USP-1058 分析儀器確認（AIQ）【中英對照】

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1、<1058>ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT QUALIFICATION 分析儀器的確認 (USP39-NF34 Page1055) INTRODUCTION 介紹 A large variety of laboratory equipment, instruments, and computerized analytical systems, ranging from simple nitrogen evaporators to complex multiple-function technologies (see Instrument Categories), are u

2、sed in the pharmaceutical industry to acquire data to help ensure that products are suitable for their intended use. An analysts objective is to consistently obtain reliable and valid data suitable for the intended purpose. Depending on the applications, users validate their procedures, calibrate th

3、eir instruments, and perform additional instrument checks, such as system suitability tests and analysis of in-process quality control check samples to help ensure that the acquired data are reliable. With the increasing sophistication and automation of analytical instruments, an increasing demand h

4、as been placed on users to qualify their instruments. 各種各樣的實驗室設(shè)備、儀器、計算機化分析系統(tǒng)，從簡單的氮吹儀到復(fù)雜的多功能技術(shù)（見Instrument Categories），均被用于制藥行業(yè)，以獲得數(shù)據(jù)來確保產(chǎn)品達到預(yù)期用途。分析的目的是持續(xù)獲得符合預(yù)期目的的可靠的有效數(shù)據(jù)?；趯嶋H應(yīng)用，使用者進行工藝驗證、儀器校準，并進行額外的儀器檢核，如系統(tǒng)適用性試驗和中間質(zhì)量控制分析檢查樣品，以確保所獲得數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性。隨著分析儀器的日益復(fù)雜化和自動化，對儀器確認的要求也在不斷增加。 Unlike method validation and

5、 system suitability activities, analytical instrument qualification (AIQ) currently has no specific guidance or procedures. Competing opinions exist regarding instrument qualification and validation procedures and the roles and responsibilities of those who perform them. Consequently, various approa

6、ches have been used for instrument qualification, approaches that require varying amounts of resources and generate widely differing amounts of documentation. This chapter provides a scientific approach to AIQ and considers AIQ as one of the major components required for generating reliable and cons

7、istent data. Note that the amount of rigor applied to the qualification process will depend on the complexity and intended use of the instrumentation. This approach emphasizes AIQs place in the overall process of obtaining reliable data from analytical instruments. 不同于方法學(xué)驗證和系統(tǒng)適用性試驗，分析儀器確認（AIQ）目前并沒有

8、明確的指導(dǎo)和規(guī)程。關(guān)于儀器確認和驗證程序，以及執(zhí)行它們的角色和職責(zé)，存在著互相矛盾的觀點。由此導(dǎo)致，已有多種方法應(yīng)用于儀器確認，而這些方法需要使用的資源數(shù)量各異并產(chǎn)生數(shù)量差異巨大的文件。本節(jié)為分析儀器確認（AIQ）提供了科學(xué)的方法，并將分析儀器確認（AIQ）作為產(chǎn)生可靠性和一致性數(shù)據(jù)的重要組成部分。注意，精確應(yīng)用于確認工序的程度取決于儀器的復(fù)雜程度和預(yù)期用途。這種方法強調(diào)了AIQ從分析儀器中獲得可靠數(shù)據(jù)的全過程中的地位。 Validation versus Qualification 驗證vs確認 In this chapter, the term validation is used f

9、or manufacturing processes, analytical procedures, and software procedures and the term qualification is used for instruments. Thus, the phrase “analytical instrument qualification” (AIQ) is used for the process of ensuring that an instrument is suitable for its intended application. 在本節(jié)中，驗證一詞用于生產(chǎn)工

10、藝、分析方法及軟件程序中，而確認一詞則用于儀器。因此，“分析儀器的確認”（AIQ）用于確保儀器適用于預(yù)期用途的過程。 COMPONENTS OF DATA QUALITY 數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的組成 There are four critical components involved in the generation of reliable and consistent data (quality data). Figure 1 shows these components as layered activities within a quality triangle. Each layer ad

11、ds to the overall quality. Analytical instrument qualification forms the base for generating quality data. The other components essential for generating quality data are analytical method validation, system suitability tests, and quality control check samples. These quality components are described

12、below. 組成可靠和一致數(shù)據(jù)（質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)）的有四個關(guān)鍵部分。圖1將這些部分展示在質(zhì)量三角形的層級區(qū)域內(nèi)。每層相加構(gòu)成了整體質(zhì)量。分析儀器的確認是產(chǎn)生質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)。構(gòu)成質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的其他部分為分析方法驗證、系統(tǒng)適用性試驗和質(zhì)量控制檢驗樣品。這些質(zhì)量部分詳情如下。 Figure 1. Components of data quality. 圖1.質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)的組成 Analytical Instrument Qualification 分析儀器的確認 AIQ is the collection of documented evidence that an instrument perf

13、orms suitably for its intended purpose. Use of a qualified instrument in analyses contributes to confidence in the validity of generated data. AIQ匯總了為確定儀器符合預(yù)期用途的文件證明。使用合格的分析儀器能提高生成數(shù)據(jù)的有效性。 Analytical Method Validation 分析方法驗證 Analytical method validation is the collection of documented evidence tha

14、t an analytical procedure is suitable for its intended use. Use of a validated procedure with qualified analytical instruments provides confidence that the procedure will generate test data of acceptable quality. Additional guidance on validation of compendial procedures may be found in the general

15、information chapter Validation of Compendial Procedures <1225> . 分析方法驗證匯總了分析過程適用于預(yù)期用途的文件證明。使用經(jīng)確認的分析儀器和驗證過的方法所產(chǎn)生的測試數(shù)據(jù)才可能符合規(guī)定。關(guān)于藥典中驗證方法的額外指導(dǎo)可參見通則<1225>藥典方法的驗證。 System Suitability Tests 系統(tǒng)適用性試驗 System suitability tests verify that the system will perform in accordance with the criteria set forth in

16、 the procedure. These tests are performed along with the sample analyses to ensure that the systems performance is acceptable at the time of the test. USP general chapter Chromatography <621> presents a more detailed discussion of system suitability tests as related to chromatographic systems. 系統(tǒng)適用

17、性試驗用于證實該系統(tǒng)符合方法中設(shè)定的標(biāo)準。這些試驗連同樣品分析一起，確保系統(tǒng)的性能在測試時是適用的。USP通則<621>色譜法呈現(xiàn)了對色譜系統(tǒng)適用性試驗更詳細的討論。 Quality Control Check Samples 質(zhì)量控制檢查樣品 Many analysts carry out their tests on instruments standardized using reference materials and/or calibration standards. Some analyses also require the inclusion of quality con

18、trol check samples to provide an in-process or ongoing assurance of the tests suitable performance. In this manner, AIQ and analytical method validation contribute to the quality of analysis before analysts conduct the tests. System suitability tests and quality control checks help ensure the qualit

19、y of analytical results immediately before or during sample analysis. 許多分析員用經(jīng)標(biāo)準物質(zhì)和/或校準標(biāo)準品校準后的儀器進行測試。有些分析員還要求添加質(zhì)量控制檢查樣品來保證試驗過程中或持續(xù)的試驗適用性。通過這種方式，AIQ和分析方法驗證在測試前提高了分析的質(zhì)量。系統(tǒng)適用性試驗和質(zhì)量控制檢查則在樣品分析前或過程中確保了分析結(jié)果的質(zhì)量 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT QUALIFICATION PROCESS 分析儀器確認程序 The following sections address in detai

20、l the AIQ process. The other three components of building quality into analytical data—analytical method validation, system suitability tests, and quality control check samples—are not within the scope of this chapter. 下面將詳述AIQ過程。組成分析數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量的另三種成分，分析方法驗證、系統(tǒng)適用性試驗、質(zhì)量控制檢查樣品，不在此范圍內(nèi)。 Qualification Phases

21、確認階段 Instrument qualification is not a single continuous process, but instead results from several discrete activities. For convenience, these activities can be grouped into four phases: design qualification (DQ), installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ), and performance qual

22、ification (PQ). 儀器確認并非一個單獨連續(xù)的過程，而是若干個獨立處理的結(jié)果。方便起見，這些處理可分為四個階段：設(shè)計確認（DQ）、安裝確認（IQ）、運行確認（OQ）、性能確認（PQ）。 Some AIQ activities cover more than one qualification phase, and analysts potentially could perform them during more than one of the phases (see Table 1). However, in many instances there is need for

23、 specific order to the AIQ activities; for example, installation qualification must occur first in order to initiate other qualification activities. The AIQ activities will be defined and documented. 一些AIQ涵蓋多個確認階段，分析員傾向于進行多個階段的確認（見表1）。然而，在很多情況下，AIQ有特定順序要求；比如，必須先進行安裝確認才能開始實施其它確認。AIQ將被定義并以文件形式記錄。 T

24、able 1. Timing, Applicability, and Activities for Each Phase of Analytical Instrument Qualification* 表1.分析儀器確認每一階段的時間表、適用性和活動 Design Qualification 設(shè)計確認 Installation Qualification 安裝確認 Operational Qualification 運行確認 Performance Qualification 性能確認 Timing and Applicability時間表和適用性 Prior t

25、o purchase of a new model of instrument 購買儀器之前 At installation of each instrument (new, old, or existing unqualified) 安裝儀器時（新的、舊的或一直未經(jīng)確認的） After installation or major repair of each instrument 安裝完成后或大修之后 Periodically at specified intervals for each instrument 儀器在規(guī)定間隔內(nèi)定期進行 Activities活動 A

26、ssurance of manufacturers DQ 保證制造商設(shè)計確認 Description 描述 Fixed parameters 固定參數(shù) Preventive maintenance and repairs 預(yù)防性維護 Assurance of adequate support availability from manufacturer 保證制造商給予充分支持 Instrument delivery 儀器運送 Establish practices to address operation, calibration, maintena

27、nce, and change control 建立相關(guān)規(guī)程用以處理操作、校準、維護及變更控制 Instruments fitness for use in laboratory 儀器在實驗室使用的適用性 Utilities/facility 公用設(shè)施/設(shè)備 Environment環(huán)境 Assembly and installation組裝與安裝 Network and data storage 網(wǎng)絡(luò)和數(shù)據(jù)儲存 Secure data storage, backup, and archive 安全數(shù)據(jù)儲存、備份與存檔 Install

28、ation verification 安裝確認 Instrument function tests儀器性能測試 Performance checks 性能檢查 * Activities under each phase are usually performed as given in the table. However, in some cases, it may be more appropriate to perform or combine a given activity with another phase. Such activities spanning m

29、ore than one qualification phase are shown as connected by double arrows. If an activity listed under a given phase is performed under another phase, it is not necessary to repeat the activity under the phase where the activity is listed. Performing the activity is far more important than the phase

30、under which the activity is performed. * 每個階段的活動通常按表中所列進行。但在某些情況下，某個活動可能更適合采用另一階段或者與之結(jié)合來進行確認。這些活動橫跨不只一個階段，如表中雙箭頭所示。如果某個列于給定階段下的活動在另一階段中完成，那么就沒有必要在列出該活動的階段重復(fù)進行。完成該項活動比該活動處于哪個階段重要得多。 DESIGN QUALIFICATION 設(shè)計確認 Design qualification (DQ) is the documented collection of activities that define the funct

31、ional and operational specifications of the instrument and criteria for selection of the vendor, based on the intended purpose of the instrument. Design qualification (DQ) may be performed not only by the instrument developer or manufacturer but also may be performed by the user. The manufacturer is

32、 generally responsible for robust design and maintaining information describing how the analytical instrument is manufactured (design specifications, functional requirements, etc.) and tested before shipment to users. Nonetheless, the user should ensure that commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) instrumen

33、ts are suitable for their intended application and that the manufacturer has adopted a quality system that provides for reliable equipment. Users should also determine the manufacturers capability for support installation, services, and training. This determination might be aided by the users previo

34、us interaction with the manufacturer. 設(shè)計確認（DQ）是基于儀器的預(yù)定用途，對儀器的功能與操作規(guī)程和供應(yīng)商的選擇標(biāo)準作出規(guī)定，并以文件記錄。設(shè)計確認（DQ）不僅可以由儀器開發(fā)者和制造商進行，也可由使用者進行。制造商通常負責(zé)穩(wěn)健設(shè)計和維護信息—描述分析儀器如何制造（設(shè)計規(guī)范、功能要求等），及發(fā)貨前的測試。盡管如此，使用者仍應(yīng)確保商用成品儀器適用于其預(yù)期用途，并且制造商已經(jīng)采納了能提供可靠儀器的質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)。使用者還應(yīng)確定制造商有支持安裝、服務(wù)、培訓(xùn)的能力。這個決定可以借助使用者之前與制造商之間的交流完成。 INSTALLATION QUALIFICATION

35、 安裝確認 Installation qualification (IQ) is the documented collection of activities necessary to establish that an instrument is delivered as designed and specified, and is properly installed in the selected environment, and that this environment is suitable for the instrument. IQ applies to an instru

36、ment that is new or was pre-owned, or to any instrument that exists on site but has not been previously qualified. Relevant parts of IQ would also apply to a qualified instrument that has been transported to another location or is being reinstalled for other reasons, such as prolonged storage. The a

37、ctivities and documentation typically associated with IQ are as follows. 安裝確認（IQ）是用于確定儀器是否按照設(shè)計和指定的方式運輸并正確安裝在選定的環(huán)境中，以及該環(huán)境對此儀器的適用性，并以文件記錄。IQ可用于新的或二手的儀器，也可用于已在現(xiàn)場但未經(jīng)確認過的儀器。IQ的相關(guān)部分也可用于某個已經(jīng)確認但又運送至另一場所的儀器，或因其他原因（如長期儲存）需重新安裝的儀器。相關(guān)的典型活動和文件如下： Description— Provide a description of the instrument or the coll

38、ection of instrument components, including its manufacturer, model, serial number, software version, and location. Use drawings and flow charts where appropriate. 描述—提供該儀器或儀器組成部分的描述，包括其制造商、型號、編號、軟件版本和位置。適當(dāng)情況下可使用圖紙和流程圖。 Instrument Delivery— Ensure that the instrument, software, manuals, supplies,

39、and any other instrument accessories arrive as specified in the purchase order and that they are undamaged. For a pre-owned or existing instrument, manuals and documentation should be obtained. 儀器運輸—確保儀器、軟件、手冊、物料和其他儀器附件按照采購單中規(guī)定的方式到達，并且未經(jīng)損壞。對于二手或已有儀器，需要獲得手冊和記錄文件。 Utilities/Facility/Environment— Ve

40、rify that the installation site satisfactorily meets manufacturer-specified environmental requirements. 公用設(shè)備/設(shè)施/環(huán)境—確認安裝場所符合制造商規(guī)定環(huán)境的要求。 Assembly and Installation— Assemble and install the instrument, and perform any preliminary diagnostics and testing. Assembly and installation may be done by the

41、manufacturer, vendor, specialized engineers, or qualified in-house personnel. Manufacturer-established installation tests and guides provide a valuable baseline reference for determining instrument acceptance. Any abnormal event observed during assembly and installation merits documenting. Installat

42、ion packages purchased from the manufacturer or the vendor may, however, need to be supplemented with user-specific criteria. 組裝和安裝—組裝和安裝儀器，并進行預(yù)診斷和測試。組裝和安裝可由制造商、供應(yīng)商、專業(yè)工程師或經(jīng)授權(quán)的內(nèi)部人員來進行。制造商建立的儀器測試和指導(dǎo)為確定儀器的驗收提供了有價值的基本參考。在組裝和安裝過程中任何異常事件均需記錄。但是，從制造商或供應(yīng)商處購買的安裝包需要根據(jù)用戶的特定標(biāo)準進行增補。 Network and Data Storage—

43、Some analytical systems require users to provide network connections and data storage capabilities at the installation site. When required, connect the instrument to the network, and check its functionality. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)和數(shù)據(jù)保存—一些分析系統(tǒng)要求使用者在安裝場所提供聯(lián)網(wǎng)和數(shù)據(jù)儲存功能。需要時對儀器連網(wǎng)，并檢查其功能。 Installation Verification— Perform t

44、he initial diagnostics and testing of the instrument after installation. 安裝確認—安裝后進行儀器的初始診斷和測試。 OPERATIONAL QUALIFICATION 運行確認 After a successful IQ, the instrument is ready for OQ testing. Operational qualification (OQ) is the documented collection of activities necessary to demonstrate that an

45、instrument will function according to its operational specification in the selected environment. Testing activities in the OQ phase may consist of these test parameters. IQ成功后，儀器即可進行OQ確認。運行確認（OQ）是證實儀器具有在選定環(huán)境中按照其操作規(guī)范運行的功能。OQ階段的測試包含了這些測試參數(shù)。 Fixed Parameters— These tests measure the instruments nonch

46、anging parameters such as length, height, weight, voltage inputs, acceptable pressures, and loads. If the manufacturer-supplied specifications for these parameters satisfy the user, the test requirements may be waived. However, if the user wants to confirm the parameters, testing can be performed at

47、 the users site. Fixed parameters do not change over the life of the instrument, and therefore never need redetermination. [NOTE— These tests could also be performed during the IQ phase (see Table 1); if so, fixed parameters need not be redetermined as part of OQ testing. ] 固定參數(shù)—這些測試測量儀器的不變參數(shù)，如長度、

48、高度、重量、輸入電壓、可接受壓力和負荷。如果制造商提供的這些參數(shù)規(guī)格符合用戶要求，就可以免除測試。但用戶如果需要確認這些參數(shù)，可以在用戶的場地進行測試。固定參數(shù)在儀器壽命周期內(nèi)保持不變，因此無需重測。[注：這些測試也可在IQ階段進行（見表1）；如此一來，固定參數(shù)就無需在OQ測試部分重測。] Secure Data Storage, Backup, and Archiving— When applicable, test secure data handling such as storage, backup, audit trails, and archiving at the users

49、site according to written procedures. 安全數(shù)據(jù)儲存、備份和歸檔—當(dāng)適用時，可根據(jù)書面程序在用戶場所進行測試安全數(shù)據(jù)的處理，如保存、備份、審計追蹤和歸檔。 Instrument Function Tests— Instrument functions required by the user should be tested to verify that the instrument operates as intended by the manufacturer. Manufacturer-supplied information is useful

50、 in identifying specifications for these parameters and in designing tests to evaluate the identified parameters. Users, or their qualified designees, should perform these tests to verify that the instrument meets manufacturer or user specifications in the users environment. 儀器功能測試—根據(jù)用戶需要對儀器功能進行測試

51、，確認儀器能夠按制造商的預(yù)期運行。制造商提供的信息有助于識別這些參數(shù)的規(guī)格和設(shè)計被識別參數(shù)的評估測試。使用者或授權(quán)的指定人員應(yīng)進行這些測試，以確定在使用環(huán)境中這些儀器滿足制造商或使用者的標(biāo)準。 The extent of OQ testing that an instrument undergoes depends on its intended applications. Therefore, no specific OQ tests for any instrument or application are offered in this chapter. 儀器OQ測試的范圍取決于其預(yù)

52、期的用途。因此，在此通則中沒有為任何儀器或用途提供具體的OQ測試。 Routine analytical tests do not constitute OQ testing. OQ tests are specifically designed to verify the instruments operation according to specifications in the users environment, and repeating the testing at regular intervals may not be required. However, when the

53、 instrument undergoes major repairs or modifications, relevant OQ and/or PQ tests should be repeated to verify whether the instrument continues to operate satisfactorily. If an instrument is moved to another location, an assessment should be made of what, if any, OQ test should be repeated. 日常分析測試并

54、不包含OQ測試。OQ測試是特定設(shè)計的，用于確認儀器在用戶環(huán)境中根據(jù)規(guī)程的運行情況，并且無需重復(fù)測試。然而，當(dāng)儀器進行大修或變動時，相關(guān)的OQ和/或PQ測試需要重復(fù)進行，以確認儀器仍然能很好地運行。如果儀器移到另一位置，則需要評估哪些OQ測試需重復(fù)進行（如果有的話）。 OQ tests can be modular or holistic. Modular testing of individual components of a system may facilitate interchanging of such components without requalification. Ho

55、listic tests, which involve the entire system, are also acceptable. OQ測試可以模塊化或整體化。系統(tǒng)的單獨部分的模塊測試可以方便這樣的部分進行交換而無需重新確認。包含全部系統(tǒng)的整體測試也可以接受。 PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION 性能確認 Performance qualification (PQ) is the documented collection of activities necessary to demonstrate that an instrument consistently pe

56、rforms according to the specifications defined by the user, and is appropriate for the intended use. After IQ and OQ have been performed, the instruments continued suitability for its intended use is demonstrated through performance qualification. The PQ phase may include the following parameters.

57、性能確認（PQ）用于證實儀器始終按照使用者的規(guī)范運行，并符合預(yù)期用途。IQ和OQ完成之后，通過PQ確認來證實儀器對其預(yù)期用途的持續(xù)適用性。PQ階段包括以下參數(shù)。 Performance Checks— Set up a test or series of tests to verify the acceptable performance of the instrument for its intended use. PQ tests are usually based on the instruments typical on-site applications and may consi

58、st of analyzing known components or standards. The tests should be based on good science and reflect the general intended use of the instrument. Some system suitability tests or quality control checks that are performed concurrently with the test samples can be used to demonstrate that the instrumen

59、t is performing suitably. PQ tests may resemble those performed during OQ, but the specifications for their results may be set differently if required. Nevertheless, user specifications for PQ tests should demonstrate trouble-free instrument operation for the intended applications. As is the case wi

60、th OQ testing, PQ tests may be modular or holistic. 性能檢查—設(shè)立一個或一系列測試來確認儀器具有滿足其預(yù)期用途的性能。PQ測試通?；趦x器典型的現(xiàn)場應(yīng)用，并且可以包含分析已知組分或標(biāo)準物。測試應(yīng)具備良好的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)并反應(yīng)該儀器的一般預(yù)期用途。與試樣同時進行的一些系統(tǒng)適用性測試或質(zhì)量控制檢查可用于證明儀器可適當(dāng)?shù)剡\行。PQ與OQ測試可能相同，但其結(jié)果的標(biāo)準設(shè)定根據(jù)需要可以不同。盡管如此，用戶標(biāo)準的PQ測試應(yīng)確定儀器在預(yù)期用途上的無故障運行。同OQ測試一樣，PQ測試也可模塊化或整體化。 Testing frequency depends on

61、 the ruggedness of the instrument and the criticality of the tests performed. Testing may be unscheduled—for example, each time the instrument is used. It may also be scheduled for regular intervals. Experience with the instrument can influence this decision. It may be useful to repeat the same PQ t

62、ests each time the instrument is used so that a history of the instruments performance can be compiled. Alternatively, the instrument may be incorporated into an integrated support system to assure that it remains continually qualified. Some system suitability tests or quality control checks that ar

63、e performed concurrently with the test samples also imply that the instrument is performing suitably. 測試頻率取決于儀器的耐用性和測試表現(xiàn)出的重要性。測試可不定期進行—如儀器每次使用時。也可制定定期計劃。使用該儀器的具體情況可以影響這個頻率。儀器每次使用前重復(fù)相同的PQ測試是很有用的，以便能記錄該儀器的歷史性能。另外，該儀器可納入支持系統(tǒng)以確保其持續(xù)保持已確認的狀態(tài)。與試樣同時進行的一些系統(tǒng)適用性試驗或質(zhì)量控制檢查也暗示著該儀器可適當(dāng)?shù)剡\行。 Preventive Maintenance

64、and Repairs— When an instrument fails to meet PQ test specifications, it requires maintenance or repair. A periodic preventive maintenance may also be recommended for many instruments. The relevant PQ test(s) should be repeated after the needed maintenance or repair to ensure that the instrument rem

65、ains qualified. 預(yù)防性維護和維修—當(dāng)儀器未能達到PQ測試標(biāo)準，則該儀器需要維護或維修。建議對許多儀器進行定期預(yù)防性維護。需要的維護或維修后需重復(fù)相關(guān)的PQ測試以確保儀器處于合格狀態(tài)。 Practices for Operation, Calibration, Maintenance, and Change Control— Establish practices to maintain and calibrate the instrument. Each maintenance and calibration activity should be documented.

66、 運行、校正、維護和變更控制的規(guī)程—建立儀器維護和校正的操作規(guī)范。每次維護和校正均應(yīng)文件記錄。 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 角色和職責(zé) Users使用者 Users are ultimately responsible for instrument operations and data quality. The users group encompasses analysts, their supervisors, instrument specialists, and organization management. Users should be adequately trained in the instruments use, and their training records should be maintained as required by the regulations. 使用者最終負責(zé)儀器的操作和數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量。使用者包括分析員及其監(jiān)督者、儀器專家、組織管理層。使用者應(yīng)就儀器的使用進行