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1、第2講 非謂語動詞 [全國卷考情分析] 題型 典題試做 命題解讀 語 法 填 空 1.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ)Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive_to_perform(perform) consistently over a large area. 2.(2019·全國卷Ⅰ) Scientists have responded by_noting(note) that hungry bea
2、rs may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion(錯覺) that populations are higher than they actually are. 3.(2019·全國卷Ⅱ) When we got a call saying (say)she was short listed,we thought it was a joke. 4.(2018·全國卷Ⅰ) You don't have to run fast or for long _to_see (see) the be
3、nefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of dying (die) early by running. 1.考查非謂語動詞的句法功能(狀語、定語、賓語、補語、主語和表語等),以考查主語、賓語、狀語居多; 2.考查固定搭配中的非謂語動詞。 考點一 非謂語動詞的形式及意義 單句語法填空 1.(2019·福州八中質檢)________(realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make i
4、t an unforgettable experience for all of us. Realizing [分析句子結構可知,空格所處的部分為非謂語動詞作狀語,realize與主語we之間為邏輯上的主謂關系,故填Realizing。] 2.(2019·蚌埠二中模擬)Greatly________(encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria. encouraged [分析句子結構可知,空格所處的部分為非謂語動詞作狀語,encourage與主
5、語the team之間為邏輯上的動賓關系,故填encouraged。] 3.(2019·太原一模)Silk Road trades traveled together in long caravans(旅行隊) of camels.This mode of travel provided protection from robbers who might attempt________(rob) the valuable goods being transported. to rob [考查不定式。attempt意為“試圖,企圖”,后跟不定式作賓語,故填to rob。] 非謂語動詞
6、 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 意義 不定式 一 般 式 to do to be done 表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生 進 行 式 to be doing 表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生 完 成 式 to have done to have been done 表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語動詞的動作之前 現在分詞/ 動名詞 一 般 式 doing being done 表示的動作與句中謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,或基本上同時發(fā)生 完 成 式 having done having
7、been done 表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生 過去分詞 一 般 式 done 與句中主語為邏輯上的被動關系,表完成 Many Chinese brands,having developed their reputations over centuries,are facing new challenges from the modern market. 很多中國品牌歷經幾個世紀樹立了聲譽,它們正面臨著當代市場帶來的新挑戰(zhàn)。 There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a
8、 long stay on the Moon. 在我們準備在月球上長住之前,還有很多問題需要解決。 考點二 非謂語動詞作狀語 單句語法填空 1.(2019·江西五校第一次聯考)The World Health Organization (WHO) has made an appeal to scientists,drug manufacturers and governments.The WHO wants them to work together________(develop) drugs to fight 12 bacteria. to develop [考查非謂語動詞
9、。此處是不定式作目的狀語,故填to develop。] 2.(2019·山東煙臺期末)They put the food out in their backyards and spend time in the nice weather,_______(watch) birds. watching [句意:他們把食物放在后院,然后一邊觀鳥一邊享受明媚的天氣。主語They與watch為邏輯上的主動關系,且watch與spend同時發(fā)生,故填現在分詞watching作伴隨狀語。] 3.(2019·江西宜春中學第一次診斷)________(compare) with the western m
10、edicine's high fees,TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) has a reasonable price that ordinary people can afford. Compared [句意:與西藥的高額費用相比,傳統中藥的價格合理,普通人能夠承擔得起。compared with...為固定結構,在句中作狀語,意為“與……相比”。] 1.不定式作狀語 (1)作目的狀語,可用so as to/in order to替換,但 so as to一般不可置于句首,意為“為了;想要”。 In order to calculate the
11、amount of power,work is divided by time. 要計算功率的大小,可將功除以時間。 (2)作結果狀語,常表示出乎意料的結果,常用于下列結構中:only to do;enough to do(足夠做……);too...to do...(太……而不能……);so/such...as to...(如此……以至于……)等。 Tom took a taxi to the airport,only to find his plane high up in the sky. 湯姆乘出租車去了機場,結果發(fā)現他要乘坐的飛機已飛入高空。 (3)作原因狀語,常用在“主語+
12、系動詞+形容詞+to do”結構中。這類形容詞有:easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous,surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed 等。 We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition. 令我們吃驚的是,這座寺廟仍保持著最初的樣子。 [易錯提醒] 語法填空中常考查 “主語+be+形容詞+不定式”結構,句子的
13、主語和不定式構成邏輯上的動賓關系,且此時不定式通常用主動形式表示被動意義。另外需注意的是在該結構中,不定式中的動詞必須是及物動詞;若為不及物動詞,則要在其后加上適當的介詞,使之構成及物動詞短語。 2.分詞作狀語 非謂語動詞作狀語時,其邏輯主語通常就是句子的主語?,F在分詞作狀語時,現在分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的主動關系。過去分詞作狀語時,過去分詞所表示的動作與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的被動關系。 Ordered over a week ago,the books are expected to arrive at any time now. 這些書是一個多星期以前訂購的,現
14、在有望隨時到貨。 Like ancient sailors,birds can find their way using the sun and the stars. 像古代的船員一樣,鳥類可以利用太陽和星星找到它們的路。 [易錯提醒] 部分過去分詞作狀語時不表示被動,也不表示完成,而表示一種狀態(tài)。常見的有:located (坐落于),lost(迷路的),seated(坐著的),hidden(躲著的),lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿著),tired of(厭煩的),faced with(面對著)。 Absorbed in painti
15、ng,John didn't notice evening approaching. 由于專心繪畫,約翰沒有注意到夜幕正在降臨。 3.獨立成分作狀語 有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語,其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨立成分。常用的有:generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking,talking of,speaking of,judging from/by,taking everything into consideration,compared to/with,to be frank,to tell(you)the truth,to be hone
16、st,to make things worse 等。 Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong. 從口音判斷,他是香港人。 To tell you the truth,I am a little tired. 說實話,我有點累。 4.獨立主格結構 非謂語動詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應和句子主語保持一致。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語,在句子中作狀語,我們稱之為獨立主格結構。獨立主格結構的特點:①獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。②獨立主格結構中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞或不定式是邏輯上的主動或被動關系。③獨
17、立主格結構一般有逗號與句子分開。 獨立主格結構的構成:①名詞/代詞+分詞;②名詞/代詞+不定式;③with/without+名詞/代詞+分詞/不定式。 The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday. 考試結束后,我們就開始放假了。 考點三 非謂語動詞作定語 單句語法填空 1.(2019·福州八縣市一中聯考)At the age of four,she fell into an icy river and was fortunately rescued by some local vill
18、agers________(live) in Baoxing County in southwest China's Sichuan Province. living [考查現在分詞。名詞villagers和動詞live之間是邏輯上的主謂關系,故用現在分詞作后置定語。] 2.(2019·重慶第一次調研)Visitors also may take a walk in the rainforest ________(create) by the volcano thousands of years ago. created [考查非謂語動詞。分析該句結構可知,forest后面的部分作定語修
19、飾rainforest,且rainforest與動詞create在邏輯上是動賓關系,故用過去分詞作定語。] 3.(2019·河北五個一名校聯盟二模)One great site is Science News for Kids. This site reports science news________(cover) a wide range of subjects. covering [考查非謂語動詞。提示詞為動詞,該句中已經有謂語動詞(reports),提示詞cover和其所修飾的名詞news之間為邏輯上的主謂關系,所以用cover的v.-ing形式作后置定語,在此相當于which
20、covers。] 4.(2019·江西五校第一次聯考)Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount________(require) by doctors. required [考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,require和amount之間為邏輯上的動賓關系,故用過去分詞作后置定語。] 1.不定式作定語 (1)不定式作定語通常放在所修飾詞之后,表示將來的動作。不定式與其所修飾的詞之間往往是動賓關系,若該不定式是不及物動詞,其后應有必要的介詞。
21、 Suddenly a good idea occurred to her,but she couldn't find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一個好主意,但是她找不到紙把它寫下來。 (2)序數詞,形容詞最高級,the last,the only 等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞/代詞后,常用不定式作定語。 He is always the first to arrive at school and the last to leave school. 他總是第一個到校,最后一個離校。 (3)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時,常用不定式作定語。常見名詞:ability,c
22、hance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way 等。 And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增強意志力最好的方法就是讓意志力成為一種習慣。 The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表達觀點的能力與觀點本身同等重要。 (4)當句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時,作定語的不定式使用主動式;當句子的主語不是不定式的邏輯主語且不定式與所修飾的名詞或代詞之間
23、是被動關系時,不定式使用被動式。 Have you got anything to buy? 你有什么東西要買嗎?(you是buy的執(zhí)行者) I want to go to Beijing.Do you have anything to be bought?我要去北京。你有什么東西要買嗎?(you不是buy的執(zhí)行者) 2.分詞作定語 (1)作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式有:現在分詞、“being+過去分詞”、過去分詞。當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為主動關系時,用現在分詞;當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關系且表示正在進行時,用“being+過去分詞”;當被修飾的名詞與分詞之間為被動關系且表完成
24、時,用過去分詞。 (2)作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式為:現在分詞和過去分詞?,F在分詞表示動作正在進行;過去分詞只表示動作已完成,不表被動。 To return to the problem of water pollution,I'd like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2019. 為了再討論一下水污染的問題,我想讓大家看一項2019年在澳大利亞進行的研究。 Last night,there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on
25、TV. 昨天晚上,有幾百萬人觀看了開幕式的電視直播。 [易錯提醒] 非謂語動詞作定語的解題思路 表示被動、完成用過去分詞(done);表示主動、進行用現在分詞(doing);表示被動、進行用being done;表示主動、尚未進行用to do;表示被動的動作尚未進行用to be done。試比較: ①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company. ②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
26、③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company. ④The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 考點四 非謂語動詞作賓語 單句語法填空 1.(2019·沈陽質量監(jiān)測一)You could easily pay with your smartphone by ________(scan) the seller's QR code. scanning [考查非謂語動詞。介詞by后面的賓語應用動名詞形式。] 2.(2
27、019·淮南二中模擬)I know he is good at________(work) out the difficult questions. working [be good at“擅長”,at為介詞,故用v.-ing作賓語。] 3.(2019·鄭州第一次質量檢測)In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider________(win) and solving real problems as well. winning [考查非謂語動詞作賓語。句意:在“我”看來,它們有助于我們變得鎮(zhèn)靜,也幫助我們考慮贏得辯論比賽和解決真
28、正的問題。動詞consider“考慮”后跟動詞-ing形式作賓語。] 4.(2019·山西長治一聯)I remembered________(lock) the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights. to lock [句意:離開辦公室之前,我記著要鎖門了,但是忘了關燈??疾榉侵^語動詞作賓語的用法。remember to do sth.記著要做某事,根據語境可知空格處為“to lock”。] 1.只接不定式作賓語的動詞:agree,intend,plan,demand,promise,prepa
29、re,decide,refuse,choose,wish,hope,expect,fail (未能),pretend,manage,determine,beg,arrange,threaten,claim,hesitate,wait,happen (碰巧)等。 She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant,waiting to be served. 她坐在餐館里的一張小桌子旁等著被服務。 2.只接動名詞作賓語的動詞及短語:admit,avoid,consider,escape(避開),imagine,mind,miss,pra
30、ctise,suggest,feel like,give up,put off,object to,look forward to等。此外,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.,have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用動名詞作賓語。 I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended. 我回避提及這個話題,以免冒犯他。 It's quite hot today.Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很熱。你想去游泳
31、嗎? 3.接不定式與動名詞作賓語意義不同的動詞: She nearly forgot to give him a tip for his service. 她幾乎忘了給他的服務付小費。 —That would mean wasting a lot of labour. ——那將意味著浪費許多勞動力。 —Really?I don't mean to waste any labour. ——是嗎?我并沒打算浪費勞動力。 Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying
32、the groceries if I found out? 她是擔憂如果我發(fā)現這件事情我的反應還是擔憂我不再給她買食品雜貨呢? [易錯提醒] (1)動詞want,need,require作“需要”講時,其后要用v.-ing形式的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語。與此用法相同的動詞還有deserve(值得)。 (2)不定式作動詞(短語)learn,decide,know,wonder,show,tell,understand,explain,teach,advise,find out 等的賓語時,前面常帶引導詞how,what,whether,where,when,who 等。 (3)介
33、詞后一般要接v.-ing形式作賓語,但介詞but/except后接不定式作賓語,若前有實義動詞do,不定式要省略to。 考點五 非謂語動詞作賓補 單句語法填空 1.(2019·濟寧二模) Let those in need________(understand) that we will go all out to help them. understand [句意:讓那些需要幫助的人們明白,我們會竭盡全力去幫助他們。賓語those與understand為邏輯上的主動關系,且let后加省略to的不定式作賓補。] 2.(2019·龍口一模)When we saw the road
34、 ________(block) with snow,we decided to spend the holiday at home. blocked [句意:當我們看到馬路被大雪堵住時,我們決定在家度過假期。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓補。非謂語動詞的邏輯主語為road,兩者為被動關系。] 3.(2019·黃岡一模)The manager was satisfied to see many new products ________(develop) after great effort. developed [句意:經理看到經過巨大努力許多新產品被研發(fā)出來后非常滿意。本題考查非謂語動詞作賓
35、補。many new products與develop之間是被動關系,所以要用過去分詞。] 4.(2019·安慶慧德中學月考)When he was ready to leave he found his bicycle's front tyre(輪胎) flat.He had to look for a place along the street to get his bicycle ________(repair). repaired [考查非謂語動詞。get sth. done使……被做,此處的bicycle和repair之間為被動關系。] 1.不定式作賓補 不定式作賓補時
36、,賓語和不定式之間在邏輯上是主謂關系,不定式表將要發(fā)出的主動動作。常接不定式作賓補的動詞(短語):advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,intend,invite,order,persuade,prefer,require,remind,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend on等。 (山東卷)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving,we must give them an alternative they can rel
37、y on.如果我們期望人們放棄開車的習慣,我們必須給他們可以依賴的選擇。 Having finished her project,she was invited by the school to speak to the new students. 完成項目之后,她被學校邀請去給新生講話。 (1)有些動詞,如think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,understand等后常用to be作賓補或主補。 Chinese people are considered to be the most hard-working people in the w
38、orld. 中國人被認為是世界上最勤勞的人民。 (2)在sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thought+to do/to have done結構中,不定式用作主語補足語。 He is thought to have acted foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都認為他表現得很愚蠢?,F在要為他的失業(yè)負責的不是別人,而是他自己。 2.分詞作賓補 (1)現在分詞作賓補時,動詞與賓語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系,且強調正在進行的主
39、動動作??山蝇F在分詞作賓補的常見動詞:感官動詞(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel),使役動詞(have,get),find,leave,keep,catch等。 Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?聽!你聽到有人正在呼喊救命嗎? (2)過去分詞作賓補時,動詞與賓語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系,且表示被動動作??山舆^去分詞作賓補的常見動詞:感官動詞(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel),使役動詞(have,make,let,get),
40、find,leave,keep等。 Back from his two-year medical service in Africa,Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.李博士在非洲進行了兩年的醫(yī)療服務,回來后看到他的母親在家里被照顧得很好他很高興。 (3)使役動詞have,get后接非謂語動詞作補語的異同點:①have sth.done=get sth.done讓別人做某事;②have sb./sth.doing讓……一直做某事;get sth./sb.doing 使……開始做某事;③hav
41、e sb.do sth.=get sb.to do sth.讓某人做某事。 Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car washed. 在開車進城之前,你需要洗洗車。 (4)with的復合結構為:①with+賓語+doing表示主動說明動作正在發(fā)生或經常發(fā)生;②with+賓語+done表示被動或完成;③with+賓語+to do表示將要發(fā)生的動作。 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog fol
42、lowing them.這老兩口常常在晚飯后到公園里散步,他們的寵物狗則在后面跟著。 With such a short time left before the deadline,it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job. 截止日期之前只剩下很短的時間,約翰似乎不可能完成工作了。 With a lot of work to do,she wasn't allowed to leave her office. 由于有許多工作要做,她不被允許離開辦公室。 考點六 非謂語動詞作主語和表語 單句語法填空 1.(201
43、9·遼寧鐵嶺協作體一聯)Above all,I have come to understand that________(bring) happiness to others is getting ourselves happiness. bringing [句意:首先,我開始明白了授人玫瑰手有余香的道理。在賓語從句中設空處作主語,且表示抽象概念,故用動名詞作主語。] 2.(2019·湖北七市聯考)________(send) yellow roses can be risky, as they represent either friendship or envy. Sending [
44、考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,句中缺少主語,所以應用動詞-ing形式作主語,故填Sending。] 3.(2019·河南八市重點高中第二次質檢)I felt hopeless and alone,and more________(depress) than I knew was possible. depressed [句意:我感到絕望、孤獨及前所未有的沮喪。設空處作felt的表語,故填depressed。] 4.(2019·江西紅色七校一聯)It is________(shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates b
45、y whether they wear brown shoes. shocking [句意:令人震驚的是,一些投資銀行甚至根據他們是否穿棕色鞋子來判斷應聘者。shocking令人震驚的;shocked感到震驚的。] 1.不定式作主語和表語 (1)不定式作主語時,一般表示具體某一次的動作。若不定式太長,常用it作形式主語而將不定式后置。 (浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when it's better to remain silent. 不論你多么能說會道,有些時候保持沉默會更好。 (2
46、)不定式作表語時,①表示預定要發(fā)生的動作;②當主語是aim,purpose,idea,plan,wish,decision,choice等詞時,常用不定式作表語;③主語為what引導的名詞性從句時,表語多用不定式。 His wish is to be a doctor in the future. 他的愿望是將來當一名醫(yī)生。 What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve my English. 我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英語水平。 2.動名詞作主語和表語 (1)動名詞作主語常表示抽象的、泛指的概念,也可用it作形式主
47、語,把作真正主語的動名詞短語放在句末。常用于固定句型:It's a waste of time doing...;It's no use/good doing...;It is useless doing...;There is no use doing...等中。 Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out. 直面你的問題而不是逃避它們,是解決這些問題最好的方法。 It's no use complaining witho
48、ut taking action. 不采取行動而只是抱怨是沒用的。 (2)動名詞作表語時相當于名詞,用于解釋主語的內容,表語和主語常??梢曰Q位置。 My job is cleaning the house three times a week(=Cleaning the house three times a week is my job). 我的工作是每星期打掃三次房子。 (3)remain作連系動詞時,意為“仍然是”時,后可接現在分詞或過去分詞作表語;但作不及物動詞時,意為“尚待……;留待……”時,后常接to be done。 She remained standing th
49、ough we repeatedly asked her to sit down. 雖然我們三番五次地請她坐下,但她還是站著。 It remains to be seen whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice. 新成立的委員會提出的方針能否實行還有待觀察。 [易錯提醒] 不定式和動名詞作主語時,謂語動詞都用單數,這是語法填空中常考的語法點。 【技法點撥】 在語法填空中: 1.若句子中已有謂語動詞,又不是并列關系時,所填動詞通常是非謂語動詞,這時就要確定是動詞-ing形式,-ed形式,還是不定式形式。 2.所給動詞在某及物動詞后作賓語時要用不定式或者動名詞(由它前面的及物動詞決定),作介詞的賓語時要用動名詞;作主語時要用不定式或者動名詞。如果所給動詞有名詞形式的派生詞,當其在句中作主語或賓語時,通??疾檫@個動詞所派生出的名詞。這時,要注意它的單復數形式。 3.非謂語動詞轉化的形容詞作定語或表語時,表示“令人……的”用動詞-ing形式;表示“(感到)……的”用過去分詞。 12
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