江蘇省東臺市三倉中學高中英語 Unit2 Witnessing time語法學案 牛津譯林版選修9

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1、Unit2 Witnessing time名詞性從句 名詞性從句: 即指性質(zhì)相當于名詞的從句，它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 一、引導名詞性從句的連接詞 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 連接詞：whether, if “是否”不充當句子的任何成分。 that只能起連接主句和從句的作用，不充當從句的任何成分，無詞義。 二、名詞性從句的分類 1. 主

2、語從句：用作主語的從句叫主語從句。 That she likes such kind of films is very interesting. Whether he will come remains a question. What she is doing is none of your business. Whoever comes will be welcome. Where he has been is still a puzzle. However you do it is all right with me. 2. 表語從句：表語從句在句中作表語，它位于主句的

3、系動詞之后。 The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 問題是抽煙的人不抽煙就會感到難受。 The question is whether it is worth doing. 問題是這是否值得做。 China is no longer what it used to be. 中國已不是從前那個樣子了。 This is where he has worked for years. 這就是他多年工作的地方。 3. 賓語從句：在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞或某些形容詞的賓語。 They know that the hab

4、it may kill them. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. I’m glad that I can go with you. 4. 同位語從句: 同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容?？捎糜谕徽Z從句的名詞有advice, fact, demand, doubt, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question

5、, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。 The news that we won the game is exciting.　 I have no idea when he will come back home. Word came that our football team had won the match. 三、名詞性從句中的注意點 主語從句： 1. 有時用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。常用句型如下。 1) It is +名詞+ that … (名詞: a pity/no wonder

6、/a pleasure) eg. It is a pity that my new computer doesn’t work. 2) It is +形容詞+ that … (形容詞若是strange, necessary, important, natural … 主語從句得用虛擬語氣should +v. eg. It’s necessary that you complete the design before National Day. 3) It is +過去分詞+ that … (常用動詞: report, say, tell, believe, think …) eg

7、. It’s said that the sports meet will be put off. 4) It + 不及物動詞+that … eg. It?occurred?to?me?that I had told him the news. ?我突然想起來我已經(jīng)告訴他這個消息了。 2. 使用主語從句應注意。 1) 從句作主語，謂語常用單數(shù)，但以what開始的主語從句，如后面的表語為復數(shù)時，謂語也用復數(shù)。 eg. What he wants to buy are three books and two ball pens. What he wanted to see was

8、an end to all the armies of the world. 2) that從句位于句首時，that絕對不能省略。That we are invited to the concert is good news to us. 3. It 作形式主語和引導強調(diào)句的比較。 It作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調(diào)句則是強調(diào)句子某一部分，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。 eg. a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the fi

9、lm. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我對你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強調(diào)句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗戶。（強調(diào)句型） 賓語從句： 1. 連接詞that引導的賓語從句，若主句動詞后有兩個或以上的賓語從句，除第一個that外，其余均不可省。 eg. I forgo

10、t (that) my papers was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. 2. 在demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。 eg. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我堅持要她自己工作。 3. 注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應。 1）當

11、主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時態(tài)。 eg. He studies English every day. （從句用一般現(xiàn)在時） eg. He studied English last term. （從句用一般過去時） eg. He knows (that) he will study English next year. （從句用一般將來時） eg. He has studied English since 1998. （從句用現(xiàn)在完成時） 2）當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句則要用相應的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學原

12、理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 eg. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. She told me that the earth turns around the sun. 表語從句： 1. 表語從句的表現(xiàn)形式除了用從屬連詞，連接代詞和連接副詞引導以外，還可用as, as if, as though。 Things were not as they seemed. It looks as if it is going to rain. 2. 另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。 The r

13、eason why … is that … eg. The reason why he was fired is that he didn’t work hard. That is because …… eg. He was late for school yesterday. That is because he was ill. (because 說明理由) That is why … eg. He was ill. That is why he was late for school. (前面說明理由，why引導從句表結(jié)果) 同位語從句： 1. 凡表

14、示“請示、建議、命令”等動詞的相應的名詞引導的同位語從句，均用 (should) +v. 原形如：order, advice, suggestion, demand, proposal … eg. The suggestion that he (should) not go there is of great value. 2. 同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別。 1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。 2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定

15、，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。 eg. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。） （同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分） 四、名詞性從句中應注意的其它情況 1. whether 與 if 的區(qū)別 1) 在賓語從句中可互換

16、: eg. I don’t know whether/if he will come this evening. 2) 在表語、同位語從句中只能用whether: eg. The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 3) 在主語從句中，只有用it作形式主語時，whether, if都能引導主語從句，而if引導的主語從句只能放在句尾，否則也只能用whether。 eg. Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided. It is not sure

17、if he will succeed. 4) 在介詞后只用whether: eg. I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home. 5) 直接跟動詞不定式時也只用whether: eg. He doesn’t know whether to stay or not. 6) 后面緊跟or not 只用whether。 eg. Whether you like it or not, you must do it well. We didn’t know whether or not she wa

18、s ready. 7) 某些動詞后（discuss/depend）只用whether: eg. It all depends (on) whether they will support us. We must discuss whether he will be allowed come here. 2. 名詞性從句的語序: 不管什么詞引導，從句的語序始終用陳述語序。 eg. I don’t know why he was crying. 我不知道她為什么哭。 The question is why there is little rain here. 問題是這里為什么雨水少

19、。 3. Who/whoever,?what/whatever等的用法區(qū)別 ?一般說來，what/who等含特指意義，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意義，意為“無論什么/無論誰”。 eg. It?is?generally?considered?unwise?to?give?a?child?whatever he?or?she?wants. (這里的whatever表泛指意義) 無論孩子要什么就給他/她什么事不明智的 I?can’t?remember?at?the?moment?who?has?said?the?words.?(這里的who表特定的某人) 4.

20、that與what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別 what用來引導各種名詞性從句，并在從句中做主語、賓語或表語，意為“所……的事或物”。 ? eg. What I need is more time. (what引導主語從句，并在從句中做need的賓語) The boy isn’t what he used to be. (what引導表語從句，并在從句中做be的表語) I have no idea what has happened to her. (what引導同位語從句，并在從句中做主語) that 也可用來引導名詞性從句，但 that本身無意義，也不在從句中做任何成分，僅僅起一個連接

21、的作用。 eg. The teacher taught us that we should always do our best. 語法拓展訓練 （一）高考試題分析 1. ______ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008山東) A. It B. This C. What D. As [解析] C she told me是插入語，可刪除。what引導主語從句，在從句中充當主語。 2. The companies are wo

22、rking together to create ______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (2008北京) A. which B. that C. what D. who [解析] C create后為賓語從句，從句中they hope是插入語，可刪除，因為從句中缺少主語，所以用what引導該從句。 3. The last time we had great fun was ______ we were visiting

23、the Water Park. (2008天津) A. where B. how C. when D. why [解析] C was后為表語從句，此處when與the last time相呼應，根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項。 4. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about ______ he will do or think. (2008上海) A. what B. which C. whom D. that [

24、解析] A 介詞about后為賓語從句，從句中動詞do與think缺少賓語，所以用what引導該從句；which“哪一個”、whom“誰”與句意不符，可排除；that引導賓語從句時不充當成分，也可排除。 5. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江) A. what B. that C. which D. one [解析]

25、 A from后為賓語從句，從句中動詞speak缺少賓語，所以用what引導該從句。 6. is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建) A. It B. What C. As D. Which [解析] B 從第二個is可知它的前面是主語從句，后面是表語從句，主語從句中缺少主語，所以用what引導；若去掉第二個is，則選A項。 7. When asked ______ they needed m

26、ost, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. (2008湖南) A. what B. why C. whom D. which [解析] A 此句中When asked =When they were asked，asked后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語所以用what引導該從句。 8. People in Chongqing are proud of they have achieved in the past ten years. (2008重慶)

27、 A. that B. which C. what D. how [解析] C 介詞of后為賓語從句，此處用what引導賓語從句，在從句中充當賓語。 9. Students are always interested in finding out ______ they can go with a new teacher. (2008安徽) A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long [解析] A finding out后為賓語從句，根據(jù)句意只能

28、用how far“到什么程度或范圍”引導該從句。 10. Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held? (2008陜西) A. what B. which C. that D. where [解析] D idea后為同位語從句，表示idea的具體內(nèi)容，根據(jù)句意從句中缺少地點狀語，所以用where引導。 11. It has been proved ______ eating vegetables in childhoo

29、d helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (2008上海) A. if B. because C. when D. that [解析] D 該句中it是形式主語，所填選項引導真正的主語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導。 12. ______ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. (2008浙江) A. Anyone B. The one

30、 C. Whoever D. Who [解析] C 所填選項引導主語從句，且在從句中充當主語，可排除A、B兩項；who可用來引導主語從句且充當主語，但who表示疑問語氣，與句意不符，故可排除；所以此處用whoever引導主語從句，相當于anyone who，此時anyone用作先行詞，who引導定語從句。 13. The news _____ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterday’s newspaper. (2008上海春招) A. which??????????????? B. whet

31、her??????????????? C. what???????????????? D. that [解析] D news后為同位語從句，表示news的具體內(nèi)容，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導。 14. ______ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled. (2008上海春招) A. What?????????????? ? B. Which?????????????? C. Whether????????????? D. That [解析] A 所填選項引

32、導主語從句，且在從句中充當介詞about的賓語，所以用what引導。 15. Could I speak to______ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山東) A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who [解析] C to后為賓語從句，此處用whoever引導賓語從句，在從句中充當主語，此時whoever=anyone who；no matter who只能用于引導讓步狀語從句。 16. ____ matters most

33、in learning English is enough practice. (2007全國II) A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which [解析] A所填選項引導主語從句，且在從句中充當主語，所以用what引導。 17. He didn’t make ______ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (2007天津) A. this B. that C. it D. these [解析] C 此處用i

34、t作形式賓語，when and where the meeting would be held作真正的賓語。當復合賓語中的賓語是從句時，一般用先行代詞it作形式賓語，而將從句放在補語的后面。 18. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is. (2007天津) A. what B. which C. how D. where [解析] A 此處用what引導賓語從句，在從句中充

35、當表語。which引導賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇；how引導賓語從句時意為“如何”；where引導賓語從句時意為“在……地方”，均與句意不符。 19. ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007上海) A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where [解析] B所填選項引導主語從句，且在從句中充當賓語，所以用what引導。 20. Choosing the right dictionary depends on

36、 ______ you want to use it for. (2007江蘇) A. what B. why C. how D. whether [解析] A on后為賓語從句，此處用what引導賓語從句，在從句中充當介詞for的賓語。 21. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are. (2007浙江) A. where B. what C. when D. why [解析] A Th

37、at’s后為表語從句，此處where與downtown相呼應，根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項。 22. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007 福建) A. how B. what C. which D. when [解析] B 該句中it作形式主語，what引導主語從句。該主語從句還原為疑問句應為“What do other people think about you?”。 23. Having checked th

38、e doors were closed, and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. (2007湖南) A. why B. that C. when D. where [解析] B 所填選項引導賓語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導。 24. You can only be sure of ______ you have at present; you cannot be sure of someth

39、ing _____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that [解析] B of后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語，所以用what引導；something后接定語從句，可以省略作賓語的關系詞that。 25. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (2007陜西) A. That B. Which C. What

40、 D. As [解析] C所填選項引導主語從句，且在從句中充當say和do的賓語，可排除A、D兩項；which引導賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇，與句意不符，故選C。 26. The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when 　　 B. why C. whether D. that [解析] D is后為表語從句，從句中不缺任何成份和意義，只缺少連接詞，所以用that引導。 27

41、. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of ______ you read. (2007上海春招) A. that B. what C. which D. whether [解析] B of后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語，可排除A、D兩項；which引導賓語從句時意為“哪一個”，表示選擇，與句意不符，故選B。 （二）提升訓練 1. Please remind me ______ he said he was going. I may be in

42、 time to see him off. A. where B. when C. how D. what 2. Engines are to machines ______ hearts are to animals. A. as B. that C. what D. which 3. I just wonder ______ that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is

43、 D. what it is 4. One advantage of playing the guitar is ______ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. A. how B. why C. that D. when 5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ______ his teammates had done. A. what B. which

44、 C. why D. while 6. —It’s thirty years since we last met. —But I still remember the story, believe it or not,?______?we got lost on a rainy night. A. which? B. that? C. what? D. when 7. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class?______ he

45、had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. that 　 C. where ? D. because 8. These shoes look very good. I wonder ______. A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost 9. The other day, my brother drove his ca

46、r down the street at ______ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that 10. Along with the letter was his promise ______ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 11. The advice ______ I should take some medicine s

47、ounds good. A. which B. that C. / D. what 12. The problem is ______ he has enough time. A. if??? B. whether?? C. /?? D. that 13. —All the building materials have been washed away. —So I have heard. But there was no sign ______

48、a heavy rain was on the way last night. A. when B. that C. which D. if 14. It is necessary that a college student ______ at least a foreign language. 　　 A. should master B. masters C. mastered D. will master 15. Chances are high ______ China and Rus

49、sia will make an agreement to build an oil pipeline. A. when B. where C. that D. which 16. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly ______. A. where he had paid for it?? B. what he had paid for it C. what he was paid for it??? D. which

50、he had paid for it 17. ______ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who　 B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever 18. The infrastructure of a country is _______ makes everything run smoothly. A. how B. which C. that D. what 19. Mar

51、ia has to baby-sit. That’s______ she can’t come with us. A. why??? B. how??? C. when? ? D. what 20. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why 21. A modern univ

52、ersity has been set up in _____ used to be a deserted land. A which B. that 　　 C. what 　　 D. where 22. I don’t doubt ______ he’ll come. A. that B. how C. whether D. what 23. After ______ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. A. which 　 B. it

53、 C. that　 D. what 24. Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know ______. A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting along C. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along 25. After 15 years, she changed a lot and looked quite different from ______ she

54、used to be. A. that B. whom C. what D. who 26. I hate ______ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. this D. them 27. The reason why she couldn’t come to the meeting was ______ she had not been invited. A. because?

55、?? B. which??? C. that??? D. why 28. ______ really surprised me most was the suggestion that he ______. A. What; had made B. That; should make C. What; should make D. That; had made 29. —Does it matter much ______ the sales manager won’t att

56、end the meeting tomorrow? —I’ve no idea. A. if B. what C. when D. that 30. You are saying that the fight against cyber crimes like “Yanzhao Men” requires great effort, and this is ______ I quite agree. A. how B. what C. where D. why

57、 Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10

58、BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC Keys: 1—5 BCDCA 6—10 BBCCB 11—15 BBBAC 16—20 BDDAC 21—25 CADAC 26—30 ACADC