mechanical filtration. Traditional plate-and-frame type filter, which uses oil pump pressure pressure difference of formation on both sides of filter paper, when waste oil through filter paper, impurities and water filter. But inefficient operations, used dosage in big trouble. High cost breakdown voltage increase is less obvious. Dewatering capacity depends entirely on the degree of dry filter paper, do not bake before throwing, or do not change the filter paper. Filter paper will promptly with the balance of water in the oil State, that is a saturation, even water release to diesel.
2.3 Centrifugal separation method
This method use proportion in waste oil, water impurities in different. Under the centrifugal force produced by the high speed rotation of the oil-water separation, to purify the purpose of impurity. This method is not high, the requirements of water heavy waste turbine oil, hydraulic oil, lubricating oil can be used as a pretreatment, high efficiency. But it can not remove dissolved water purification, and less pressure filter. Only the centrifuge is used as a coarse filter device.
2.4Vacuum separation method
It makes use of oil and water boiling point difference exists, so that the oil atomization or form oil film in vacuum and under certain temperature, the moisture evaporation, removal of water in oil, gas, and filter out impurities. The performance, efficiency of vacuum oil purifier, because the structure of many, each are not identical. High efficiency equipment to a new generation of volume, power consumption is very small is gradually replacing the traditional vacuum oil purifier.
2.5Condensation purification method
It makes use of waste oil flowing through the high pressure (10 ~ 40kV) DC electric field, polar molecules such as water, oil, acid components, sludge, size ion polarity material will be charged, polar and incentive, thus using electrostatic attraction electrochemical, making them adsorption and aggregation, off the impurities, and oil pure and is not easy to absorb, under the action of the oil pressure can be forced through the electric field, so that the purpose of the present method but is rarely applied, the purification efficiency is low, high failure rate, repair difficulties.
2.6Electrostatic separation method
It uses the oil flowing to the high voltage ( 10 ~ 40kV ) DC electric field, polar molecules such as water, oil, acid components, sludge, size ion polarity material will be charged, polar and incentive, thus using electrostatic attraction electrochemical, making them adsorption and aggregation, off the impurities, and oil pure and is not easy to absorb, under the action of the oil pressure can be forced through the electric field, so that the purpose of the present method but is rarely applied, the purification efficiency is low, high failure rate, repair difficulties.
2.7 Purification and regeneration method
Regeneration method of purification and regeneration of adsorbents and chemical law, media law, including contact and percolation method.
Adsorbent of traditional method use of activated white clay, with larger active surface adsorption materials such as silica gel, acid component of waste oils, resins, asphaltenes, unsaturated hydrocarbons and water, there is a strong characteristic of adsorption capacity, make adsorbent full contact with the waste oil to remove harmful substances.
Contact media mix with the oil, will be restricted from oil regeneration process within equipment.
Infiltration law was forced through oil fitted with granular adsorbents (such as silica gel, particulate clay, alumina, and so on) does not require mixing, also charged handling of electrical equipment. Chemical regeneration process, first with sulfuric acid and oxidation products in the waste oils generated acid residue, and then contact Clay mixing process, or by using lye (sodium hydroxide standard solution) and acidic acidity of oils in the ingredients. Generated salts soluble in the caustic sludge formed in alkaline solution.
Lye removal, remaining a little salt water washed or treated with a white soil contact. Regeneration treatment suitable for more serious deterioration of oil, but oil containing more water and impurities, it should dehydrate, impurities before regeneration, regeneration after the strict application of pressurized oil to the filter, prevent sorbent particles are brought into the power device.
In addition, regeneration also can be a useful component in oil to get rid of, so the regeneration is completed should rejoin the antioxidant T501.
For oil degradation of more serious, only a chemical regeneration methods, but huge chemical regeneration equipment, complex, intensive, work efficiency, long life cycle, the energy consumption is high. Obvious. Dewatering capacity depends entirely on the degree of dry filter paper, do not bake before throwing, or do not change the filter paper. Filter paper will promptly with the balance of water in the oil State, that is a saturation, even water release to diesel.
3.Technical characteristics of vacuum oil purifier
General dewatering, degassing vacuum oil purifier and impurity removal function. Impurities by multistage mechanical filter to meet the requirement, and the moisture content in oil and gas separation many times over and over again find it more difficult to achieve the desired level of vacuum oil purifier is at the heart of separation of vacuum degassing and dewatering systems.
A separation effect of vacuum oil purifier, advantages and disadvantages of isolation tank efficiency largely depends on the performance and quality largely depends on the performance of oil separation tank in one of the forms. At present, the domestic vacuum oil purifier, its processed oil in the gas-liquid separation tank in existence can be summarized as 3.
Namely, fog-like volume, of oil film.
Simple volume and separation, it is characterized by the formation in oil separation tank full tank wall of overall State, when the space above the oil is pumped into the vacuum, water vapor from above only volatile, volatile small, inefficient.
Spray an improvement over the volume, when oil from the upper spray into the isolation tank, spray the granular form of volatile oil drop oil surface than an increase in the volume, but most of the water and the bubbles still being within the oil drops, essential effect is still poor.
Oil film shaped is will diesel injected tank within, tank within has many metal hole plate, makes oil liquid has opportunities in hole pull of surface formed thin oil film, to than Qian two species forms are increased has oil of surface area, but actually efficiency still lower, space utilization poor, volume large, often to repeatedly repeatedly filter, heating must is high, otherwise oil in the residual moisture difficult to quickly reached wanted to degree, oil also easy aging.
4. vacuum oil purifier
Vacuum oil purifier, high separation efficiency, is found in limited form in the vacuum tank oil film with a total area of bigger is better, followed by oil-film surface should be kept up to date, then there oil liquid film flow in a vacuum the longer the better, better ventilation and separator plates, easy removal of water vapour. For this, in the machine vacuum separation tank above first by spray type Distributor, will from infrared heater of hot oil uniform of Jet to upper separation Tower plate, dang just by plus and boiling to purification of pressure oil liquid by atomization distributor spray into steam liquid separation above Shi, first in collapsed metal network above space are fog shaped separation, due to into oil end atomization distributor of role, is easy formed than General particles more fine of uniform fog shaped, immediately oil filling is uniform to distribution to upper fine hole metal online. The rectangle as the collapse the network produces a lot of slope, oil form a very thin oil film on the slope first, while maintaining the high-vacuum tank, moisture in oil and bubbles easily are volatile, because surface is tilted, diesel continued downward at the same time, has the potential to roll accompanied by stirring, the oil surface has been updated. Separation efficiency at its best on the same slope, and thin metal mesh is made of very fine wires, there are numerous small holes through the holes, oil not only in surface flow formation on film, while soaked to the next surface, form a thin film on both sides, and good air permeability. Vaporization components can easily be pump, thanks to collapse so that it can be in the same volume much larger than conventional forms of the film (expanded) surface area. Between each level of folding NET lining into a metal hole, drill-intensive network of thin plate on top of the hole collapse played a supporting role, again on the next tier network to the redistribution of oil and damp mixing roles, both upper and lower surfaces forming a film. Thus, in situations not increasing overall dimensions, its could be added to the regular structure of the total area of more than 250% and tortuous collapse the network structure, the oil flow paths are complex and extended, so that the oil film in the vacuum holding time increased considerably, moisture in the oil and gas separation effect increases dramatically.
潤滑油提純方法與真空高效凈油機(jī)設(shè)計
1. 前言
汽輪機(jī)油(透平油)在汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組中主要用于潤滑、調(diào)速和散熱冷卻等,對于長期運(yùn)行的汽輪機(jī)組,由于高壓汽封、電機(jī)軸封等嚴(yán)重磨損,帶間隙或汽封壓力調(diào)節(jié)不當(dāng),引起串汽現(xiàn)象,以及冷油器泄漏,造成透平油嚴(yán)重含水,出現(xiàn)油質(zhì)渾濁不清或乳化,加速油質(zhì)老化,產(chǎn)生皂類、膠質(zhì)和有機(jī)與無機(jī)酸,降低油的穩(wěn)定性和潤滑價值[1]。同時,水分會與油中添加劑作用促使其分解,導(dǎo)致設(shè)備銹蝕。另一方面由于系統(tǒng)外污染物通過軸封和各種孔隙進(jìn)入,如砂子、塵土、銹渣、碳粒,及內(nèi)部金屬磨損顆粒、油品氧化產(chǎn)物,也會降低油的粘度、抗泡沫性,破壞油膜、增大摩擦,磨損設(shè)備機(jī)件,并有可能導(dǎo)致調(diào)速系統(tǒng)卡塞、失靈,引起局部過熱甚至悶車。乳化油還有可能沉積于調(diào)速、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的管路中,生成油泥,使運(yùn)行油不能暢通流動,起不到良好的潤滑、調(diào)速、冷卻作用。因此,透平油的好壞,直接影響到機(jī)組的安全經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行。
變壓器油經(jīng)過幾年運(yùn)行后,由于各種原因,使油質(zhì)發(fā)生劣化,油液氧化、油色變深,水分、油泥、游離炭、酸值、機(jī)械雜質(zhì)、粘度等都超標(biāo),造成變壓器潛在的危險。常用的處理方法是:斷電、停產(chǎn)、換新油。
但是,對于經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展而能源又相當(dāng)緊缺的我國來說,換新油顯然是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的。為此,本文將探討油處理方法,并介紹一款高效凈油機(jī)裝置及其工藝。
2潤滑油處理方法[2]
目前國內(nèi)的油液再生凈化方法有以下7 種
2.1重力沉障法
此法主要用以除去油中比重較大、顆粒較大的雜質(zhì),以及在進(jìn)水很嚴(yán)重的情況下作粗凈化,必須要有其它凈化方法作為補(bǔ)充凈化措施。
2.2壓力過濾法
該法也稱機(jī)械過濾法。即傳統(tǒng)的板框式壓力過濾機(jī),它利用油泵壓力在濾紙兩面形成壓差,使廢油通過濾紙時,將雜質(zhì)與水分濾去。但效率低操作麻煩、濾紙用量大。成本高,擊穿電壓提高不明顯。脫水能力完全取決于濾紙的干燥程度,使用前不烘烤,或不勤換濾紙。濾紙將會迅速與油中的含水達(dá)到平衡狀態(tài),即出現(xiàn)飽和現(xiàn)象,甚至將水分釋放給油渣。
2.3離心分離法
此法利用廢油中的油、水雜質(zhì)的比重不同。在高速旋轉(zhuǎn)所產(chǎn)生的離心力作用下,使油水雜質(zhì)分開達(dá)到凈化目的。該法對要求不高、含水很重的廢透平油、液壓油、機(jī)械油可作預(yù)處理,效率較高。但它不能除去溶解的水分,并且凈化程度不如壓力式過濾機(jī)。離心分離機(jī)只能作為一種粗濾裝置。
2.4真空分離法
它利用油與水存在較大沸點差,使油在高真空和一定溫度下產(chǎn)生霧化或形成油膜,使水分汽化,脫除油中水分、氣體、并濾去雜質(zhì)。真空凈油機(jī)的性能、效率,因結(jié)構(gòu)很多,各不相同。新一代體積、能耗均很小的高效型設(shè)備正在逐漸取代傳統(tǒng)真空凈油機(jī)。
2.5凝聚凈化法
該法采用特殊過濾塔,以組合細(xì)小的,分散的水滴成大水滴,大水滴被阻留在塔內(nèi)。經(jīng)過逐漸匯集,最后落到分離室底部。這種方法主要用于含水較重的油液。并且一般不作為單獨的凈化手段使用。
2.6靜電分離法
它利用廢油流經(jīng)高壓(10 ~ 40kV )直流電場時,油中的極性分子,如水、酸性組分、油泥、大小離子等極性物質(zhì)將會帶電、分極和激勵,從而利用電化學(xué)的靜電引力,使它們吸附和聚集,把雜質(zhì)去掉,而純凈的油液不易吸附,在油壓作用下可強(qiáng)行通過電場,從而起到凈化目的但該法目前應(yīng)用還很少,效率偏低,故障率較高,維修困難。
2.7再生凈化法
再生凈化法又分吸附劑法和化學(xué)再生法,吸附劑法包括接觸法和滲濾法。傳統(tǒng)的吸附劑法利用活性白土,硅膠等具有較大活性表面的吸附材料,對廢油中的酸性成份、樹脂、瀝青質(zhì),不飽和烴和水等有較強(qiáng)吸附能力的特點,使吸附劑與廢油充分接觸,除去有害物質(zhì)。
接觸法須將吸附劑與油進(jìn)行攪拌,只適于從設(shè)備內(nèi)換出油液的再生處理。
滲濾法是強(qiáng)迫油液通過裝有顆粒狀吸附劑(如硅膠、顆粒白土、氧化鋁等)使用中不需要攪拌,也可對電力設(shè)備進(jìn)行帶電處理。
化學(xué)再生法中,先用硫酸與廢油中的氧化產(chǎn)物作用生成酸渣,再用白土接觸攪拌處理,或先用堿液(常用氫氧化鈉溶液)中和酸性油中的酸性成份。生成的鹽類可溶于該堿液中形成堿渣。隨堿液一道排出,殘存的少許鹽類可用水洗滌去或用白土接觸處理。
再生處理適合于劣化較嚴(yán)重的油液,但對含水和含雜質(zhì)較多的油,還應(yīng)先進(jìn)行脫水,除去雜質(zhì)后才能再生,再生完畢后,還應(yīng)用壓力式油機(jī)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的過濾,以防吸附劑微粒被帶入電力設(shè)備。另外,由于再生的同時會將油中有用成分除掉,所以再生完畢應(yīng)重新加入T501抗氧化劑。
對于劣化比較嚴(yán)重的油,只能采用化學(xué)再生方法,但化學(xué)再生設(shè)備龐大,工藝復(fù)雜,勞動強(qiáng)度大,工效低,周期長,能耗高。
3.真空凈油機(jī)的技術(shù)特征
真空凈油機(jī)一般具有脫水、脫氣、除雜質(zhì)功能。雜質(zhì)一般經(jīng)多級機(jī)械過濾即可達(dá)到要求,而油液中所含水分和氣體反復(fù)分離多次也較難達(dá)到理想程度,所以真空凈油機(jī)的核心部分是真空脫氣脫水分離系統(tǒng)。一臺真空凈油機(jī)的分離效果好壞,效率高低主要取決于分離罐性能的優(yōu)劣,而分離罐的性能優(yōu)劣主要取決于油在其中的存在形式[4]。
目前,國內(nèi)的真空凈油機(jī),其被處理油在氣液分離罐中的存在形式歸納起來為3種。即體積狀、霧狀、油膜狀。
其中體積狀分離工藝最簡單,它的特點是油在分離罐中形成充滿罐壁的整體狀態(tài),油的上面空間被抽成真空時,水蒸汽僅從上面得到揮發(fā),揮發(fā)面積很小,效率很低。
霧狀比體積狀有所改進(jìn),因油液從上部噴淋入分離罐時,噴淋形式的顆粒狀油滴使油液的揮發(fā)表面比體積狀有所增加,但大部份水與氣泡仍被封在油滴內(nèi),揮發(fā)效果仍然很差。
油膜狀是將油渣注入罐內(nèi),罐內(nèi)有很多金屬孔板,使得油液有機(jī)會在孔扳的表面形成薄油膜,從而比前兩種形式均增加了油的表面積,但實際上效率仍然較
低,空間利用率較差,體積大,往往要反復(fù)多次過濾,加溫必須很高,否則油中殘余含水量難于迅速達(dá)到想程度,油質(zhì)也易老化[5]。
4.高效真空凈油機(jī)
對于真空凈油機(jī),要分離效率高,一是要在有限的真空罐內(nèi)形成的油膜總面積越大越好,其次是油膜表面要不斷更新,再就是油液的薄膜狀態(tài)在真空中流動時間越長越好,以及分離塔板的通氣性要好,易于脫除水蒸汽[6]。為此,在該機(jī)真空分離罐上方首先由噴霧式分配器,將來自紅外加熱器的熱油均勻的噴射到上層分離塔板,當(dāng)剛經(jīng)加而沸騰待凈化的壓力油液經(jīng)霧化分配器噴入汽液分離上方時,首先在折疊金屬網(wǎng)上方空間得到霧狀分離,由于進(jìn)油端霧化分配器的作用,很易形成比常規(guī)顆粒更細(xì)的均勻霧狀,緊接著油灌被均勻地分配到上層細(xì)孔金屬網(wǎng)上。由于折疊網(wǎng)形成大量的矩形斜面,油液首先在斜面上形成很薄的油膜,在保持高真空度的罐內(nèi),油中水分和氣泡極易得到揮發(fā),再因表面是傾斜的,使油渣在不斷向下流動的同時,有可能伴有翻滾攪拌作用,使油液表面不斷得到更新。分離效果在同一斜面上就處于最佳狀態(tài),又由于薄金屬網(wǎng)由極細(xì)的金屬絲制成,有無數(shù)細(xì)微孔眼,通過這些小孔,油液不僅在上表面流動形成油膜,同時還浸透到下表面,形成雙面薄油膜,且透氣性較好。汽化成分很容易被抽除,由于采用了折疊形式,使其在相同容積內(nèi)可得到比常規(guī)形式大得多的油膜(展開)表面積。每兩層折疊網(wǎng)之間襯入一塊金屬孔盤,鉆有密集小孔的薄盤既對上層折疊網(wǎng)起到支承作用,又對下一層網(wǎng)起到油液再分配作用和阻尼攪拌作用,同時上下表面也形成了油膜[7]。因而在不增大整機(jī)體積情況下,其總面積可增到常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)的250%以上,再因曲折的折疊網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu),使油流路徑復(fù)雜且延長,從而使油膜在真空中保持時間大為增加,使油中水分與氣體的分離效果大大提高。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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