FIFA及CAS規(guī)則在中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽球員合同糾紛中的實(shí)務(wù)應(yīng)用研究以球員合同爭(zhēng)議管轄為視角
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FIFA及CAS規(guī)則在中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽球員合同糾紛中的實(shí)務(wù)應(yīng)用研究以球員合同爭(zhēng)議管轄為視角
Flf’A及CAS規(guī)則在中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽球員合同糾紛中的實(shí)務(wù)應(yīng)用研究
——以球員合同爭(zhēng)議管轄為視角
THE APPLlCATIoN oF FlFA AND CAS REGULATloNS IN PLAYER CoNTRACT DISPUTES UNDER CHINESE FooTBALL LEAGUE
吳煒中國(guó)
DaVid W:Wu,China 國(guó)際體育仲裁院(CAS)仲裁員
上海市邦信陽(yáng)律師事務(wù)所律師,高級(jí)合伙人
(CAS ArbitratoL Senior Panner,L孫呵er of Boss&、bung Atto翔eys at Law)
摘要
國(guó)際足壇每年發(fā)生大量的球員合同糾紛。近年來(lái),隨著中圈足球整體環(huán)境的改善,多家 俱樂(lè)部加大投入,引進(jìn)高水平外援,大大提升了中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽的水平。但與此同時(shí),中 圉足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽中球員與俱樂(lè)部之間的合同糾紛也得到升級(jí)。
以2011年及2012年為例,中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽中發(fā)生了多起球員與俱樂(lè)部之問(wèn)的合同糾 紛,根據(jù)起因不同可分為以下幾類:(1)傷病球員不滿俱樂(lè)部提供的治療措施;(2)球員未 通知俱樂(lè)部擅自離隊(duì);(3)俱樂(lè)部拖欠球員工資;(4)核心球員要求俱樂(lè)部加薪;(5)球員 或教練員受到中國(guó)足協(xié)或亞足聯(lián)或FlFA的嚴(yán)重處罰:(6)球員服用興奮劑,俱樂(lè)部要求解 除合同;(7)球員不遵守合同強(qiáng)制性條款;(8)球員與俱樂(lè)部之問(wèn)因商業(yè)合同產(chǎn)牛的糾紛, 影響了工作合同的履行,或因工作合同解除而引起的商業(yè)合同糾紛。
球員合同屬于勞動(dòng)合同,中圜的勞動(dòng)合同爭(zhēng)議有專門的管轄機(jī)關(guān),即勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁委員 會(huì)并可上訴至法院,適用的法律為中罔的《勞動(dòng)合同法》。而在足球領(lǐng)域,球員工作合同糾 紛是由國(guó)家足協(xié)、困際足聯(lián)_:7,至圜際體育仲裁院進(jìn)行管轄,適用的規(guī)則為國(guó)家足協(xié)或國(guó)際足 聯(lián)相關(guān)規(guī)則。因此,當(dāng)球員合同糾紛發(fā)牛在中圈職業(yè)聯(lián)賽中時(shí),如何結(jié)合我罔當(dāng)前的立法及 國(guó)際足聯(lián)關(guān)于足球行業(yè)的內(nèi)部規(guī)定,選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)募m紛管轄機(jī)構(gòu),是實(shí)踐和理論中一個(gè)具有挑 戰(zhàn)性且意義深遠(yuǎn)的課題。
近年來(lái),筆者作為團(tuán)內(nèi)足球俱樂(lè)部及球員的代理律師及瑞士洛桑圜際體育仲裁院仲裁 員,在實(shí)務(wù)中參與處理了多起訴至中嗣足防、圖際足聯(lián)及困際體育仲裁院的球員合同糾紛。 本文中,筆者將總結(jié)在處理這些足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員合同糾紛過(guò)程中積累的實(shí)務(wù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),分析中團(tuán)足球 職業(yè)聯(lián)賽中不同類型的球員合同糾紛的解決方式及管轄權(quán),以保護(hù)中罔職j眥聯(lián)賽中球員及俱 樂(lè)部的利益,促進(jìn)中國(guó)足球與國(guó)際足球在法律制度層面上的融合與接軌。 關(guān)鍵詞:中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽球員合同糾紛管轄權(quán)國(guó)際足聯(lián)規(guī)則國(guó)際體育仲裁院
ABS。l’KAC’J
A la瑪e amount ofplayer contract disputes occur in f的tball world eVeU year.1n recent years, with the improvement of the entire environment of Chinese Football League,many football clubs input more如nds to buy hi曲leVel foreign pIayers,which haVe impr0Ved the 1eVel of Chinese f.ootball league to a great extent.Meanwhile,the player contract disputes haVe been upgraded in
Chinese F00tball League.
During the season Of 20 1 l and 20 l 2,seVeral player contract disputes haVe occun.ed in Chinese Football League.A great range of reasons which haVe resulted in disputes:(1)alledged not pmviding the player with an appropriate medical treatment;(2)the player lea“ng the club without notice;(3)Non—payment of salaries;(4)core playerS ba唱aining for more sala巧;(5)the
player/coach being seVerely sanctioned by Chinese Football Associatio以FC/FlFA; (6)
consuming prohibited substances(Doping);(7)not complying with a mandato叫clause of the employment contract;(8)the business contract dispute afrecting the fu臨11ment of the wod( comract or the work contract dispute afkcting the內(nèi)1fjmnent of the business c伽traet.
The nature of player contract is labor contract.1n China,labor contract disputes are regulated to be exclusively govemed by the Arbitration Commjttee for Labor Disputes and hereaRer appealed to the coun.The applicable 1aws are Chinese Laws and Regula“ons.HoweVer,in
football world,the player contract disputes are goVemed by the f的tbal】federation o九he coum巧
concemed,F(xiàn)lFA,or the Court of Arbitration in Sport(CAS).7I'he applicable laws are Football Federation Regulations or FlFA Regulations.Consequently,when player contract disputes occur, hOw to coordinate national laws with football world intemal regulations and hOw to choose the appropriate inStitute to settle the disputes are challenging and profound issues both j n practice and inmeoU.
As lawyer of domestic clubs and players and arbitrator of the Coun of Arbitl ation in Sport (CAS),l haVe joined in the process of the settlement of many disputes before Ch nese Football Association,F(xiàn)lFA and the CAS in recent yearS.1n this article,1 will summarize my:xperiences jn the process of dealing with football player contfact disputes and analyze the correc:way to settIe dif佗rent sorts of football player contract disputeS and the ju—sdi“on in order[o protect the bene6ts of clubs and playerS in Chjnese Football League and promote the fusion a nd integration
between Chinese Football and Jntemational Football in the legal System.
KEYwoRDS: chinese Football League,player contract dispute,jurisdiction,F(xiàn)lF氣Regulations,
CAS
中困足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽18年來(lái),發(fā)生的球員與俱樂(lè)部、或者教練與俱樂(lè)部之悶的合同糾紛 大多是通過(guò)體制內(nèi)的行政手段進(jìn)行解決,鮮有的幾起通過(guò)國(guó)際足聯(lián)或國(guó)際體育仲裁院解決的 糾紛,比如佩特科維奇Vs申花案,馬特拉齊Vs天津泰達(dá)案,皆以國(guó)內(nèi)俱樂(lè)蔥的敗訴告終。 這主要是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)俱樂(lè)部對(duì)國(guó)際足球規(guī)則以及糾紛解決程序缺乏了解,尤其是:j行政手段無(wú) 法解決糾紛時(shí),俱樂(lè)部對(duì)應(yīng)向哪一機(jī)構(gòu)求訴沒(méi)有一個(gè)明確的概念。本文中,筆j彗根據(jù)自己多 年處理國(guó)際體育糾紛,尤其是解決足球領(lǐng)域內(nèi)糾紛的經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過(guò)案例解析的方.弋,結(jié)合中圈 圈內(nèi)法律法規(guī)、中國(guó)足協(xié)、國(guó)際足聯(lián)及國(guó)際體育仲裁院的相關(guān)規(guī)定,針對(duì)球員1}同糾紛的管 轄機(jī)構(gòu)做相應(yīng)的分析和介紹。
一、球員勞動(dòng)合同及商業(yè)合同糾紛引發(fā)的管轄權(quán)案例175 外籍球員甲與國(guó)內(nèi)俱樂(lè)部x簽署了為期5年的球員工作合同,雙方在該1}同的爭(zhēng)議管
轄條款中約定:“雙方因本合同發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議通過(guò)協(xié)商不能解決,應(yīng)提交至中圉足協(xié)直至國(guó)際足 聯(lián)協(xié)商解決;如爭(zhēng)}義在6個(gè)月內(nèi)不能通過(guò)中國(guó)足協(xié)或國(guó)際足聯(lián)解決,雙方均有權(quán)向中國(guó)國(guó)際 經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)上海分會(huì)提起仲裁,并適用中華人民共和國(guó)法律?!?
在勞動(dòng)合同履行的過(guò)程中,甲與x又簽署了一份形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同,在商業(yè)合同的爭(zhēng)議 管轄條款中雙方約定:“因本合同發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議,協(xié)商不成,應(yīng)提交至瑞士洛桑國(guó)際體育仲裁院 仲裁解決。”
合同簽訂幾個(gè)月后,雙方發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議。球員甲認(rèn)為俱樂(lè)部未能完全履行其付款義務(wù)構(gòu)成違 約,加之其不適應(yīng)在中國(guó)的生活,遂決定單方解除球員工作合同以及形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同。
本案發(fā)生后,作為俱樂(lè)部x的代理律師,筆者與外援甲的外國(guó)律師多次!E致律師函, 針對(duì)本案的諸多細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題交換意見。最終得出結(jié)論,外援甲如果單方解除合同,將承擔(dān)巨額
75所引案例在不影響基本事實(shí)的前提下進(jìn)行適當(dāng)改編以保護(hù)相關(guān)俱樂(lè)部的商業(yè)秘密。
247
賠償,外援甲因此放棄了單方解除合同的念頭,避免了未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的訴訟及仲裁。但是, 筆者也在隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備著可能發(fā)生的訴訟及仲裁,而本案一旦無(wú)法協(xié)商解決,究竟應(yīng)交由哪個(gè)機(jī) 構(gòu)進(jìn)行裁判,是本案最值得探討和研究的問(wèn)題之一。也是未來(lái)解決中國(guó)足球俱樂(lè)部球員合同 糾紛過(guò)程中首要關(guān)注的具有代表性的問(wèn)題。
二、針對(duì)本案的爭(zhēng)議管轄分析 我們來(lái)看本案中的爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)構(gòu)的選擇,及它們的管轄權(quán)。如上所述,根據(jù)本案中球員
工作合同的約定,三個(gè)爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)構(gòu)在一定條件下有權(quán)管轄本案中的球員工作合同爭(zhēng)議,包 括中國(guó)足協(xié)、FlFA、以及中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)上海分會(huì)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱:“貿(mào)仲上海分 會(huì)”)。而本案中與球員合同相關(guān)的商業(yè)合同中約定瑞士國(guó)際體育仲裁院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱:“cAs”) 為爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)構(gòu)。實(shí)際上,本案中的形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同是整個(gè)球員工作合同的有機(jī)組成部分。 我們來(lái)分析一下球員工作合同中約定的三個(gè)爭(zhēng)議解決機(jī)構(gòu)、國(guó)內(nèi)法院及形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同
中約定的CAS的管轄權(quán)來(lái)源的依據(jù)。 (一)中國(guó)足協(xié)的管轄權(quán)來(lái)自于其規(guī)定。
根據(jù)《中國(guó)足協(xié)章程》第62條第1款規(guī)定:“會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)、注冊(cè)俱樂(lè)部及其成員,應(yīng)保證 不得將他們與本會(huì)、其它會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)、會(huì)員俱樂(lè)部及其成員的爭(zhēng)議提交法院,而只能向本會(huì)的 仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)訴訟委員會(huì)提出中訴?!备鶕?jù)《中罔足球協(xié)會(huì)仲裁委員會(huì)工作規(guī)則》第5條笫2款: “仲裁委員會(huì)受理下列案件:(一)會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)、足球俱樂(lè)部、足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員、教練員、經(jīng)紀(jì)人相 互問(wèn),就注冊(cè)、轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)、參賽資格、工作合同、經(jīng)紀(jì)人合同等事項(xiàng)發(fā)生的屬于行業(yè)管理范疇的 爭(zhēng)議?!币虼耍虚h足協(xié)對(duì)于球員合同爭(zhēng)議有管轄權(quán),從上述法規(guī)的文意看其管轄權(quán)應(yīng)當(dāng)涵 蓋國(guó)內(nèi)球員合同及外援合同爭(zhēng)議。然而,實(shí)踐中,外援合同爭(zhēng)議通常由國(guó)際足聯(lián)或者圈際體 育仲裁院管轄。
(二’)FlFA的管轄權(quán)來(lái)自于其規(guī)定
《國(guó)際足聯(lián)球員身份和轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)規(guī)定》第22條對(duì)FIFA的管轄權(quán)作出了規(guī)定,即在不妨礙 任何球員及俱樂(lè)部通過(guò)民事法庭解決雇傭糾紛尋求賠償?shù)耐瑫r(shí),國(guó)際足聯(lián)的管轄權(quán)如下: a) ;b)俱樂(lè)部與球員間發(fā)生的帶有國(guó)際因素的雇傭關(guān)系糾紛,除非在協(xié)會(huì)框架下和/或經(jīng) 各方協(xié)商同意,訴諸于國(guó)內(nèi)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu),并確保公正審理、遵守球員與俱樂(lè)部地位平等原則; c):d)、e)、f) 。由于本案的爭(zhēng)議雙方為中國(guó)俱樂(lè)部和外援,因此帶有了國(guó)際因素,F(xiàn)lFA 應(yīng)當(dāng)有管轄權(quán)。且根據(jù)其第24條的規(guī)定,本案的爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)當(dāng)由圉際足聯(lián)爭(zhēng)議解決委員會(huì)(以 下簡(jiǎn)稱;“FlFA DRC”或者‘‘DRC”)進(jìn)行裁決。
.但是,F(xiàn)lFA無(wú)權(quán)處理任何商qk性合同,也不受理形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同,其管轄權(quán)限于球員 工作合同。.因此,在本案中,F(xiàn)lFA只能受理球員工作合同爭(zhēng)議,而不受理形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同 糾紛。
(三)貿(mào)仲上海分會(huì)的管轄權(quán)不具有實(shí)際意義 ‘雖然根據(jù)《國(guó)際足聯(lián)球員身份和轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)規(guī)定》第8章22條的規(guī)定, FlFA有條件地允許
將球員工作合同爭(zhēng)議提交國(guó)內(nèi)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)。但是,實(shí)際上,這樣的規(guī)定無(wú)法適用于中國(guó)。主要
原因有二:
l、中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)與西方國(guó)家的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu),比如美國(guó)的仲裁機(jī)構(gòu),其職能和受案 范圍有很大的差異。首先,中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu),除了勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁外,大多為純商事仲裁機(jī) 構(gòu),其受案范圍無(wú)法涵蓋民事以及勞動(dòng)性質(zhì)的案件。其次,其作出的裁決也無(wú)法包含行政類 的處罰,比如停賽、降級(jí)、罰款、警告等。而球員合同爭(zhēng)議的裁決中又往往涉及停賽、降級(jí)、 罰款、警告等行政類處罰。
2、球員工作合同糾紛實(shí)質(zhì)上仍然屬于勞動(dòng)合同糾紛,而中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)合同糾紛僅由勞動(dòng) 爭(zhēng)議仲裁委員會(huì)管轄,對(duì)仲裁不服可起訴到法院。國(guó)內(nèi)商事仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)作出的與勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議有關(guān)
的裁決,在申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行的時(shí)候,可能遭到異議。 因此,雖然根據(jù)《國(guó)際足聯(lián)球員身份和轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)規(guī)定》第22(b)條的規(guī)定,F(xiàn)lFA有條件地允
許將球員工作合同爭(zhēng)議提交國(guó)內(nèi)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu),但這一規(guī)定無(wú)法在中國(guó)的司法體制內(nèi)適用。
(四)無(wú)法排除國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)及法院的管轄權(quán) 勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)及法院實(shí)際上對(duì)本案中的勞動(dòng)合同爭(zhēng)議也有管轄權(quán),但是,通過(guò)勞動(dòng)
爭(zhēng)議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)及法院管轄,受損害一方可能得不到充分的賠償。原因有以下三點(diǎn): l、球員工作合同糾紛實(shí)質(zhì)上仍然屬于勞動(dòng)合同糾紛,中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)合同糾紛僅由勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)
議仲裁委員會(huì)及法院管轄。仲裁約定無(wú)法排除其管轄。 2、雖然FlFA章程第68條第2款和第3款,要求會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)、注冊(cè)俱樂(lè)部及其成員,應(yīng)
保證不得將足協(xié)內(nèi)部爭(zhēng)議或者與聯(lián)賽、聯(lián)賽成員、俱樂(lè)部、俱樂(lè)部成員、球員、官員以及其 它足協(xié)官員有關(guān)的爭(zhēng)議提交普通法院,除非FlFA規(guī)定中有特別規(guī)定,并要求各會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)在 其各自的章程和規(guī)定中插入類似條款,但是《國(guó)際足聯(lián)球員身份和轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)規(guī)定》第8章22條 規(guī)定FlFA的管轄權(quán)不妨礙任何球員及俱樂(lè)部通過(guò)民事法庭解決雇傭糾紛尋求賠償。也就是 說(shuō)FlFA的爭(zhēng)議解決程序可以與國(guó)內(nèi)法院的程序并行。況且,體育單項(xiàng)聯(lián)合會(huì)的規(guī)定,不能 挑戰(zhàn)國(guó)家的司法主權(quán)。
3、當(dāng)俱樂(lè)部或球員違約解除合同時(shí),受損害的一方可能無(wú)法得到足額的違約金。 根據(jù)中國(guó)《勞動(dòng)合同法》對(duì)單位違約應(yīng)支付勞動(dòng)者的賠償金的規(guī)定"6,假如一名外援與
上海某俱樂(lè)部簽約3年,其平均月工資為300萬(wàn)人民幣,效力1年后,俱樂(lè)部違約解除合同。 本案若提交至中圍法院,該球員能夠得到的最高賠償金為,433 1元(上海市2011年職工月 平均工資)×3(倍)×1(個(gè)月)×2(倍)≈2萬(wàn)6千元。若根據(jù)合同剩余價(jià)值等因素計(jì)算違 約金,該球員可獲得的賠償至少為300萬(wàn)元×12(個(gè)月)x2(年)=7200萬(wàn)元。二者相差近 3600倍。
另一方面,我閑《勞動(dòng)合同法》規(guī)定,只有在單位支付了培訓(xùn)費(fèi)或者有競(jìng)業(yè)禁止條款時(shí), 才能約定違約金,除此之外用人單位不得與勞動(dòng)者約定由勞動(dòng)者承擔(dān)違約金。還是以上段中 所述的情況為例,若球員違約解除合同,根據(jù)合同剩余價(jià)值等因素計(jì)算違約金,俱樂(lè)部可球 員索要至少7200萬(wàn)元的違約金,若提交中國(guó)法院,那么當(dāng)球員違約時(shí),山于中國(guó)《勞動(dòng)合 同法》幾乎不支持在合同中約定I_:}1勞動(dòng)者承擔(dān)違約金,俱樂(lè)部索要違約金將很難得到法院的
支持。
(五)CAS解決體育糾紛最全面 l、本案的形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同中約定了CAS為糾紛解決機(jī)構(gòu),這一約定可以排除困內(nèi)司法
機(jī)構(gòu)及其它一切仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)本案商業(yè)合同的管轄權(quán)。根據(jù)cAS規(guī)則"7第12條關(guān)于cAs的 任務(wù)的相關(guān)規(guī)定,cAs管轄與體育相關(guān)的糾紛,實(shí)踐中包含與體育有關(guān)的商業(yè)合同糾紛。 CAS在審理本案時(shí)會(huì)考慮體育的特殊性,將更有利于本案得到公正合理地解決。
2、本案中的外籍球員工作合同糾紛也可以約定由CAS進(jìn)行管轄。雖然如前所述這樣的 約定可能無(wú)法排除國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁委員會(huì)及上訴機(jī)構(gòu),即法院,對(duì)勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議的管轄。但是 如果雙方約定了cAS管轄,cAS可以直接適用普通程序?qū)徖碓摪?,并通過(guò)FlFA在足球領(lǐng)域 內(nèi)執(zhí)行其裁決。
3、本案中的球員工作合同糾紛如果提交FlFA管轄,雙方若對(duì)FlFA的管轄不服,皆可 以上訴至CAS。根據(jù)《國(guó)際足聯(lián)章程》第66條的相關(guān)規(guī)定,F(xiàn)lFA承認(rèn)CAS管轄FlFA、其 成員、各洲際足聯(lián)、各足協(xié)、俱樂(lè)部、球員、官員、經(jīng)紀(jì)人之間的糾紛。cAS在解決上述
"6具體規(guī)定參見《勞動(dòng)合同法》第46、47、48、87條。 ”7《國(guó)際體育仲裁院仲裁及調(diào)解規(guī)則》,2012年1月版。
249
糾紛時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)優(yōu)先適用FlFA規(guī)則。
綜合以上分析,我們可以看出,就本案面言,中國(guó)足協(xié)實(shí)踐中通常不處理外援工作合同。 FlFA有權(quán)管轄本案的球員工作合同糾紛,但不能管轄形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同糾紛。實(shí)踐中,由于 本案的球員工作合同中約定了貿(mào)仲上海分會(huì)仲裁,F(xiàn)lFA很有可能以此為由而排除自身的管 轄,拒絕受理本案。然而,如上述所析,貿(mào)仲上海分會(huì)的仲裁不具有實(shí)際意義。因此,本案 中的外援工作合同糾紛最好交由FlFA或者cAS裁決。而本案中的形象權(quán)商業(yè)合同糾紛,已 約定的提交CAS解決是最好的選擇??紤]方便審理和效率,統(tǒng)一提交CAS仲裁是最佳選擇。
三、球員合同糾紛如何選擇管轄權(quán) 實(shí)踐中,被約定為球員合同糾紛管轄機(jī)構(gòu)的國(guó)內(nèi)外爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)有以下幾個(gè):(1)中國(guó)
足球協(xié)會(huì)仲裁委員會(huì);(2)國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁委員會(huì)及國(guó)內(nèi)法院;(3)國(guó)內(nèi)商事仲裁機(jī)構(gòu), 如中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)(ClETAC);(4)國(guó)際足聯(lián)(FJFA);(5)國(guó)際體育仲裁院 (CAs)。下面根據(jù)筆者的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過(guò)一個(gè)表格來(lái)比較一下,各機(jī)構(gòu)管轄球員合同糾紛 的優(yōu)劣勢(shì):
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綜合上述案例及表格分析,我們可以得出如下結(jié)論, 1、中國(guó)足球協(xié)會(huì)仲裁委員會(huì)管轄球員合同的最大缺點(diǎn)就是,仲裁程序不規(guī)范,且通常
不管轄外援合同爭(zhēng)議。 2、國(guó)內(nèi)勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)內(nèi)法院管轄球員合同,除了專業(yè)性不強(qiáng)外,存在兩個(gè)重
大缺陷:
1)當(dāng)俱樂(lè)部或球員違約解除合同時(shí),受損害的一方可能無(wú)法得到足額的違約金。
2)無(wú)法做出行政類處罰,導(dǎo)致對(duì)球員的處罰力度不夠。
3、國(guó)內(nèi)商事仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)球員工作合同,除了專業(yè)性不強(qiáng)外,也存在兩個(gè)重大缺陷:
1)對(duì)勞動(dòng)合同,即球員工作合同,無(wú)管轄權(quán),即使作出裁決很可能無(wú)法執(zhí)行;
2)無(wú)法做出行政類處罰,導(dǎo)致對(duì)球員的處罰力度不夠。
4、國(guó)際足聯(lián)對(duì)球員合同的管轄,主要限定在帶有國(guó)際因素的球員合同,并且國(guó)際足聯(lián) 的管轄不涉及球員與俱樂(lè)部間的商業(yè)合同。
5、國(guó)際體育仲裁院既可以管轄球員與俱樂(lè)部之間的工作合同,又可以管轄他們之間的 商jIk合同,針對(duì)工作合同的裁決由FlF’A執(zhí)行,針對(duì)商業(yè)合同的裁決,根據(jù)《紐約公約》在 中國(guó)法院申請(qǐng)執(zhí)行。
四、問(wèn)題的解決 綜上所述,筆者認(rèn)為,為了更好地保護(hù)足球俱樂(lè)部及球員的利益,使可能發(fā)生的合同糾
紛得到順利解決,在選擇球員合同爭(zhēng)議管轄機(jī)構(gòu)及適用法律時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的情況作出不同
的約定:
針對(duì)圈內(nèi)球員的工作合同,可以約定由中圈足球協(xié)會(huì)仲裁委員會(huì)管轄,適用中國(guó)足協(xié)相
關(guān)規(guī)定;
針對(duì)外援的工作合同,約定由FlFA管轄,并約定困際體育仲裁院為上訴機(jī)構(gòu),適用FlFA
規(guī)則,或者直接約定由_CAs管轄; 針對(duì)球員的商業(yè)合同(包括其它與體育有關(guān)的商業(yè)合同),約定由國(guó)際體育仲裁院管轄,
適用中圈法律,對(duì)中國(guó)及亞洲的俱樂(lè)部而苦仲裁地點(diǎn)選擇國(guó)際體育仲裁院上海聽證中心是最
經(jīng)濟(jì)的選擇。
若球員與俱樂(lè)部之間既有工作合同又有商業(yè)合同,且二者密不可分,則兩合同爭(zhēng)議都約 定由CAS裁決,既方便案件審理,又能提高案件解決的效率。
參考文獻(xiàn): ..
1)《中圈足協(xié)章程》,2ci05年版。
2)《中國(guó)足球協(xié)會(huì)仲裁委員會(huì)工作規(guī)則》,2009年版。
3)《圈際足聯(lián)章程》,2012年版。
4)《困際足聯(lián)球員身份和轉(zhuǎn)會(huì)規(guī)定》,2010年版。
5)《國(guó)際體育仲裁院仲裁及調(diào)解規(guī)則》,2012年1月版。
THE APPLlCATloN oF FlFA AND CAS REGULATIoNS IN PLAYER CoNTRACT DlSPUTES UNDER CHINESE FOoTBALL LEAGUE
David W.Wu,China
(CAS Arbitrator'Senior Partner/Lawyer of Boss&Young Attorneys at Law)
ABSTRACT
A la略e amount of player comract disputes occur in football wOrld eVeq year.1n recem years,
with the improvement of the entire environment of Chinese Football League,many football clubs input more funds to buy high leVel foreign players,whjch haVe impIIoVed the leVel of Chjnese football league to a great extent.Meanwhile,the player contract disputes haVe been upgraded in Chinese Footban League.
During the season of 20¨and 20 1 2,several player contract disputes haVe occullred in Chinese Football League.A great range ofreasons which haVe resulted in disputes:(1)alledged not providing the pkIyer with an appIjop“ate medical treatment;(2)the player leaVing the club without
notice;(3)Non—paymem of sala“es;(4)core players ba唱aining for more sala巧;(5)the player/coach being severely sanctioned by Chinese FootbaIl Association/AFC/FlF|A;(6) consuming pmhibited 2
subStances(Doping);(7)not complying with a mandato叫clause of the employment contract;(8)
the business contract dispute af琵cting the ful6llment of the work contract 0r the work contract
dispute a艉cting the ful舢ment of the business contl’act.
The nature of player contract is labor contract.1n Ch{na,labor cOntract disputes aure regulated tO be exclusively govemed by the Arbitration Committee fbr Labor Disputes and hereaRer appealed to the court.The applicable laws are Chinese Laws and Regulations.HoweVer,in footbaJl worId,the player contract disputes are goVemed by the football federation ofthe country concemed,F(xiàn)lFA,or the Coun of Arbitration in Sport(CAS).The applicable laws are Football Federation Regulations or FlFA Regulations.ConSequently,when player contract disputes occur,hOw to coordinate nationallaws with football world intemal regulations and how tO ch00se the appropriate institute to settle the disputes 9re challenging and profound issues both in practice and in theory.
As lawyer ofdomestic clubs and players and arbitrator ofthe Court ofArbitration in Sport(CAS), l havejoined in the pr09ess ofthe settlement ofmany disputes bef研e Chinese Football Association,F(xiàn)lFA and the CAS in recent years.1n this anicle,1 will summarize my experiences in the process of d9aling with f.ootball player contract disputes and analyZe the corre’ct way to settle djf俺rent sorts of footbalI 3
player contract disputes and the juriSdictjon in order to protect the benefits of clubs and playerS in Chinese Football League and pronlote the fusion and integration between Chinese Football and Intemational Football ih the legal System.
KEYWoRDS:Chinese Football League,player contract dispute,jurisdiction,F(xiàn)lFA Regulations, CAS
Dav沁W.Wu‘.。
l 6th Floor,‘BEA Finance+Tower,66 Hua Yuan Shi Qiao Road,Pudong District,Shanghai 200 l 20,
Chinaj
Tel:(86 21)688679666 Fa)(:(86 21)6886·9333
E—ma訂:daVidwu@boss-young.com 4
MoSt ofthe contract disputes betWeen football players or coaches鋤d clubs haVe been resolved Via inner administratiVe methods since the Chinese professionaJ f00tball 1eague was built 1 8 yearS ago.Only a few cases haVe been submitted and decided by FlFA鋤d the CAS,f研instance D皇ian PetkoVic Vs Shan曲ai Shenhua SVA SMEG FC,or Materazzi Vs Tianjin TEDA FC.It can be appreciated in these cases how the ChineSe clubs always lost the cases due to 1ack of knowledge conceming intemalional f-00tball regulations as wen as dispute resolution pmcedures.Especially,
when disputes can’t be solVed thl.ough adminis”atiVe way,Chinese cIubs have no idea about
255
、^mich body is proper and has jurisdiction to solVe the case.To my best knowledge of domestic and intemational football regulations,the CAS code,case law as well as my experience in dealing w“h footbajl cases,】tU to compare tbe domestic and intemational footbalJ bodies with
.jurisdiction in relation to diSputes solution of f.ootball clubs and players in China.These are the bodies which goVem football disputes and which may fall under conflicts ofjurisdiction.1 will analyze them in order to explain the correct choice ofjurisdiction bodies for Chinese內(nèi)otball clllbs.
1.Case Introduction on Jurisdiction of Disputes 1regarding Player Contract And Commercial Contract
l The intrcHduced case is recomposed to protect the business secret of the related clubs.5
A Chinese footbalI club concluded a player contract with a foreign pIayer.The contract te姍was 5 years.The iurisdiction clause in the contract stated that:“allthe disputes about the comract shall be referred to Chinese Football AssOciation and even FlFA for se釷lement,provided that the
concemed dispute cannot be settled by negotiation.Jf such dispute can’t be resoived、^一thin sjx months by Chinese Football Association or FlFA,either party is authorized to refer the dispute to the China Intemational Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration based on its
rules and regulations in Shanghai and applying the law of China.”
Me醐while,both panies concluded a commercial image right contract.The jurisdiction clause of the contract stated that:‘‘a(chǎn)ll the disputes derived from this ima2e contract shall be referred to the
Coun of Arbitration for Sports(CAS)in Lausanne,Switzerland.,,
SeVeral months aRer the signing of both c6ntracts,a dispute arose between the panies.The player clajmed thal the cJub had breached the conlract by not fully complying with their療nancjaJ obbgations and tried to unil毹erally temlinate both the image rights contract and the labor contract between the player and the club.1t has to be stated that the non—adaptation to China of such player was an important龜ctor which made the plaver not佗el com向nable in the club and innuenced his decision to te丌_ninate the contract.6
As the outside counsel of the club’l have negotiated with the player’s intemationallawyer several times to illustrate our position and to。discuss about eve科deta釘of the case.FinalIy,both of us
concluded that the player would pay a la唱e amount of compensation to the club if he unilaterally
teminated the contract.Based on the abov己consensus,the player waived unilatera“ernlination of the contract which avoided the potential.a(chǎn)rbitration.1n case the dispute could not be senled through negotiation,which juris(1icti9n body is competent to this case?ln my opinion,it is one of the mOst notable issues in such case and it is also a common issue of dispute sohltion between clubs and players in China in the fmure.
11.Analvsis of Jurisdiction of the Case
PurSuant to the aforementioned iurisdiction clause in the player contract,three bodies had competence in this case,including the Chinese Football Association(hereinafkr:CFA),F(xiàn)lFA and China Intemational Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission(hereinaRer:ClETAC).The
disputes arising f兩m the image“ght contract was agreed to be submitted to the Court of Arbitratjon f.or Sport(hereinaner:the CAS).Actually,the image right contmct is an indiVisible pan ofthe whole player contract between the club and the foreign player.7
1.Chinese Football Association’s(CFA)competence based on its regulations
ln accordance with anicle 62.1 ofthe CFA Statutes,the member associations,the clubs and their memberS,sha玎promise not to refer their disputeS against the CFA,the 0ther member aSsociations,
the member clubs and their members to the ordinaU coun and shall only seek redress before the arbitration commission under the CFA.According to the anicle 5.2 ofthe rule ofthe CFA arbjtration commission,the competence of the CFA arbitration commission includes the disputes relating to registration,transf.er,eligibility,player comfact,agent contract,between the member associations,the football clubs,the football playerS,coaches,agents which belong t0 management of such induStry.Consequently,the CFA has jurisdiction on player contract disputes including
foreign and domestic player con砸ct disputes purSuant to the literal meaning of the regulations
abovementioned.HoweVer,in practice,the foreign player contract disputes are usually goVemed
by FlFA orthe CAS.
2.F】FA’s competence based on“s regulations
ln accordance wim anicle 22 of Fl FA Regulations on the Status And Transfer of PlayerS,without
prejudice to the rigbt of any player or club to seek redress before a ciVil court for
employment—related disputes,F(xiàn)lFA is competent to hear employment—related dispmes be似een a
cluband a 8
player of an jntemational dimension,unless an jndependent a而itration tribunal guaranteeing fair proceedings and respecting the principle of equal represemation of players and clubs has been eStablished at nationalleVel within the fhmework ofthe association and/or a coIlectiVe b