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1、2021/3/25授課：XXX1Unit 2 Culture and Communication Pre-reading Questions:1.What does the term culture usually mean to you?2.What do you know about the functions of culture?2021/3/25授課：XXX2 Representative Definitions to Culture Culture is notoriously difficult to define.So far there are at least more t
2、han 150 definitions to it.Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,law,morals,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.-E.B.Tylor,1871 Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.-E.Sapir,1921 What really binds men toge
3、ther is their culture-the ideas and the standards they have in common.-R.Benedict,1935 Culture is mans medium;there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.This means personality,how people express themselves(including shows of emotion),the way they think,how they
4、move,how problems are solved,how their cities are planned and laid out,how transportation systems function and are organized,as well as how economic and government systems are put together and function.-Edward T.Hall,1959 2021/3/25授課：XXX3 Continued By culture,anthropology means the total life way of
5、 a people,the social legacy the individual acquires from his group.Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man.-Clyde Kluckhohn,1965 A culture is a collection of beliefs,habits,living patterns,and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people wh
6、o occupy particular geographic areas.-D.Brown,1978 .culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people.It includes everything that a group of people thinks,says,does,and makes.-R.Kohl,1979 The culture of every society is unique,containing combinations of norms and values that are
7、 found nowhere else.-I.Robertson,19812021/3/25授課：XXX4 Continued I treat culture as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.The mind stands for the head,heart,and hands-that is,for thinking,feeling,and acting,with consequen
8、ces for beliefs,attitudes,and skills.-G.Hofstede,2001 Culture is a fuzzy set of attitudes,beliefs,behavioral conventions,and basic assumptions and values that are shared by a group of people,and that influence each members behavior and each members interpretations of the meaning of other peoples beh
9、avior.-Apte,20012021/3/25授課：XXX5 漢語中“文化”一詞的來源 中國有華夷之辨，但無文化之概念。在中國典籍中，“文”既指文字、文章、文采，又指禮樂制度、法律條文等；“化”乃“教化”之意。漢代劉向在說苑中說：“凡武之興，為不服也，文化不改，然后加誅”。其中“文化”一詞與“武功”相對，含教化之意。“文化”兩字的組合，最早見于戰(zhàn)國末年出現(xiàn)的周易賁卦：“觀乎天文，以察時變；觀乎人文，以化成天下”。在西方，“文化”一詞源于拉丁文cultura,在英文中為culture,原意是指農(nóng)耕以及對植物的培育，從15世紀(jì)以來，逐漸引申為對人的品德和能力的培養(yǎng)。在近代，日本人將英文cult
10、ure翻譯成文化，此后我國便借用日人之譯法。2021/3/25授課：XXX6 文化的特征1.文化是由人類進(jìn)化過程中衍生出來或創(chuàng)造出來的。e.g.水不是文化，人修的水道才是文化（如京杭大運河）2.文化是人們后天習(xí)得的。e.g.“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”，“跟著好人學(xué)好人，跟著巫婆學(xué)跳神”3.文化是一個體系。e.g.美國向他國輸出美式文化，勢必會對該國文化的方方面面帶來影響。4.文化在一個群體中具有共享性。e.g.大中華文化圈“恥文化”，同性戀文化5.世界的文化是豐富多彩的。e.g.猶太人吃魚類不吃豬肉，祖魯人吃蝗蟲不吃魚類；阿拉伯婦女需全身遮蓋，非洲許多地區(qū)婦女可裸胸露臀6.文化是發(fā)展變化的。e.g
11、.中國文化隨處可見外國舶來品，從牛仔服到KFC，從迪斯科到卡拉OK7.文化具有民族性和特定的階級性。8.文化常有本民族文化優(yōu)越感的傾向。cultural superority ethnocentric9.文化是建立在象征符號之上的，是可以傳遞的。2021/3/25授課：XXX7 Functions of Culture1.culture serves the identity meaning function;2.culture serves the group inclusion function;3.culture serves the intergroup boundary regula
12、tion function;4.culture serves the ecological adaptation function;5.culture serves the cultural communication function.2021/3/25授課：XXX8examples to illustrate cultures chracteristics example 1 Concept of GirlChinese perspective:Girl means sb.who is young and single,while woman means sb.who is married
13、 and who is probably not young.In fact,most single Chinese females,such as university students,would be insulted to be called women.However,male students of the same age would not want to be called boys.North American perspective:In formal,public settings,its customary to call any female who is past
14、 puberty a woman,even though she may not be legally old enough to vote or marry.This terminology became widespread during the womens liberation.The term girl is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.Interestingly,the term girl is often used among young or older women to refer to the
15、mselves when speaking with female friends or a spouse or lover,such as a girls night out,Go girl!,girl power.2021/3/25授課：XXX9 the gift of a book Chinese perspective:It is a common practice in China that when sb.publishes a book,he would send it to people he cares about.If a friend asks the author fo
16、r a free copy of the book,the author is supposed to feel grateful about this.In the case where sb.wants to buy a copy,most authors would find it embarrassing to take the money.North American perspective:Books in North America tend to be expensive,so people normally dont expect the author to give awa
17、y free copies to anyone who expresses interest.Furthermore,writing a book takes a lot of work,and peopel fully understand that the author is entitled to be paid for his work.2021/3/25授課：XXX10 sexual harassment has many faces Chinese perspective:Teacher-student love relationship is not something very
18、 unusual in China.People may talk about it for a while and then get used to the fact.No one would interfere with the love relationship.North American perspective:In North America,any romantic liaison between a person in a position of power and a person in a subordinate position could be a form of se
19、xual harassment.2021/3/25授課：XXX11 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs-19432021/3/25授課：XXX12 Fill-in TaskCulture can be roughly classified according to different standards.formal culture vs deep culture 形式文化-深層文化explicit culture vs implicit culture 顯性文化-隱性文化overt culture vs covert culture 公開文化-隱蔽文化2021/3/25授課
20、：XXX13 Reading II In reality,communication is the essential human connection.Whether in pictures,or music,whether verbal or nonverbal,informative or persuasive,frightening or amusing,clear or unclear,purposeful or accidental,communication is our link to the rest of the humanity.Characteristics of Co
21、mmunication communication is symbolic communication is interpretive communication is transactional communication is contextual communication is a process communication involves shared meanings2021/3/25授課：XXX14 Elements of Communication context:physical setting,historical,psychological,culture partic
22、ipants:relationship,gender,culture messages:meanings,symbol,encoding,decoding channels:sound,sight,smell,taste,touch,etc.noise:external noise,internal noise,semantic noise feedback:verbal or nonverbal response given by receivers who attempt to decode the meaning of messages2021/3/25授課：XXX15 semantic
23、 noise古時一縣官與一知府之間的對話：“貴縣風(fēng)土怎樣？”“并沒有大風(fēng)，更少塵土。”“百姓怎樣？”“白杏只有兩棵，紅杏不少?！薄拔覇柕氖抢枋?。”“梨樹很多，結(jié)的果實很小?！薄拔也皇菃柺裁蠢鏄?，我是問你的小民?！薄氨奥毜男∶泄穬??！?021/3/25授課：XXX16 continued 1945年，日本首相鈴木宣布他的政府愿意“默殺”（mokusatsu)波茨坦公告(The Potsdam Proclamation)。該詞既有“藐視或不理睬”之意，又有“高明老練地不作出反應(yīng)”之意。譯員選前意，此誤譯使美國斷定日本不愿投降，于是在廣島、長崎投下了原子彈。2021/3/25授課：XXX17 Di
24、scovering Problems It is easy to see what is wrong with each of the English commercial signs.Some of them are grammatically incorrect;some others,though grammatically correct,use English in a strange way,probably influenced by the native languages of the countries.More cases of misuse of English in
25、our life:地面光滑，小心摔倒-The Ground is smooth,carefully Throws Down.(in a hotel)售票房-Sells the Box Office(at a cinema)熟食計價處-The Familiar Food Makes Sure the Price(in a supermarket)話梅糖-Saying Plum Candies（on the package of the candies)2021/3/25授課：XXX18 Matching Task1.j-I suppose the film is a tear-jerker2.f
26、-we dont have anything to treat complete loss of voice3.a-I dont want to talk about it.4.g-perhaps the dog has eaten the raost beef5.i-Im a bit dubious about drinking that cocktail6.h-Im not goin gto it7.b-I didnt buy her a rose8.c-I think The Omen is scary9.d-whiskey please/sth.other than whiskey,p
27、lease10.e-No,he isnt,for the English are generally not good cooks2021/3/25授課：XXX19 Translation 文化有時候被稱為我們的心智程序，也即我們“頭腦的軟件”。但是，我們可以進(jìn)一步引申這個用電腦所做的類比，把文化看作是支持軟件運行的操作環(huán)境。文化就像電腦使用的DOS或者Unix或者“視窗”(Windows)等操作系統(tǒng)一樣，使我們能在各種各樣的實際應(yīng)用中處理信息。用“視窗”這個比喻來描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我們心靈的視窗，透過它我們可以審視生活的方方面面。一個社會中不同個體的視窗是大不一樣的，但都有著
28、一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是魚暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當(dāng)然地把文化看成是客觀存在的事實，從而很少去研究它。文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對我們了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命離不開空氣一樣。文化是特定群體2021/3/25授課：XXX20 CONTINUED 的共有財產(chǎn)，而不單是個體的特征。社會按照文化設(shè)定的程序來運作，這種程序來自于相似的生活體驗以及對這種生活體驗之涵義的相似性闡釋。如果文化是一種心智程序，那么它也是現(xiàn)實的心靈地圖。從我們很小的時候開始，文化就告訴我們應(yīng)該看重什么、偏好什么、規(guī)避什么以及做些什么。文化還告訴我們事物應(yīng)該是什么樣的。文化為我們提供超越個體經(jīng)驗的理想典
29、范，幫助我們決定應(yīng)該優(yōu)先考慮什么。文化為我們建立起行為準(zhǔn)則，并解釋為什么符合這些準(zhǔn)則的行為正當(dāng)、合法。2021/3/25授課：XXX21 Case Study case 5:In China,it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest,polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accpeting the beer at the second or third offer.But he did not know the North
30、American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone.A person may not drink for religious reasons,he may be a reformed alcoholic,or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason,you do not insist on offering alcohol.So the Americans didnt make a second offer of beer to Heping,
31、who probably thought North Americans not hospitable.However,there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture.Probably the young Chinese nurse had known sth.about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.20
32、21/3/25授課：XXX22 Case 6 When a speaker says sth.to a hearer,there are at least three kinds of meanings involved:utterance meaning,the speakers meaning andthe hearers meaning.In the dialogue,when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay,she meant that if she knew how long she was going
33、to stay in Finland,she would be able to make proper arrangements for her,such as taking her out to do some sightseeing.However,her mother-in-law took Litzs question to mean that Litz does not want me to stay for long.From the Chinese point of view,it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a questi
34、on just two days after her mother-in-laws arrival.If she has to ask the question,it would be better to ask some time later and she would not let her mother-in-law hear it.2021/3/25授課：XXX23 Case 7 Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends,because in countries like Japan,exchanging
35、 gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition.Should you receive a gift,and dont have one to offer in return,you will probably create a crisis.If not as serious as a crisis,one who doesnt offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore,in Japan,gifts are a symbolic way to show app
36、reciation,respect,gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary,Ed and Marion as gifts,for she probably doesnt know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary,Ed and Mariton would never consider those used
37、household items given to Keiko as gifts.No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.2021/3/25授課：XXX24 Case 8 When the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time,it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way,for she
38、wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls.She did not like to see her boyfriend disappointed at the shabby Chinese Christmas.Thats why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the ministers family over for the Christmas Eve dinner.She thought the menu for the Christmas
39、meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case,we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is app
40、ropriate food for a banquet,what are good table manners,and how one should behave to be hospitable.However,one should never feel shame just because ones culture is different from others.As Amys mother told her,you must be proud to be different,and your only shame is to have shame.2021/3/2525Thank you!
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationPPT課件
