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1、英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance Lecture 3 An Age of Renaissance An Overview of Renaissance The aspects of the Renaissance Background and Writers of The English Renaissance 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceHow Renaissance occurred in Europe? In 1453, the Turks seized Constantinople which had been the center of Med
2、iterranean civilization for a thousand years. When Constantinople fell to the hands of the Turks, many of its Greek teachers fled with their libraries to Italy and taught in Italian universities. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe Renaissance (rebirth“ in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement
3、that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance Thus, in the late 14th and 15th centuries, scholars in western European countries ha
4、d a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture. The art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance This intellectual and literary movement is called Renaissance, a French word which means “rebirth” in English. This movement b
5、egan in Italy, and later spread to France, Spain, the Netherlands, and England. Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Re
6、naissanceThe emphasis of the Renaissance is humanism. Renaissance Humanism is the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themselves truth and falsehood. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture
7、 3 RenaissanceHumanism: The ideal of Renaissance is humanism, which emphasized the welfare of human beings. According to humanist scholars, it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intelle
8、ctual and emotional life. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance In religion they demanded the reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of mans
9、mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance To some English Renaissance, humanism did not mean that there was nothing to do with God. To Edmund Spenser, for instance, God is the first principle, and all human actions and beh
10、aviours should not be contradictory to the divine laws of God. That is, the natural grace should not contradict with the divine grace.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe features of the Renaissance 1 thirsty curiosity for the classical learning in Greek and Latin authors 2 keen interest in the activities o
11、f humanity英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissancePainting Tribute Money Masaccio 1426-27 Fresco, 255 x 598 cm 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceSandro Botticelli 桑德羅波提且利 1478 La Primavera英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) The Last Supper 1483英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceVirgin Mary with Christ-child on her
12、 knee. The child is dressed in gold, his right hand held out in blessing. In his left hand he holds a scroll. On the left and right were Emperor John II Comnenus and Empress Irene. .英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance Raphael Sanzio 1506 Raphaels Madonna with Christ and St. John the Baptist英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renai
13、ssanceSculpture and Architecture Filippo Brunelleschi 1419-1426 Foundling Hospital英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance Michelangelo (1475-1564) David 1501-1504英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissancePolitics Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince The exercise of state power without the intervention of the church In 1534,
14、 English King Henry VIII declared the break with the Pop英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceEducation and Ethics The nature of man is a divine capacity, but it needs nurture to develop its highest potentialities Erasmus: “ men are not born, they are made.” Italian Guazzo: “ nature always tendeth to the best, s
15、o that of good parents, ought naturally to come good children.” The model man: a man, by virture of his moral and intellectual excellencee, to be a good citizen or “governor” 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceReligion In 1517, Martin Luther(1483-1546) tacked a parchment on the door of the collegiate church o
16、f Wittenberg, attacking Roman Catholic doctrine of indulgences, thus, pushing the waves of reformation As a result of the translation of the Bible into the vernacular language, the reading and study of Bible not only put emphasis on individuals and their religious rights, but also produced inevitabl
17、e concern for increased literacy.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceScience and technology Printing helped the circulation of classical and reading materials Geographical exploration Compass, astrolabe, together with the discovery of Latin translation of the astronomical and geographical works of Ptolemy help
18、ed better maps and other navigational aids Astrological discoveries 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceSummary In a age of the Renaissance, theology was losing its control over philosophy, the arts, and political and historical thinking Consciousness of individuality is most graphically displayed in literatur
19、e and the fine arts.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe Historical Background of English RenaissanceGenerally speaking, the 16th century in England witnessed the establishment of an absolute monarchy, which inspired English peoples wishes for a peaceful and powerful country. The rising middle class support
20、ed the monarchy, which weakened feudal relations and paved the way for the development of capitalism. The national strengthening of England experienced the following stages: 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe civil wars, such as the War of the Roses (1455-1458), killed off large numbers of feudal noblemen
21、 in England, and weakened the feudal power. So it became easier for Henry VII (1485-1509) and Henry VIII (1509-1547) to centralize political power and lay the foundations for a strong monarchy. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe land-enclosure movement: the land of some feudal lords was confiscated, the l
22、and of peasants enclosed. Peasants lost their land and became factory labor. This movement urbanized, even began to industrialize England, and also strengthened national power. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceProtestantism: Henry VIII broke off with the Roman Pope, dissolved all the monasteries and abbeys
23、in the country, confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe Writers of the English Renaissance The key literary figures in the English Renaissance are now generally considered to be the poet Edmund Spenser; the philosopher Francis Bacon;
24、 the poets and playwrights Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson; and the poet John Milton. Sir Thomas More is often considered one of the earliest writers of the English Renaissance 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceEnglish literature of the Renaissance falls into three stages: 1. The firs
25、t stage stretched from the introduction of the first printing press in England by William Caxton in 1476 to Elizabeths coming to the crown. Distinguished writers are: 1) Thomas More (1478-1535), whose masterpiece is Utopia (first in Latin, and then translated into English in 1551).英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Rena
26、issance 2) Court Poetry: Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547) are often mentioned together as an outstanding landmark in the historical development of English poetry, and their anthology of poetry Tottels Miscellany (1557) seemed to usher in a new period of great
27、 lyrical poetry in England in the second half of the 16th century. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance Thomas Wyatts two contributions to English literature consist in his brilliant lyrics on the theme of love and in his introduction of the Italian sonnet form into English poetry. Surrey first employed the bl
28、ank verse or the unrhymed iambic pentameter in his translation from Latin of the second and fourth books of Virgils Aeneid, and blank verse later became a very popular vehicle for poetry through the centuries. So, Surreys contributions to English literature consist chiefly in writing some of the ear
29、liest love lyrics in Petrarchan fashion and in introducing two new verse forms into English poetry, the English sonnet form and the blank verse.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe second stage refers to the “Elizabeth Age” (1558-1603): 1) Poetry Edmund Spenser (1552-1599): The Shepherds Calendar (1578, con
30、sisting of 12 eclogues, one for each month of the year), Amoretti, Epithalamion, Four Hymns, The Faerie Queene (a romance epic). 2) Drama University Wits: group of Elizabethan playwrights and pamphleteers from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge. 英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance The University Wit
31、s include John Lyly (?1554-1606), George Peele (1558-1598), Thomas Lodge (1558-1625), Robert Greene (1558-1592), Thomas Nashe (1567-1601), Thomas Kid (1558-1594), and Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593). Among them Marlowe is no doubt the most established, and his major works include Hero and Leander (a
32、 long but unfinished narrative poem), Tamburlaine the Great, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, and The Jew of Malta.英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 RenaissanceThe last stage Ben Jonson (1573-1673): the first poet-laureate in 1616, and his genius was at its best in the field of comedy. Volpone, or the Fox (1605) was his masterpiece, and he was also famous for his theory of “comedy of humour” embodied in Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Every Man Out of His Humour (1599). William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Metaphysical Poets
英國(guó)文學(xué)lecture 3 Renaissance課件
