2020高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 板塊1 復(fù)雜多變的動(dòng)詞 第1講 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教學(xué)案 新人教版

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1、第1講　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 [全國(guó)卷考情分析] 題型 典題試做 命題解讀 語(yǔ) 法 填 空 1．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. 2．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulati

2、ons, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 3．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made(make) over the years. 4．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it is(be) more

3、effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 1．時(shí)態(tài)的考查主要是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； 2．考查被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法； 3．考查主謂一致。 短 文 改 錯(cuò) 1．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.is→was 2．(2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ) Though it may appear simple, it required a lot of ideas and efforts. required

4、 →requires 3．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.find→found 4．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.are→were 1．上下文中時(shí)態(tài)不一致；主要以考查過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)為主； 2．主謂不一致，特別是單

5、數(shù)第三人稱常被誤用； 3．語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)用、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞混淆。 考點(diǎn)一 一般時(shí)態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·福州四校聯(lián)考)It always (lift) my spirits, but now I know that it's because it is an act of gratitude(感激) to the musicians and the music. lifts　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由but可知，此處是對(duì)一般情況的敘述，空處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故填lifts。] 2．(2019·廣州調(diào)研)One rainy day，as he went

6、 for a walk，a leaping frog (draw) his attention to a puddle. drew　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：在一個(gè)雨天，他散步的時(shí)候，一個(gè)跳躍的青蛙使他注意到一個(gè)水坑。根據(jù)One rainy day可知，本句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故填drew。] 3．(2019·福建五校統(tǒng)考)According to a recent survey, violence did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents and teachers also (e

7、xpress) their great concern about it. expressed　[考查時(shí)態(tài)。and前后并列時(shí)態(tài)一致，根據(jù)句中showed可知，該句敘述的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。] 4．(2019·湖南省長(zhǎng)沙市雅禮中學(xué)高三一模)The movie (adapt) from the true story of a road trip through the southern US in the early 1960s. In the film, the black pianist Don Shirley hires Italian-America

8、n Tony to drive him to performances, but they face problems because of Shirley's skin color. was adapted　[考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這部電影改編自一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事，且時(shí)間為過(guò)去，故答案為was adapted。] 5．(2019·浙江嘉興基礎(chǔ)測(cè)試)They made up their minds that they (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs. would buy　[句意：他們決定一旦拉里換了工作，他們就買座新

9、房子。that引導(dǎo)的從句為復(fù)合句，其中once引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用的是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，故主句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。] Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 6．(2019·湖北武漢高三1月調(diào)考)Finally，I work harder than ever and made great progress in my math. work→worked　[由and后面的made可知，此處講述的是過(guò)去的事情，故work也用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。] 7．(2019·安徽百所重點(diǎn)高中二模)It's not the people you came across in your daily life who will stan

10、d by you in time of need. came→come　[根據(jù)本句主要時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及此處描述通常的情況可知，此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。] 8．(2019·鄭州第一次質(zhì)量檢測(cè))When I get home, I said to my parents, “Everything was great about the camping. I want to be a teacher like Anna in the future.” get→got　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。由said可知，此處表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。] 一、一般現(xiàn)在

11、時(shí) 1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 主要由動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞be的第一人稱單數(shù)形式用am，第三人稱單數(shù)形式用is，其他人稱形式均用are。動(dòng)詞have的第三人稱單數(shù)形式用has。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式的變化規(guī)則是： 一般情況直接加-s hate→hates 結(jié)尾為-s，-x，-sh，-ch或-o，在詞尾加-es discuss→discusses　wash→washes　teach→teaches fix→fixes　go→goes 結(jié)尾為“輔音字母＋y” 變y為i再加-es carry→carries study→studies 2.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 (1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的

12、、習(xí)慣性的、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常與表示習(xí)慣的副詞(詞組)always，every time，now and then，occasionally，often，seldom，never，sometimes，usually，every day/night等連用。 He often goes to work by bus，and he takes a walk with his wife after dinner every day.他經(jīng)常乘公共汽車去上班，而且每天正餐后和妻子一塊兒散步。 (2)按時(shí)間表、時(shí)刻表、日程表等安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。只限于go，arrive，leave，start，s

13、tay，return，begin，come等動(dòng)詞。 Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18：20. 看看時(shí)間表?？禳c(diǎn)兒吧！4026航班18：20起飛。 (3)在狀語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。 If it is fine tomorrow，we will go there. 要是明天晴天，我們就去那里。 二、一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的變化規(guī)則 變化規(guī)則 例詞 一般情況在動(dòng)詞后加-ed look→looke

14、d 以-e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞后加-d hope→hoped like→liked 以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng) 詞，變y為i再加-ed study→studied try→tried 以重讀閉音節(jié)或/r/音節(jié) 結(jié)尾，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音 字母時(shí)雙寫詞尾的輔音 字母再加-ed stop→stopped prefer→preferred admit→admitted permit→permitted 2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與often，usually，seldom 等表示頻度的副詞連用。還可以表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，

15、與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系，常與yesterday，the other day，last week，the day before yesterday等過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. 1931年，亞當(dāng)斯成為第一個(gè)贏得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)的美國(guó)女性。 三、一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構(gòu)成 由“shall/will＋動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。其中shall用于第一人稱，will用于一切人稱。 2．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的用法 表示現(xiàn)在看以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀

16、語(yǔ)tomorrow，next year，in＋一段時(shí)間等連用?！皐ill＋動(dòng)詞原形”還可以表示說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)做出的決定。 —What time is it? 幾點(diǎn)了？ —I have no idea.But just a minute，I will check it for you. 我不知道。你稍等，我給你查查。 3．其他表示“將來(lái)”的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法 (1)“be going to＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃、打算要做某事或根據(jù)某種跡象預(yù)示著要發(fā)生某事。 Look，dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon，I think. 瞧，烏云

17、正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. 無(wú)論是在家里還是在工作場(chǎng)所，在未來(lái)的幾年里社交機(jī)器人將會(huì)變得越來(lái)越普遍。 (2)“be to＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃、約定或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)必須做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 到10點(diǎn)你得交上試卷。 (3)“be about to＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示正要或即將

18、要做某事，該結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示具體的將來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird. 湯姆正要關(guān)上窗戶，就在這時(shí)一只鳥引起了他的注意。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　如果表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would/should＋動(dòng)詞原形)。該時(shí)態(tài)主要出現(xiàn)在間接引語(yǔ)中。 I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I would/should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話，問(wèn)他我下周要干什么。 考點(diǎn)二

19、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·江西師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高三三模)Compared with the life we (live) on the earth now, the future life on Mars will be totally different. are living　[考查現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意：與我們現(xiàn)在地球上的生活相比較，未來(lái)火星上的生活將完全不同。由“now”可知，本句為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。故填 are living 。] 2．(2019·浙江湖州期末考試)One day, when I was drawing diagrams on

20、 the balcony and he (bathe) inside, the volcano erupted unexpectedly. was bathing　[由前面的“I was drawing diagrams”可知，本句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，而且and連接的并列句要保持時(shí)態(tài)一致。] 3．(2019·湖北武昌區(qū)高三調(diào)考)Hurry up！Mark and Carol (expect)us. are expecting　[句意：快點(diǎn)！馬克和卡羅爾正等著咱們呢。根據(jù)題干中的Hurry up可知此處表達(dá)expect的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。] 4．(2019·浙江

21、臺(tái)州模擬考試)The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers (repair)one of the main pipes. are repairing　[句意：因?yàn)楣と藗冋谛蘩砥渲幸粭l主管道，所以供水系統(tǒng)臨時(shí)被切斷了。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知設(shè)空處表示現(xiàn)在的情況正在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。] 5．(2019·安徽百所重點(diǎn)高中二模)Jim (watch) a late-night film at home when，right in the middle of a thrilling sce

22、ne，the television went blank. was watching　[句意：吉姆正在家看一部午夜電影，正看到令人毛骨悚然的場(chǎng)景時(shí)，電視變成空白了。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。] Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 6．(2019·湖北省黃岡市高三模擬)My essay has been sending to you along with this email. I hope it won't cause you too much trouble.

23、 sending→sent　[句意：我的文章已經(jīng)和這封郵件一起發(fā)給你了。此處不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，所以不能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 My essay 與send之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故sending改為sent。] 一、進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成；過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成；將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由“will/shall＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則如下： 變化規(guī)則 例詞 一般情況在詞尾直接加-ing ask→asking 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的 動(dòng)詞，去e再加-ing write→writing

24、 take→taking face→facing 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾 只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫該 輔音字母再加-ing cut→cutting begin→beginning swim→swimming 以-ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變-ie為y 再加-ing lie→lying die→dying 二、進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行或表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，雖然此時(shí)此刻該動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行。 —I hear you are working in a pub.What's it like? ——我聽(tīng)說(shuō)你在酒吧工作。感覺(jué)怎么樣？ —Well

25、，it's very hard work and I'm always tired，but I don't mind. ——哦，工作很辛苦，我也總是很累，不過(guò)我不介意。 (2)表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear，run out等動(dòng)詞。 Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running out.We must act immediately before there's none left.洪災(zāi)區(qū)的食物供給快要用完

26、了。我們必須在食物吃完前馬上行動(dòng)。 2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句以及at that time，at that moment，at this time yesterday，at ten o'clock yesterday等連用。 He must have sensed that I was looking at him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly，“Why are you staring at me like that？”他一定感覺(jué)到了我正在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼，輕

27、聲地說(shuō)：“你為什么那樣盯著我看？” (2)表示過(guò)去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中持續(xù)進(jìn)行的一個(gè)，常與when，while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。 Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred. 突然斷電時(shí)，杰克正在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里工作。 3．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)段正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：at this time tomorrow，by then，from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。 Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock thi

28、s afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time. 簡(jiǎn)不能參加今天下午三點(diǎn)的會(huì)議了，因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)時(shí)間在授課。 考點(diǎn)三 完成時(shí)態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·山西省太原五中高三下學(xué)期階段性檢測(cè))Over the years, aerospace engineering (make) huge leaps in aeroplane technology, meaning planes can carry more passengers and go faster. has m

29、ade　[考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：多年來(lái)，航空航天工程在飛機(jī)技術(shù)上取得了巨大的飛躍，這意味著飛機(jī)可以裝載更多的乘客，速度更快。根據(jù)Over the years“在最近的這些年里”，所以句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，且主語(yǔ)是aerospace engineering，單數(shù)第三人稱形式，故答案為has made。] 2．(2019·湖北省黃岡市高三模擬)In 1990 about 750 million Chinese people lived in extreme poverty; today fewer than 10 million do. Its GDP per person, in terms of p

30、urchasing power, (rise) ten times since 1990. has risen　[考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：1990年，中國(guó)大約有7．5億人生活在極度貧困中，而現(xiàn)在只有不到1 000萬(wàn)人生活在極度貧困中。按購(gòu)買實(shí)力計(jì)算，中國(guó)人均GDP自1990年增長(zhǎng)了10倍。主語(yǔ)是GDP per person，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，“since 1990”表明用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故填has risen。] 3．(2019·浙江金華十校模擬)Doctors and scientists (learn) a great deal ab

31、out sleep in the last thirty years. have learned　[根據(jù)in the last thirty years可知，本句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。] Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 4．(2019·河北邯鄲一模)It has been a long time since we meet in China last time. meet→met　[It has been＋一段時(shí)間＋since...句式中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用過(guò)去時(shí)。] 5．(2019·山東省部分重點(diǎn)中學(xué)第一次調(diào)研)Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young ma

32、n in Teheran bought a real bed.It was the first time that he have become the proud owner of a bed. have→had　[It was the first time that sb.had done sth.為固定句型。] 一、完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have/has＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成；過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。 二、完成時(shí)的用法 1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束，而對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：alrea

33、dy，just，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，up to now，till now，so far等。 He has already received three similar invitations this week. 本周他已經(jīng)收到了三個(gè)相似的邀請(qǐng)。 In the past few years thousands of films have been produced all over the world. 在過(guò)去的幾年里，全世界拍攝了數(shù)以千計(jì)的電影。 (2)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始

34、而延續(xù)至今(可能還要延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)； for＋時(shí)間段等。 —I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me? ——我記得你在大學(xué)時(shí)是一位極有才華的鋼琴師。你能為我彈鋼琴嗎？ —Sorry，I haven't played the piano for years. ——抱歉，我好多年沒(méi)有彈鋼琴了。 (3)在條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)前已完成的動(dòng)作。 Will you come to my office when

35、 you have finished your work? 你完成工作后到我辦公室來(lái)一下，好嗎？ 2．過(guò)去完成時(shí) (1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過(guò)去的過(guò)去。句中一般有明確的表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(從句)。 (天津卷)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I hadn't seen for years.沿街走路時(shí)，我偶然遇見(jiàn)了戴維，我們已經(jīng)有好幾年沒(méi)見(jiàn)了。 (2)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：before，by then，by

36、that time，by the end of，by the time＋從句等。 It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. 很久以后我才能夠完全領(lǐng)會(huì)到他們?yōu)槲易龅囊磺小? (3)表示“愿望、打算”的動(dòng)詞(如hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend)用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去本打算實(shí)現(xiàn)而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計(jì)劃。 I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had a

37、n unexpected visitor. 昨天我本來(lái)打算去看你，但是來(lái)了一位不速之客。 3．常使用完成時(shí)的句型 (1)This/It/That is the first/...time＋that sb.has/have done； This/It/That was the first/...time＋that sb.had done sth.這是某人第幾次做某事。 It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤了。 (2)It(This)is/was the＋最高級(jí)＋名詞＋(that)定

38、語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)用完成時(shí)。 (3)It is/has been＋一段時(shí)間＋since sb.did； It was/had been＋一段時(shí)間＋since sb.had done sth.自從……以來(lái)多久了。 (4)hardly(scarcely)...when.../no sooner...than...( 一……就……)主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我一到家，就下起了傾盆大雨。 考點(diǎn)四 完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·云南玉

39、溪一中第二次月考)—Tony，why are your eyes red? —I (cut)up peppers for the last five minutes. have been cutting　[句意：“托尼，為什么你的眼睛紅了？” “過(guò)去的五分鐘里我一直都在剁辣椒?！备鶕?jù)本題中的for the last five minutes可以判斷動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。] 2．(2019·湖北武漢高三調(diào)考)When Alice came to life，she did not know how long she

40、 (lie)there. had been lying　[句意：當(dāng)艾麗斯蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)的時(shí)候，她不知道自己已在那兒躺了多久。由句意可知，“她躺在那兒”發(fā)生在came to life和did not know之前，且表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。] (一)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 (1)常用來(lái)表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間、一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作。 I'm very tired.I have been checking the students' papers all the morning. 我很累。我整個(gè)上午都在批改學(xué)生的試卷。 (2)表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間里一直在反

41、復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 I have been calling him many times this morning，but there's no answer. 今天上午我給他打了很多次電話，但目前一直沒(méi)有收到答復(fù)。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí) 表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作到目前為止已經(jīng)完成，體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果 現(xiàn)在完 成進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作到目前為止仍在進(jìn)行，甚至仍將繼續(xù) I've read Tiny Times.我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)《小時(shí)代》了。(已經(jīng)完成) I have been reading Tiny Times these days.這些天我一直在讀《小

42、時(shí)代》。(仍在進(jìn)行甚至仍將繼續(xù)) (二)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had＋been＋v.-ing”構(gòu)成。表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前開(kāi)始并延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間。這一動(dòng)作可能已經(jīng)停止也可能還在進(jìn)行。 She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years. 她告訴我她已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)5年了。(動(dòng)作仍繼續(xù)) She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour. 她告訴我她已經(jīng)等我一個(gè)鐘頭了。(動(dòng)作不再繼續(xù))

43、The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. 這位女孩對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)很感興趣，在過(guò)去的三年里一直一周兩次去上羽毛球課。 考點(diǎn)五 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·河南省八市重點(diǎn)高中聯(lián)盟“領(lǐng)軍考試”高三第五次測(cè)評(píng))Calligraphy (consider) as one of the four best friends of ancient Chinese literati(文人

44、), along with playing stringed musical instrument, the board game “go”， and painting. There are some general standardizations of the various styles of calligraphy in this tradition. is considered　[考查語(yǔ)態(tài)。主語(yǔ)Calligraphy與動(dòng)詞consider之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。句意：書法被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)古代文人最好的四個(gè)朋友之一，此外還有弦樂(lè)器、棋類游戲、“圍棋”和繪畫。在這一傳統(tǒng)中，各種書法風(fēng)

45、格都有一些普遍的規(guī)范。故填is considered。] 2．(2019·武漢武昌區(qū)調(diào)研)This medicine (taste) terrible. I hate it. tastes　[由整個(gè)語(yǔ)境可知，此處為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示對(duì)客觀事實(shí)的描述。此處taste為系動(dòng)詞，表示事物本身具有的性質(zhì)時(shí)不使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。] 3．(2019·武漢武昌區(qū)調(diào)研)As a foreigner, I (absorb) and charmed by the genuine warmth of welcome and unique culture during the trip.

46、 was absorbed　[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。此處描述當(dāng)時(shí)旅行的情景，故應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；由語(yǔ)境可知，作者被吸引住了，故應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。] 4．(2019·江西南昌一模)John, as well as the other children who have no parents (take) good care of in the city now. is being taken　[由now可知此處應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。此句主語(yǔ)為John，as well as the other children為伴隨狀語(yǔ)，故使用單數(shù)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。] Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)

47、5．(2019·安徽師大附中高三階段性測(cè)試)This morning, I got an email from the library. It said the book I reserved was ready to be picking up. picking→picked　[考查動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，pick up和句子邏輯主語(yǔ)book構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。] 一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，be動(dòng)詞有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式還有：get/become＋過(guò)去分詞。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式如下(以動(dòng)詞give為例)：

48、 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 一 般 式 am given is given are given was given were given shall be given will be given should be given would be given 進(jìn) 行 式 am being given is being given are being given was being given were being given 無(wú) 無(wú) 完 成 式 has been given have been given ha

49、d been given shall have been given will have been given should have been given would have been given 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用場(chǎng)合：(1)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)；(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。 It is reported that a space station will be built on the moon in years to come.據(jù)報(bào)道，一個(gè)空間站將在未來(lái)的幾年內(nèi)在月球上被建成。 In my hometown，there is always a

50、 harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat has been cut.在我的家鄉(xiāng)，所有的麥子被收割后，總是要給農(nóng)民們準(zhǔn)備一頓收獲的晚餐。 With many forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 因?yàn)樵S多森林被毀，每年大量肥沃的泥土被沖走。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　(1)有些及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的有：have有；cost花費(fèi)；lack缺少；own擁有；belong to屬于；take p

51、art in參加。 (2)不及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的有：happen/take place/occur發(fā)生；remain剩下；break out爆發(fā)；last持續(xù)；come out出版；come up被提出；lose heart失去信心；date from/back to追溯到；run out用完。 二、get構(gòu)成的表示被動(dòng)的短語(yǔ)：get paid/lost/hurt等 While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty. 在等待機(jī)會(huì)被提拔期間，

52、亨利盡量履行好自己的職責(zé)。 We get paid by the week. 我們按周獲得薪酬。 三、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1．“系動(dòng)詞feel，sound，taste，look，smell，appear，seem，turn，stay，become，get，grow，keep等＋形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，常常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft and sells well. 這種羊毛衫摸起來(lái)很軟，賣得很好。 2．當(dāng)sell，read，cut，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn等不及物動(dòng)詞后帶狀語(yǔ)

53、(well/easily等)修飾，用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能時(shí)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days? I think it is suitable for us teenagers. 你買最近銷售很好的那本書了嗎？我認(rèn)為它非常適合我們青少年。 3．在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動(dòng)詞、worth等形容詞的后面，動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，其含義相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式。 The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 這房

54、子需要修理。 4．在某些“主語(yǔ)(人/物)＋be＋形容詞＋不定式”中，不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 The problem is difficult to work out. 這道題很難計(jì)算出。 5．be to rent/blame主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 Who is to blame for the mistake? 誰(shuí)應(yīng)為此錯(cuò)誤接受譴責(zé)？ 考點(diǎn)六 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2019·浙江臺(tái)州模擬考試)It'

55、s a pity that you were late, otherwise you (see) the star Rain from Korea. would have seen　[句意：很遺憾你遲到了，要不然你就會(huì)見(jiàn)到從韓國(guó)來(lái)的明星Rain了。主句中用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，otherwise表示句中的“你”并沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到那位明星是客觀事實(shí)，故此處是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，故用would have done結(jié)構(gòu)。] 2．I should not have laughed if I (think) you were serious. had thought　[句意

56、：如果我(當(dāng)時(shí))認(rèn)為你是認(rèn)真的，我就不會(huì)笑了。主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用should not have laughed，表明與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該使用had done形式。] 3．(2019·西安九校聯(lián)考)Don't handle the vase as if it (be) made of steel. were　[句意：不要把那個(gè)花瓶當(dāng)作是鋼做的那樣搬運(yùn)。as if引導(dǎo)的是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞用were。] 4．(2019·湖北武昌區(qū)高三調(diào)考)If we (make) adequate preparations

57、，the conference wouldn't have been so successful. hadn't made　[句意：如果我們沒(méi)有做好充分準(zhǔn)備的話，會(huì)議就不會(huì)如此成功。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知本句是一個(gè)虛擬語(yǔ)氣句式，根據(jù)主句中的wouldn't have been可知是對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬，因此if條件從句要用had done形式來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生事情的虛擬。] Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 5．(2019·湖北武漢高三調(diào)考)If it were not to rain tomorrow, the crops will not be saved. will→would　[由從句were

58、 not to rain可知，此句為對(duì)將來(lái)事實(shí)的虛擬，故使用would。] 一、if條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 虛擬條件句 虛擬情況 主句 從句 與現(xiàn)在事 實(shí)相反 主語(yǔ)＋should/would/ could/might＋do if＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去 式(be用were) 與過(guò)去事 實(shí)相反 主語(yǔ)＋should/ would/could/might ＋have done if＋主語(yǔ)＋had ＋過(guò)去分詞 與將來(lái)事實(shí) 可能相反 主語(yǔ)＋should/would/ could/might＋do if＋主語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去 式/were to do/ should＋do I

59、f the new safety system had been put to use，the accident would never have happened. 要是新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用的話，這起事故就不會(huì)發(fā)生了。 We would be back in the hotel now if you didn't lose the map. 如果你沒(méi)有把地圖丟了的話，我們現(xiàn)在就回到旅館了。 Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there，she wouldn't

60、be able to see her parents very often. 格蕾絲不想搬到紐約，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為如果住在那里，她就不能經(jīng)?？吹剿母改噶?。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　(1)如果在表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的if從句中含有were，had或should，可將if省略，然后將were，had或should移至主語(yǔ)之前。 (2)如果主句和從句是對(duì)不同時(shí)間的事實(shí)的虛擬，則被稱為錯(cuò)綜虛擬語(yǔ)氣。此時(shí)主句常有明顯的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 二、含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 有時(shí)假設(shè)的條件不通過(guò)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)出來(lái)，而是隱含在某些詞或短語(yǔ)中，或隱含在上下文中，這叫含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣。常用的這類詞或短語(yǔ)有：without(要是)沒(méi)有；but

61、for要不是；otherwise/or否則等。 —Do you have Betty's phone number? ——你有貝蒂的電話號(hào)碼嗎？ —Yes.Otherwise，I wouldn't have been able to reach her yesterday. ——有，不然我昨天就聯(lián)系不上她了。 Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.要不是托馬斯·愛(ài)迪生，我們現(xiàn)在從中受益的很多東西就不會(huì)存在。 三、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在從句中的運(yùn)用 1．在名詞性從句中的

62、運(yùn)用 (1)在表示要求、命令、建議、請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，以及這些動(dòng)詞的名詞形式后面的同位語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。常見(jiàn)的此類動(dòng)詞：一堅(jiān)持(insist)、二命令(order，command)、三要求(require，demand，request)、四建議(suggest，advise，propose，recommend)。 She suggested that Dale join the debating team，believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and

63、 recognition that he needed. 她建議戴爾參加辯論隊(duì)，她認(rèn)為辯論隊(duì)里的演講練習(xí)會(huì)給予他所需要的信心和認(rèn)可。 He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting. 他執(zhí)意要求在會(huì)上討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 My desire is that we (should) not quarrel over such things again. 我的希望是我們不再為這樣的事情爭(zhēng)吵了。 [易錯(cuò)提醒]　當(dāng)suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”講時(shí)，從句要用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 (2)在“It

64、 is/was＋adj./done＋that...”句型中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形。常見(jiàn)的形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有：important，necessary，strange，suggested，ordered，advised，requested，demanded 等。 It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day. 我們每天打掃房間是有必要的。 It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour's exer

65、cise every day. 中學(xué)生被要求每天至少進(jìn)行一個(gè)小時(shí)的鍛煉。 (3) wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，had＋過(guò)去分詞和could/might/would＋動(dòng)詞原形，分別表示與現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去相反的情況和與將來(lái)情況可能相反。 I wish that I had met that film star yesterday. 我希望昨天見(jiàn)到那個(gè)影星。 Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I danced as well as her. 埃倫是一位了不起的舞蹈家。要是我能跳得像她一樣好那該有多好啊。 (4) would rather所

66、接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)如果表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如果表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us，but it is her choice，and she is not a child any longer. 我們寧愿女兒待在家，陪在我們身邊，但是選擇權(quán)在她手上，畢竟她不再是個(gè)孩子了。 2．三個(gè)固定句式中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 　　　虛擬情況 句式　　　　　 虛擬 現(xiàn)在 虛擬過(guò)去 虛擬將來(lái) if only引導(dǎo)的條 件句及感嘆句 過(guò)去式 had＋ 過(guò)去分詞 would/ could/might ＋動(dòng)詞原形 as if/though引 導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句 及方式狀語(yǔ)從 句 過(guò)去式 had＋ 過(guò)去分詞 would/ could/might ＋動(dòng)詞原形 It is (high) time that... 過(guò)去式或should＋動(dòng)詞原形 It was John who broke the window. Why are yo