2019-2020學年高中英語 Module 5 Cloning Section Ⅱ Grammar教學案 外研版選修6

Section Ⅱ　Grammar——虛擬語氣(Ⅰ) 課前自主預習 [例句·體驗] 1．Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced as well as her. Ellen是一個極出色的舞者。我希望我能夠跳得和她一樣好。 2．Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway wouldn't have written his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. 如果沒有戰(zhàn)爭時的經歷，海明威就不會完成他的著名小說《永別了，武器》。 3．Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting. 要是他趕上了早晨的火車，那他就不會開會遲到了。 4．If Mr Dewey had been present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there. 如果Dewey先生當時在場的話，他會為那里的人們提供任何可能的幫助。 5．Were there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from around the world. 要是沒有現代化的通訊工具，我們要等上幾周才能獲取世界各地的新聞。 6．If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 要是我知道你的電話號碼，我昨天就給你打電話了。 7．If you had prepared in advance, you wouldn't be in such awkward position now. 如果你事先做好準備，現在就不至于那么被動了。 8．She wasn't feeling well. Otherwise she wouldn't have left the meeting so early. 她感覺不舒服，要不然她不會那么早離開會議的。 9．How can I climb up that wall! I wish I were a bird. 我怎么能爬上那么高的墻呀！我真希望我是一只小鳥呀。 10．He spoke English as if he had studied it in England before. 他英語說得就像他以前在英國學過一樣。 課堂合作探究 [語法·講座] 一、語氣的定義和種類 1．語氣(mood) 語氣是動詞的一種形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。 2．語氣的種類 (1)陳述語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)是現實的、確定的或符合事實的，用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句。例如： Every question has two sides.每個問題都有兩個方面。(陳述句，表示確定的事情。) (2)祈使語氣：表示說話人對對方的請求或命令。例如： Never be late again！再也不要遲到了！(祈使句) (3)虛擬語氣：表示動作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設或推測等。例如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥，我就能在空中飛行。(與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣) 二、虛擬條件句中的虛擬語氣 If I were you, I should accept the invitation. 如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book. 如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還給你書了。 If it should rain/were to rain/rained tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. 萬一明天下雨，運動會就推遲。(事實上明天下雨的可能性不大) 三、虛擬語氣的幾種特殊用法 1．省掉if的條件從句結構：若條件句把if省略，則需要把were, had, should放在主語前，形成部分倒裝結構。例如： Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination. ＝If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination. 如果你聽了我的建議，你就不會考試不及格了。 2．含蓄條件句：有時虛擬條件不用條件從句而用不定式、分詞、介詞或上下文暗示(常用without, but for, otherwise, or等表達)等，此時句子的時態(tài)要依具體情況而定。例如： But for your help (＝If it had not been for your help), it would have caused a serious loss. 要不是你的幫助，那將會導致巨大的損失。 A true friend would not do such a thing. ＝If he were a true friend, he would not do such a thing. 一個真正的朋友是不會做這樣的事的。 3．有時條件從句中的動作和結果從句中的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，此時，主句和從句的謂語動詞要根據各自所指的不同時間選擇適當的動詞形式。例如： If you had worked hard, you would be very tired now. 如果你真的努力工作了，你現在就會感到很累的。(從句指過去，主句指現在) If I were you, I would have gone home. 如果我是你的話，我早回家了。(從句指現在，主句指過去) 四、wish引導的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣 要表示與現在事實相反的愿望，從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時；表示與過去相反的愿望，從句謂語用過去完成時；表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的愿望，用would/could＋動詞原形。例如： I wish she were here and helped us. 我希望她在這兒幫助我們。(對現在時的虛擬) I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 我希望你明天跟我們一塊去。(對將來時的虛擬) I wish she had taken my advice. 那時她要是聽我的話就好了。(對過去時的虛擬) 五、表語從句和狀語從句中的虛擬語氣 在as if/though引導的表語從句或狀語從句中，如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時；如果指現在狀況，則用一般過去時；如果指將來狀況．則用過去將來時。 She speaks English as if/though she were a native of London. 她英語說得好像她就是倫敦本地人一樣。 [課堂·總結演練] Ⅰ　單句語法填空 1．If you ________ (listen) to me yesterday, you wouldn't be in such trouble now. 答案：had listened 2．If I ________ (be) you, I would have planted some trees around the house. 答案：were 3．Sometimes I wish I ________ (live) in a different time. 答案：lived 4．I wish I ________ (meet) that film star yesterday. 答案：had met 5．She looks as if she ________ (make) of ice. 答案：were made Ⅱ　單句寫作 1．假如她有錢，她可能會借給你。 If she ________ money, she ____________ you some. 答案：had; might lend 2．要是有一天我上了月球，就能親眼看看月亮表面是什么樣子了。 If I ____________ to the moon some day, I ____________ the surface of the moon with my own eyes. 答案：were to go; could see 3．要不是幾次中斷，會議半個小時前就開完了。 ____________ these interruptions, the meeting ______________ half an hour ago. 答案：But for; would have finished 4．如果明天下雨，運動會就會推遲。 ________ it rain tomorrow, the sports meet ________________. 答案：Should; would be put off 5．他談起來好像已經知道此事。 He talked ______________ it. 答案：as if/though he had known 演練通關提升 [夯實·基礎知識] Ⅰ　單句語法填空 1．They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they ________ (come) to our help. 答案：would have come 2．—Did you make it at last? —Yes.But for your help, it ________ (cause) a serious loss. 答案：would have caused 3．—Let's play tennis together tomorrow afternoon. —OK, but how I wish I ________ (play) it as well as you. 答案：played 4．Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night________ (freeze) cold for us to live. 答案：would/could/should/might be freezing 5．________ you be fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. 答案：Should 6．—Where have you been? —I got caught in traffic; otherwise I ________ (be) here sooner. 答案：would/could/should/might have been 7．You ________ (not make) such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice. 答案：mightn't/couldn't/shouldn't/wouldn't have made 8．What should we do if it ________ (snow) tomorrow? 答案：should snow/were to snow/snowed 9．Should the present unemployment continue, the society ________ (face) a more troublesome situation. 答案：would/could/might/should face 10．If they had worked hard, they ________ (be) very tired now. 答案：would/could/might/should be Ⅱ　單句改錯 1．The soup isn't very good. It will taste better if it weren't so salty. __________________________________________________________ 答案：will→would 2．If he read the book, he could have answered the question. __________________________________________________________ 答案：read前加had 3．If he were set out tomorrow, he would get there on Sunday. __________________________________________________________ 答案：were后加to 4．Without your help, the child wouldn't put up the picture on the wall just now. __________________________________________________________ 答案：wouldn't后加have 5．If I had had time, I would have gone to the party with you, but I am very busy. __________________________________________________________ 答案：am→was Ⅲ　單句寫作 1．但愿有一天我能飛往月球。 I wish I ____________ to the moon one day. 答案：could fly 2．要不是生病，他會來的。 ________________， he might have come. 答案：Had he not been ill 3．沒有你的幫助，我們不可能取得這么大的成績。 ________________， we ____________________ so much. 答案：Without your help; wouldn't have achieved 4．如果不抓住這個機會，你會后悔的。 Seize the chance, ________ you ________ regret it. 答案：otherwise; would 5．他說起話來好像去過好多國家似的。 He talks as if he ____________ to many countries. 答案：had been [提升·實戰(zhàn)能力] Ⅳ　閱讀理解 Human cloning technology could be used to reserve heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged, and other problems may be solved if human cloning and its technology are not forbidden. With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before. We should be able to clone the bone marrow (骨髓) for children and adults suffering from leukemia (白血病)．This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology. We may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer. Cloning technology can be used to test for and perhaps cure gene­related diseases. The above is just a few examples of what human cloning technology can do for mankind. This new technology promises unprecedented (前所未有的) advancement in medicine if people will release their fears and let the benefit begin. 篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文，主要講述了人類克隆技術在心臟病、不孕不育、白血病以及遺傳疾病等方面進行預防和治療的美好前景。 1．Heart attacks can be treated with human cloning technology by ________. A．removing the damaged part of the heart B．replacing the old heart with a cloned one C．giving the patients injections of various medicines D．repairing the heart with cloned heart cells from healthy ones 答案：D　細節(jié)理解題。根據第一段中的“Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged ...”可知，答案為D項。 2．What does the underlined word “infertile” (Paragraph 2) most probably mean? A．Unable to give birth to a child. B．With physical and emotional problems. C．Short of time and money. D．Separated from each other for long. 答案：A　詞義猜測題。通過第二段中的“With cloning, infertile couples could have children.”以及“Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children.”可知infertile是不孕不育之意。 3．According to the text, one of the first expected benefits from cloning technology may be in ________. A．the treatment of heart attacks B．the bearing of babies C．the cure of leukemia D．the detection of gene­related diseases 答案：C　細節(jié)理解題。根據第三段的第一和第二兩句可知C項正確。 4．What can be inferred according to the last paragraph? A．Many people show their fears of cloning. B．Cloning technology can not be used to cure gene­related diseases. C．Human beings can't benefit from cloning at all. D．Cloning technology promises unprecedented advancement in medicine. 答案：A　推理判斷題。由第四段最后一句話可知人們對這項技術還是心存恐懼的。故A正確。 Ⅴ　七選五 Before going outside in the morning, many of us check a window thermometer (溫度計) for the temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. __1__ We want our food to be a certain coldness in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don't feel well, we use a thermometer to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in the summer. Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale. Both systems use the freezing and boiling points of water as their guide. __2__ The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury (水銀) inside a clear glass tube. As mercury (or any other liquid) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts (收縮). That is why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube. __3__ First. Take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with coloured water. Tap a hole in the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw through the nail hole.__4__ Finally. Place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the water level easily.__5__ As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the level in the straw will come down. Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water level in the straw each morning for a week. A．We use and depend on thermometers to measure the temperature of many other things in our daily lives. B．Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are heated or cooled. C．Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work. D．The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise even higher. E．They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees. F．Take wax (you may use an old candle if you have one) and melt some of it right where the straw is struck into the cap to seal (把……粘住) them together. G．People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world. 篇章導讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了溫度計在人們日常生活中的應用及如何自制簡易溫度計。 1．A　由上下文可知，此處陳述我們日常生活中很多其他情況下也需要用溫度計來測量溫度，故A正確。 2．E　從上文可知，溫度計分華氏溫標和攝氏溫標兩種方式計量溫度，選項E進一步介紹了這兩種溫度計量方式冰點和沸點的不同，故正確答案是E。 3．C　本段前一部分介紹了溫度計的設計和工作原理，下文“First ... Finally ...”詳細描述了制造一個能夠起到計量溫度作用的溫度計的步驟，所以C符合文意。 4．F　根據設空處前一句的內容可推斷此處應說明如何把吸管粘到瓶蓋上，故F符合語境。 5．D　由設空處上一句尤其是下一句內容可判斷此處說明水位在吸管中上升的情況，故選D。 Ⅵ　語法填空 Nowadays, it is common that parents buy an __1__ (education) present for their children. A lot of personal computers are placed under the Christmas tree this year. __2__ (believe) that computers are the key to success, parents are also insisting that children __3__ (teach) to use them in school as early as possible. The problem for school is __4__ when it comes to computers, parents don't always know best. Teachers found themselves caught in the middle of the problem between parent __5__ (press) and wise educational decisions. Many schools are giving in to parental impatience and __6__ (purchase) hardware without good educational planning. Educators do not even agree on how computers should be used. Even those __7__ believe that all children should have access to computers warn of potential dangers to the very young. The temptation (誘惑) remains strong __8__ (large) because young children adapt so well to computers. However, not every school can afford __9__ (go) into computing, and that creates another problem: a division between the haves and the have­nots. Very few parents are agitating for (倡導) computer instruction in poor school districts, __10__ there may be barely enough money to pay the teacher. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 答案：1.educational　2.Believing　3.(should) be taught 4．that　5.pressure　6.are purchasing　7.who　8.largely　9.to go　 10.where - 11 -