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1、第一講 細(xì)節(jié)理解題,一、題型解讀,細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解。所謂細(xì)節(jié)理解題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題形式：,抓住文章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。解題原則是忠實(shí)于原文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷。此類(lèi)題我們可以采用照題查閱法快速找出原文信息，然后仔細(xì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)，從而選出正確答案。,二、設(shè)問(wèn)方式,細(xì)節(jié)理解題幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息。常見(jiàn)的命題方式有： 1.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出的問(wèn)題。 2.判斷是非的形
2、式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT true或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問(wèn)題。此時(shí)要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。 3.以“According to...”開(kāi)頭的提問(wèn)形式。 4.填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from ________. 此類(lèi)題目相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單，只要考生認(rèn)真細(xì)心，得分就會(huì)比較容易。,三、選項(xiàng)特征 1.正確選項(xiàng)的特征,(1)同義替換。對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。如把lose ones job換成了be out of work。有時(shí)候詞性或者語(yǔ)態(tài)有所變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把imp
3、ortant改成of importance；改變?cè)闹芯渥拥恼Z(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 (2)語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，設(shè)置為答案。 (3)正話反說(shuō)。把原文中的意思反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。,2.干擾選項(xiàng)的特征,(1)張冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。 (2)無(wú)中生有。符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。 (3)曲解文意。與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)。 (4)顛倒是非。在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。 (5)正誤參半。部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。,典例 (2017江蘇高考閱讀A ) CHRONOLOGICA The Unbelievable Years th
4、at Defined History DID YOU KNOW... In 105AD paper was invented in China? When Columbus discovered the New World? The British Museum opened in 1759? CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time，from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the internet.Along the way are tales of kings and quee
5、ns，hot air balloons...and monkeys in space.,信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題,Travel through 100 of the most unbelievable years in world history and learn why being a Roman Emperor wasnt always as good as it sounds，how the Hundred Years War didnt actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortu
6、nate record. CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history，beautifully illustrated and full of unbelievable facts.While CHRONOLOGICA tells the stories of famous people in history such as Thomas Edison and Alexander the Great，this book also gives an account of the lives of lesser-
7、known individuals including the explorer Mungo Park and sculptor Gutzon Borglum.,This plete but brief historical collection is certain to entertain readers young and old，and guaranteed to present even the biggest history lover with something new! 56.What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text?,A.A bi
8、ography. B.A travel guide. C.A history book. D.A science fiction. 答案C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“CHRONOLOGICA is an informative and entertaining tour into history...this book also gives an account of the lives of lesser-known individuals”可知，CHRONOLOGICA是一本有關(guān)歷史的書(shū)籍。,57.How does the writer remend CHRONOLOGICA to rea
9、ders?,A.By giving details of its collection.B.By introducing some of its contents. C.By telling stories at the beginning.D.By paring it with other books. 答案B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。作者在文中以提問(wèn)的方式提到很多與歷史有關(guān)的人物或事件，像“from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the Internet...tales of kings and queens，hot air balloons...a
10、nd monkeys in space...why being a Roman Emperor wasnt always as good as it sounds，how the Hundred Years War didnt actually last for 100 years and why Spencer Perceval holds a rather unfortunate record”，說(shuō)明作者是在介紹書(shū)中的內(nèi)容。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題？,1.題干定向法： 如果題干的問(wèn)題與原文中的相應(yīng)句段基本相同，則可直接對(duì)號(hào)入座；如果題干的問(wèn)題與原文中的相應(yīng)句段有較大出
11、入，則要進(jìn)行一定的處理，這個(gè)“處理”是多方面的，它可能包括對(duì)原文進(jìn)行同義變換、對(duì)概念進(jìn)行解析、對(duì)事實(shí)進(jìn)行歸納、將具體問(wèn)題抽象化或?qū)⒊橄髥?wèn)題具體化、將文中提到的原則或規(guī)則進(jìn)行實(shí)際運(yùn)用等等。,2.錯(cuò)誤排除法：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，對(duì)于那些與文意明顯不符或與文章內(nèi)容不相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)比較容易排除，但有些選項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容相符，卻與題干問(wèn)題不吻合，即屬答非所問(wèn)的情形，也應(yīng)作為錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)予以排除，尤其是那些從文章中摘錄的句子，要特別小心，它們很有可能是干擾項(xiàng)。,典例(2017 江蘇高考閱讀B ) To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the
12、 researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A puter analysis blindly pared calls
13、produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.,細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換與是非判斷題,It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate expe
14、riment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，d
15、o you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”,59.What are Kleindorfers findings based on?,A.Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks. B.The observation of fairy wrens across Austra
16、lia. C.The data collected from Queenslands locals. D.Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 答案A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.”可知，研究人員并未在全澳洲范圍展開(kāi)調(diào)查，排除B項(xiàng)；未對(duì)其它鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)進(jìn)行記錄研究，排除D項(xiàng)。根據(jù)第一段中的“A puter analysis blindly pared calls produc
17、ed by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.”可知，A項(xiàng)正確。,60.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which________.,A.can receive quality signals B.are in need of training C.fit the environment better D.make the loudest call 答案C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“the baby birds that most clos
18、ely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food”和最后一段“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”可知，模仿母鳥(niǎo)模仿得最好的雛鳥(niǎo)得到最多的食物，研究結(jié)果表明，母親會(huì)選擇質(zhì)量好的雛鳥(niǎo)。由此可知，胎教幫助母鳥(niǎo)辨別出那些適應(yīng)環(huán)境較好的孩子。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決細(xì)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)換與是非判斷題？,細(xì)節(jié)理解題也叫間接理解題，包括語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換題、圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題和是非判斷題。 1.語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換題，需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表述上的差異。解答這類(lèi)題
19、目時(shí)可帶著問(wèn)題，有針對(duì)性地掃讀全文，迅速鎖定相關(guān)語(yǔ)句，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。 2.圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題，在閱讀理解題中，有的圖表、圖畫(huà)出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解題的正文中。在解答這類(lèi)題時(shí)，可采用“文字鎖定法”，找出描述圖形中的句段，采用按圖尋找答案的方法，按圖索驥，圖文互相參照、互相驗(yàn)證，便可確定正確答案。,3.是非判斷題，采用對(duì)號(hào)入座法和排除法。對(duì)號(hào)入座法就是根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞返回原文，找出相關(guān)內(nèi)容，從中找出答案。正確答案與原文表述可能有出入，但意思一樣，萬(wàn)變不離其宗。排除法，針對(duì)是非判斷題中的“三錯(cuò)一對(duì)”或“三對(duì)一錯(cuò)”類(lèi)試題，要求仔細(xì)閱讀文章，比較選項(xiàng)與原文的異同，然后做出正確判斷。,典例 A Summe
20、r Horse Camp in Montana and Wyoming for Teen Girls Dates: June 23July 5，2017 Ages: 1416 (grades 8，9 & 10) Tuition: $ 2，955 (not including airfare) Start：Bozeman，Montana End：Jackson，Wyoming,數(shù)字計(jì)算題,Traversing(橫越) the Continental Divide，this camp takes place on the borders of Montana，Idaho，and Wyoming，w
21、here girls will go whitewater rafting，scenic river floating，hot spring soaking，and will tour both Yellowstone and Teton National Parks. Girls who participate in this adventure will gain knowledge and appreciation with each turn，being keepers of the land，and being introduced to skills necessary to wo
22、rk with pack animals in the wilderness.All of this adventure and learning takes place in a fun，non-petitive atmosphere，which will make this an adventure to remember.,Trip Campsites &Facilities Eight nights are spent in tents in public “frontcountry” campgrounds where we have pre-assigned campsites w
23、ith neighbors and campground hosts nearby，runningdrinkable water，and private outhouses(屋外廁所)or flushing toilets(抽水馬桶). Four nights are spent in tents in “backcountry”wilderness areas where we will purify our water before drinking and learn and practice basic Leave No Trace camping skills such as how
24、 to select a campsite，how to go to the bathroom，and how to keep clean outdoors.All backcountry campsites in this travel plan have an outhouse available to us.,Why Choose This Trip Girls who love horses but also want to go rafting，stand up paddle boarding，and explore Yellowstone Country will automati
25、cally love this camp.From rivers，to lakes，to mountains，Yellowstone Horseback Adventure camp will give girls a variety of outdoor settings in which they can fall in love with the natural world! 【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。一個(gè)適合女孩參加的騎馬夏令營(yíng)及相關(guān)事宜。,1.How long will the camp last?,A.8 days. B.10 days. C.12 days. D.13 day
26、s. 答案D數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)文章開(kāi)篇部分中的“Dates: June 23July 5，2017”可知，夏令營(yíng)將持續(xù)13天。故選D。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決數(shù)字計(jì)算題？,先理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案。 1.仔細(xì)閱讀文字說(shuō)明部分，準(zhǔn)確把握?qǐng)D表信息。 2.仔細(xì)分析題干，抓牢關(guān)鍵詞。 3.運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)公式計(jì)算，注意巧算。,典例(山東高考閱讀C) You cant always predict a heavy rain or remember your umbrella.But designer Mikhail Belyaev doesnt think that for
27、getting to check the weather forecast before heading out should result in you getting wet.Thats why he created Lampbrella，a lamp post with its own rain-sensing umbrella.,細(xì)節(jié)排序題,The designer says he came up with the idea after watching people get wet on streets in Russia.“Once，I was driving on a centr
28、al Saint Petersburg street and saw the street lamps lighting up people trying to hide from the rain.I thought it would be appropriate to have a canopy(傘篷)built into a street lamp，” he said. The Lampbrella is a standard-looking street lamp fitted with an umbrella canopy.It has a built-in electric mot
29、or which can open or close the umbrella on demand.Sensors(傳感器)then ensure that the umbrella offers pedestrians shelter whenever it starts raining. In addition to the rain sensor，theres also a 360 motion sensor on the fiberglass street lamp which detects whether anyone is using the Lampbrella.After t
30、hree minutes of not being used the canopy is closed.,According to the designer，the Lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed，so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians.Besides，it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike.Each Lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several
31、people.Being installed(安裝) at 2 metres off the ground，it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians. While there are no plans to take the Lampbrella into production，Belyaev says he recently introduced his creation to one Moscow Department，and insists his creation could be installed on any
32、 street where a lot of people walk but there are no canopies to provide shelter.,68.Which of the following shows how the Lampbrella works?,A.motorcanopysensors B.sensorsmotorcanopy C.motorsensorscanopy D.canopymotorsensors 答案B細(xì)節(jié)排序題。根據(jù)原文第三段可知傘棚的打開(kāi)或關(guān)閉是先由傳感器來(lái)接收，然后通過(guò)motor來(lái)進(jìn)行操控，因此答案為B項(xiàng)。,【技巧點(diǎn)撥】,如何解決細(xì)節(jié)排序題？,做此類(lèi)題目可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索；如果是說(shuō)明文，排序題通常以說(shuō)明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索。從近幾年高考試題來(lái)看，這類(lèi)試題主要出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說(shuō)明文中。,
（江蘇專用）2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪培優(yōu)復(fù)習(xí) 專題三 閱讀理解 第一講 細(xì)節(jié)理解題課件.ppt
