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- 1 - 2000（ 20） : 133 . a in by of to to in a be is as a as as as in of on of a in a in is of at is is at to to to in of of a of to in is or of to to of is on a - 2 - be in on or is 1) be (2) 3) is is on of to as a of in or be as 1 in it in to in to 972 in of of it is to to a of is A of in 970s of on 972 973 in on of in by A 1974 of a a “ on of a by a a be by a to to an of In 980s 990s, - 3 - of of of on at no of of of to it is it of of of as a is to of to A on is on to a a of in of to is to of of or In an on be on be by of 990s, on or of 990s, “to in of on by by as N s 1 1 is as a of of At of In to as is to in - 4 - is a in of of be to be in A of by 992; 995; 997). As of of at s to 997 in of a of as on s of 2 of of a of is as in of to to s 855 to a in up to s 889. be as to In in a to 919 - 5 - be at a by in a in I. in to to in s 1944 s “a to by to of to to 980s a of in to to in of in 990s a of in of a of on in or in at as 991 ct in of to to A of to In of to in a or to at - 6 - 3 so at of to a of to of a a a of is a of on of in of so to in of of on or in at a of of of at of a a of a to as to be a to an of in an s it to be to by or s of at as of s of A of to in - 7 - to in a of of in by of if to of at or of 1998, is in a be to it to as in at 992, 399). of to be as to of to on of is on a to to in [1] I. M. 1991. [2] W. 1991. of 980s. of 7(2): 136[3] 1992. A to (1): 111[4] 1990. in [5] . 1993. in [6] 1993. [7] 1976. of [8] 1996. a - 8 - 2000（ 20） : 133 都市規(guī)劃的可持續(xù)發(fā)展 斯蒂芬·惠勒 加州大學(xué) 摘 要 本文建立了這樣的框架，通過(guò)調(diào)查在城市發(fā)展中應(yīng)用可持續(xù)性概念及其意義 的起源，來(lái)考慮可持續(xù)發(fā)展在大城市中的情況。測(cè)量歷史方法用來(lái)規(guī)劃城市區(qū)域和分析環(huán)境，用在被創(chuàng)造區(qū)域的可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展被看作是需要一個(gè)歷史的、長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的規(guī)劃方法，以及某些直接的總政策，例如減緩城市形成，減少汽車(chē)的使用，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)以及促進(jìn)公平。基于三個(gè)樣本地區(qū)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，研究提出了在視覺(jué)陳述、聯(lián)盟建設(shè)、制度發(fā)展、政府間的激勵(lì)框架、指標(biāo)、公眾參與和社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)方面的一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)略，越來(lái)越有可能幫助創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的區(qū)域環(huán)境。 關(guān)鍵詞 高層建筑 辦公大樓 巨型結(jié)構(gòu) 綠色建筑 簡(jiǎn)介 可持續(xù)發(fā)展的許多方面是大都會(huì)區(qū)域 規(guī)模的最好論述。受益主體特別是區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)，包括土地使用、運(yùn)輸、空氣質(zhì)量、水質(zhì)、生態(tài)保護(hù)、便宜住房規(guī)定和維護(hù)社會(huì)公平。問(wèn)題是，這種最困難的水平通常是隨著政治意愿和機(jī)構(gòu)能力而改變。這些困難在北美尤為巨大，那里的區(qū)域規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)變淡，從而經(jīng)常缺乏刺激都市地區(qū)的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定性。不過(guò)，許多都市的穩(wěn)定聯(lián)系優(yōu)先權(quán)被自主控制住了，還有更多的可能出現(xiàn)于未來(lái)。目前的問(wèn)題是規(guī)劃者，政治家，和積極分子能如何更好的發(fā)展它們或幫助它們?nèi)〉贸晒Α? 正文 本文將探討可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念的起源和它應(yīng)用于城市發(fā)展的涵義，簡(jiǎn)要調(diào)查規(guī)劃城市地區(qū)的歷史方法，并 分析了都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃的可能實(shí)現(xiàn)條件。最大的重點(diǎn)是關(guān)于如何 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)環(huán)境使都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃發(fā)生，而不是在于特定技術(shù)或政策方向。這是因?yàn)?(1) 盡管具體的策略仍被爭(zhēng)論，但許多一般可持續(xù)發(fā)展的規(guī)劃方向已經(jīng)眾所周知； (2)現(xiàn)有都市可持續(xù)發(fā)展計(jì)劃在北美才剛起步，很少提供評(píng)價(jià)理由； (3)許多觀察家最迫切的問(wèn)題是持續(xù)的努力將如何實(shí)現(xiàn)。以下討論是基于文獻(xiàn)回顧，同時(shí)與區(qū)域規(guī)劃可持續(xù)發(fā)展和使用為例的三個(gè)北美都市 —— 波特蘭、多倫多及舊金山海灣，由于各種各樣的進(jìn)步的區(qū)域規(guī)劃措施，以這樣或那樣的方式被看作用來(lái)推廣可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 - 9 - 1 大城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展情況 盡管它起源于 19 世紀(jì)晚期，“持續(xù)產(chǎn)生”的林地活動(dòng)原產(chǎn)于德國(guó)，