第四速及第五速變速叉的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及加工M10螺紋孔夾具設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙、說明書】
第四速及第五速變速叉的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程及加工M10螺紋孔夾具設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙、說明書】,含CAD圖紙、說明書,第四,第五,變速,機(jī)械,加工,工藝,規(guī)程,m10,螺紋,羅紋,夾具,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,說明書,仿單
機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告書
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告
姓 名:
學(xué) 院:
專 業(yè):
學(xué) 號:
課 題 名 稱: 設(shè)計CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉的工藝
規(guī)程及工藝裝備任務(wù)書
指 導(dǎo) 教 師:
研究起止日期:2010 年 3月-2010年6月
一、論文選題的目的和意義
變速叉是一種輔助零件,通過變速叉控制滑套與旋轉(zhuǎn)齒輪的接合?;咨厦嬗型箟K,滑套的凸塊插入齒輪的凹位,把滑套與齒輪固連在一起,使齒輪帶動滑套,滑套帶動輸出軸,將動力從輸入軸傳送至輸出軸。擺動變速叉可以控制滑套與不同齒輪的結(jié)合與分離,達(dá)到換檔的目的。分析這種動力聯(lián)接方式可知,車換檔時要減速,這樣可以減少滑套與齒輪之間的沖擊,延長零件的使用壽命。
機(jī)械制造工藝主要有以下幾方面的目標(biāo):
(1)設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)能夠加工。在工件上應(yīng)有足夠的加工空間,以便刀具能夠接近加工部位,如留有必要的退刀槽和越程槽等。
(2)便于保證加工質(zhì)量,并盡可能減少加工面積。如被加工孔的端面最好與孔加工刀具的軸線垂直;對于大的安裝平面盡可能采取周邊接觸或四角接觸的形式等。
(3)要能提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。如加工表面盡可能地安排在同一平面或同一軸線上,以便采取多刀或多件加工的高效生產(chǎn)方法。
(4)零件結(jié)構(gòu)便于安裝夾具。
2、 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢:
工業(yè)設(shè)計是人類社會發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物,從英國莫里斯的“工藝美術(shù)運動”,到德國的包豪斯設(shè)計革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣,工業(yè)設(shè)計經(jīng)過了醞釀,探索,形成,發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時至今日,工業(yè)設(shè)計已成為一門獨立的專業(yè)學(xué)科,并且有一套完整的研究體系。
1980年國際工業(yè)設(shè)計協(xié)會理事會(ICSID)給工業(yè)作了明確定義:“就批量生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品而言,憑借訓(xùn)練,技術(shù)知識,經(jīng)驗及視覺感受,而預(yù)示材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、形態(tài)、色彩、表面加工,裝飾以新的品質(zhì)和規(guī)格,叫做工業(yè)設(shè)計。根據(jù)當(dāng)時的具體情況,工業(yè)設(shè)計師應(yīng)在上述工業(yè)產(chǎn)品全部側(cè)面或其中幾個方面進(jìn)行工作,而且需要工業(yè)設(shè)計師對包裝、宣傳、展示,市場開發(fā)等問題的解決付出自己的技術(shù)知識和經(jīng)驗以及視覺評價能力時,這也屬于工業(yè)設(shè)計的范疇。
材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),一方面,技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計;另一方面,技術(shù)也推動著設(shè)計。從設(shè)計美學(xué)的觀點看,技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能”作用,只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性,予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?,就能夠?chuàng)造出實用,美觀,經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品,即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。
任何設(shè)計都是時代的產(chǎn)物,它的不同的面貌,不同的特征反映著不同歷史時期的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo),新材料,新工藝的出現(xiàn),必然給產(chǎn)品帶來新的結(jié)構(gòu),新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料,加工工藝,結(jié)構(gòu),產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的,某個環(huán)節(jié)的變革,便會引起整個機(jī)體的變化。
三、研究的主要內(nèi)容
本次設(shè)計是汽車變速箱中變速叉零件的加工工藝規(guī)程及一些工序的專用夾具設(shè)計。此變速叉零件的結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,其加工的地方主要是孔和平面。本設(shè)計先加工孔后加工面。將孔與平面的加工明確劃分成粗加工和精加工階段以保證它們的加工精度?;鶞?zhǔn)選擇以變速叉右面的最大的平面作為粗基準(zhǔn),來加工中間的通孔,然后以此加工過的孔作為精基準(zhǔn)。主要加工工序安排是先以中心孔定位加工出頂平面和右側(cè)平面以及下面的大孔的兩平面,再以中心孔定位加工出下端的大孔。加工時是用鏜床鏜孔。最后以這兩個孔為基準(zhǔn),分別加工右側(cè)的槽和頂面的螺紋底孔。整個加工過程選用了鉆床、銑床和鏜床。工件在機(jī)床上定位夾緊選用專用夾具,夾緊方式為手動夾緊,夾緊可靠,操作方便。因此生產(chǎn)效率較高,適用于中批量、流水線上加工。能夠滿足設(shè)計要求。
四、研究方法及技術(shù)路線
制訂工藝路線的出發(fā)點,應(yīng)當(dāng)是使零件的幾何形狀,尺寸精度及位置精度的技術(shù)要求能得到合理的保證.生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)已確定為中批量生產(chǎn)的條件下,可以考慮采用萬能性機(jī)床以及專用夾具,并盡量使工序集中來提高生產(chǎn)率.除此之外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)效果,以便使生產(chǎn)成本盡量降低. 對于中批量生產(chǎn)的零件,一般總是首先加工出統(tǒng)一的基準(zhǔn)。
確定加工方法以后,就按生產(chǎn)類型、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、技術(shù)要求和機(jī)床設(shè)備等具體生產(chǎn)條件確定工藝過程的工序數(shù)。確定工序數(shù)的基本原則:
(1) 工序分散原則
工序內(nèi)容簡單,有利選擇最合理的切削用量。便于采用通用設(shè)備。簡單的機(jī)床工藝裝備。生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作量少,產(chǎn)品更換容易。對工人的技術(shù)要求水平不高。但需要設(shè)備和工人數(shù)量多,生產(chǎn)面積大,工藝路線長,生產(chǎn)管理復(fù)雜。
(2) 工序集中原則
工序數(shù)目少,工件裝,夾次數(shù)少,縮短了工藝路線,相應(yīng)減少了操作工人數(shù)和生產(chǎn)面積,也簡化了生產(chǎn)管理,在一次裝夾中同時加工數(shù)個表面易于保證這些表面間的相互位置精度。使用設(shè)備少,大量生產(chǎn)可采用高效率的專用機(jī)床,以提高生產(chǎn)率。但采用復(fù)雜的專用設(shè)備和工藝裝備,使成本增高,調(diào)整維修費事,生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作量大。
一般情況下,單件小批生產(chǎn)中,為簡化生產(chǎn)管理,多將工序適當(dāng)集中。但由于不采用專用設(shè)備,工序集中程序受到限制。結(jié)構(gòu)簡單的專用機(jī)床和工夾具組織流水線生產(chǎn)。
加工工序完成以后,將工件清洗干凈。清洗是在的含0.4%~1.1%蘇打及0.25%~0.5%亞硝酸鈉溶液中進(jìn)行的。清洗后用壓縮空氣吹干凈。保證零件內(nèi)部雜質(zhì)、鐵屑、毛刺、砂粒等的殘留量不大于。
五、課題的研究進(jìn)度
第一階段(2010年3月10-2010年3月31)材料的搜集整理查閱相關(guān)資料;本階段需要完成與課題相關(guān)的調(diào)研工作,并對相關(guān)的文章進(jìn)行搜集、整理,選出與設(shè)計有關(guān)的資料備用,說明其優(yōu)點所在,繪制零件圖,選出最佳方案。
第二階段(2010年4.1-2010年5月10)方案設(shè)計,總體布置設(shè)計。本階段主要清楚的表達(dá)出相關(guān)方案設(shè)計,總體布置設(shè)計.如果有不合適的地方應(yīng)進(jìn)行修改,計算,使之滿足生產(chǎn)要求。
第三階段 (2010年5月11-2010年6月10) 繪制裝配圖 撰寫設(shè)計說明書本階段主要完成與方案相符合的文章的撰寫,包括摘要、前言、設(shè)計步驟、內(nèi)容、參考文獻(xiàn)等。圖紙的繪制、裝配圖、零件圖。
六、預(yù)期結(jié)論
而本次對于CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉加工工藝及工藝規(guī)程的設(shè)計的主要任務(wù)是:
(1) 完成變速叉零件加工工藝規(guī)程的制定;
(2) 完成專用夾具的設(shè)計。
通過對變速叉零件的初步分析,了解其零件的主要特點,加工難易程度,主要加工面和加工粗、精基準(zhǔn),從而制定出變速叉加工工藝規(guī)程;對于專用夾具的設(shè)計,首先分析零件的加工工藝,選取定位基準(zhǔn),然后再根據(jù)切銷力的大小、批量生產(chǎn)情況來選取夾緊方式,從而設(shè)計專用夾具。
就我個人而言,希望能通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計對自己即將從事的工作進(jìn)行一次適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練,從中鍛煉自己分析問題,解決問題的能力.
由于能力有限,設(shè)計尚有諸多不足之處,懇請各位老師多多指教.
七、參考文獻(xiàn)
[1 ] 傅水根。機(jī)械制造工藝基礎(chǔ)[M] .第二版 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004.
[2 ] 王貴成.機(jī)械制造學(xué)[M]。北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.
[3 ] 鄧文英。金屬工藝學(xué)[M]。第四版。北京:高等教育出版社,2000。
[4 ] 袁國定,朱洪海。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M]。南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,2000.
[5 ] 許曉靜,王宏宇。機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004。
[6 ] 羅陽,劉勝青?,F(xiàn)代制造系統(tǒng)概論[M]。北京:北京郵電大學(xué)出版社,2004。
[7 ] 周宏甫。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004。
[8 ] 盧秉恒。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999。
[9 ] 魏康民。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].重慶:重慶大學(xué)出版社,2004。
[10] 宋續(xù)丁。機(jī)械制造設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)[M].西安:西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,2000。
[11] 李凱嶺,宋強(qiáng)。機(jī)械制造設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)[M].濟(jì)南:山東科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2005。
[12] 王先逵。機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2000。
[13] 張福潤。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].武漢:華中科技大學(xué)出版社,2000。
[14] 任家隆。機(jī)械制造技術(shù)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000。
[15] 袁哲俊。精密和超精密加工技術(shù)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1999.
[16](德)Bruno lotter。西德工業(yè)產(chǎn)品裝配技術(shù)。付參力,劉增譯。沈陽:沈陽冶金機(jī)械專科學(xué)校,1990.
[17](美)Paul Kenneth Wrigh著。21世紀(jì)制造。馮常學(xué)譯。北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,2004
指導(dǎo)教師意見:
1.對“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的評語:
2.對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設(shè)計(論文)結(jié)果的預(yù)測:
指導(dǎo)教師:
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工程學(xué)院
機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片
產(chǎn)品型號
831011?
產(chǎn)品型號
?
共2 頁
產(chǎn)品名稱
解放汽車第四及第五變速叉
零件名稱
解放汽車第四及第五變速叉
第 1頁
材料牌號
40Cr
毛坯種類
鑄件
毛坯外型尺寸
218mmx92mmx161mm
每毛坯件數(shù)
1
每臺件數(shù)
1
備注
?
工
序
號
工序
名稱
工 序 內(nèi) 容
車間
工段
設(shè) 備
工 藝 裝 備
工 時
準(zhǔn)終
單件
00
毛坯
10
銑
粗銑16mm槽;
金工
XA6132型萬能升降臺銑床
專用夾具,W18Cr4V立銑刀,游標(biāo)卡尺
0.29min
20
銑
粗銑16mm槽的兩側(cè)面;
金工
XA6132型萬能升降臺銑床
專用夾具,高速鋼三面刃圓盤銑刀,卡板
0.56min
?
30
銑
粗銑Φ19mm孔上端兩端面
金工
XA6132型萬能升降臺銑床
專用夾具,高速鋼鑲齒三面刃銑刀,卡板
0.11min
40
車
16mm槽1.5*450倒角
金工
臥式車床C620-1
專用夾具,高速鋼車刀
0.11min
?
50
鉆
1、 鉆孔Φ18.5mm;
2、 鉸孔Φ19mm;
3、 Φ19mm孔倒角1*450
金工
Z5125立式鉆床
專用夾具,高速鋼鉆頭,高速鋼絞刀,900锪鉆
0.95min
?
60
鉆
鉆M10螺紋孔并倒角1200
金工
Z5125立式鉆床
專用夾具,麻花鉆,卡板
0.24min
?
70
攻螺紋
攻螺紋M10;
金工
C620-1
專用夾具,高速鋼螺紋刀
0.24min
80
銑
粗銑Φ82.2mm孔端面
金工
XA6132型萬能升降臺銑床
專用夾具,高速鋼圓柱銑刀,卡板
0.75min
90
鏜
粗鏜Φ81.7mm孔;
金工
T740雙面臥式金剛鏜床
專用夾具,雙刃鏜刀
0.96min
100
鏜
精鏜Φ82.2mm孔;
金工
T740雙面臥式金剛鏜床
專用夾具,雙刃鏜刀
0.64min
110
車
Φ82.2mm孔1*450倒角
金工
C620-1型車床
專用夾具,外圓車刀
0.96min
120
銑
精銑Φ82.2mm孔的兩端面;
金工
XA6132型萬能升降臺銑床
專用夾具,高速鋼圓柱銑刀
1min
130
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CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉的工藝規(guī)程和工藝裝備的設(shè)計,學(xué)生姓名: 指導(dǎo)教師:,設(shè)計內(nèi)容,1. 零件的分析 2.確定毛坯的制造形成 3.零件的工藝分析 4.基面的選擇 5.工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計 6.工藝路線的擬定 7.夾具的設(shè)計,1. 零件的分析,零件是解放汽車第四速及第五速變速叉,此零件是重要零件且位于變速箱中,主要重用是撥動變速箱中的齒輪,使車達(dá)到變速的目的.,2.確定毛坯的制造形成,零件材料為20鋼,零件經(jīng)常撥動齒輪承受變載荷和沖擊性載荷,因此應(yīng)選用鍛件,以使金屬纖維盡量不被切斷,保證零件工作可靠.,3.零件的工藝分析,變速叉共有兩組加工表面,它們之間有一定的位置要求,現(xiàn)分述如下 1.以 mm孔為中心的加工表面 2.以 mm孔為中心的加工表面 .,,,4.基面的選擇,1.粗基準(zhǔn)的選擇 選擇粗基準(zhǔn)時,考慮的重點是如何保證各加工表面有足夠的余量,使不加工表面與加工表面間的尺寸、位置符合圖紙要求。 2.精基準(zhǔn)的選擇 主要考慮基準(zhǔn)重合的問題,當(dāng)設(shè)計基準(zhǔn)與工序基準(zhǔn)不重合時,應(yīng)該進(jìn)行尺寸換算,這在以后還要專門計算,此處不再重復(fù),5. 工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計,1 加工工藝過程 該零件的主要加工表面是平面、孔系和槽系。一般來說,保證平面的加工精度要比保證孔系的加工精度容易。因此,對于變速叉來說,加工過程中的主要問題是保證孔的尺寸精度及位置精度,處理好孔和平面之間的相互關(guān)系以及槽的各尺寸精度。 2確定各表面加工方案 一個好的結(jié)構(gòu)不但應(yīng)該達(dá)到設(shè)計要求,而且要有好的機(jī)械加工工藝性,也就是要有加工的可能性,要便于加工,要能保證加工的質(zhì)量,同時使加工的勞動量最小。設(shè)計和工藝是密切相關(guān)的,又是相輔相成的。對于我們設(shè)計變速叉的加工工藝來說,應(yīng)選擇能夠滿足平面孔系加工精度要求的加工方法及設(shè)備。除了從加工精度和加工效率兩方面考慮以外,也要適當(dāng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。在滿足精度要求及生產(chǎn)率的條件下,應(yīng)選擇價格較底的機(jī)床。,6.工藝路線的擬定, 粗銑 槽 粗銑 槽的兩側(cè)面 粗銑 孔上端兩端面 槽 倒角 鉆鉸 孔并倒角 鉆M10螺紋孔并倒角 攻螺紋M10 粗銑 孔的兩端面. 粗鏜 孔 精鏜 孔 孔 倒角 精銑 孔的兩端面 終檢.,7.夾具的設(shè)計,7.1攻鉆M10螺紋孔夾具的設(shè)計 利用本夾具主要用來鉆攻M10 x1螺紋孔,加工時要滿足粗糙度要求。為了保證技術(shù)要求,最關(guān)鍵是找到定位基準(zhǔn)。 7.2 孔 的加工夾具的設(shè)計 本夾具主要用來對孔進(jìn)行加工,這個孔尺寸精度要求為H7,表面粗糙度Ra1.6,鉆、擴(kuò)、粗鉸、精鉸以可滿足其精度,感謝各位老師及同學(xué),
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)中期匯報表
專 業(yè)
機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
學(xué) 院
工程學(xué)院
姓 名
指導(dǎo)教師
論文(設(shè)計)
題 目
設(shè)計CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉的工藝規(guī)程及工藝裝備任務(wù)書
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)前期工作小結(jié)
經(jīng)過了幾周的學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)識對課題有了更加深入的認(rèn)識。
CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉加工工藝及工藝規(guī)程的設(shè)計的主要任務(wù)是:
(1) 完成變速叉零件加工工藝規(guī)程的制定;
(2) 完成專用夾具的設(shè)計。
通過對變速叉零件的初步分析,了解其零件的主要特點,加工難易程度,主要加工面和加工粗、精基準(zhǔn),從而制定出變速叉加工工藝規(guī)程;對于專用夾具的設(shè)計,首先分析零件的加工工藝,選取定位基準(zhǔn),然后再根據(jù)切銷力的大小、批量生產(chǎn)情況來選取夾緊方式,從而設(shè)計專用夾具。
在設(shè)計時遇到了很多學(xué)習(xí)時沒有接觸過的知識,但我在老師和同學(xué)的幫助下還是一步一步克服了缺乏相關(guān)的知識。
在此次設(shè)計的中期,我主要是完成CA10B解放牌汽車變速叉的工藝工序設(shè)計階段,填寫加工工藝過程卡片和工序卡片并開始進(jìn)行設(shè)計夾具。為最后順利的完成設(shè)計任務(wù)打好基礎(chǔ)。
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
填表日期:2010-5-01
外文原文:
Machine design theory
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineering material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
The machine design must regard as the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good personnel design should dare to propose the new idea. moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons absolutely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, them perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operated. Design personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) Designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) Does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) Produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) Product service is whether convenient?
(5) Product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seek these better methods.
Recent year, the engineering material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees .its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case are because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
譯文:
機(jī)械設(shè)計理論
機(jī)械設(shè)計是一門通過設(shè)計新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)老產(chǎn)品來滿足人類需求的應(yīng)用技術(shù)科學(xué)。它涉及工程技術(shù)的各個領(lǐng)域,主要研究產(chǎn)品的尺寸、形狀和詳細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本構(gòu)思,還要研究產(chǎn)品在制造、銷售和使用等方面的問題。
進(jìn)行各種機(jī)械設(shè)計工作的人員通常被稱為設(shè)計人員或者機(jī)械設(shè)計工程師。機(jī)械設(shè)計是一項創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運動學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識。
如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運算。例如,即使將一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯,也會使正確的設(shè)計變成錯誤的。
一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險,當(dāng)新的方法不適用時,就使用原來的方法。因此,設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心,因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計,要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗證的設(shè)計原理,將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時,也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
在設(shè)計的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實際的想法,也會在設(shè)計的早期,即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,要提出幾套設(shè)計方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中,采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項容易的工作,因為實際上并不存在著一個對所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。
另一個重要問題,設(shè)計工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段,設(shè)計人員必須就初步設(shè)計同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流 ,需要解決下列問題:
(1) 所設(shè)計的這個產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要?
(2) 此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競爭能力?
(3) 生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)?
(4) 產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便?
(5) 產(chǎn)品有無銷路?是否可以盈利?
只有時間能對上述問題給出正確答案。但是, 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計、制造和銷售只能在對上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖,與制造部門一起對最終設(shè)計方案進(jìn)行磋商。
通常 ,在制造過程中會出現(xiàn)某個問題??赡軙髮δ硞€零件尺寸或公差作一些更改,使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是,工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計人員批準(zhǔn),以保證不會損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時,在產(chǎn)品的裝配時或者裝箱外運前的試驗中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計是一個動態(tài)過程??偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計工作,設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該不斷努力,尋找這些更好的方法。
近些年來,工程材料的選擇已經(jīng)顯得重要。此外,選擇過程應(yīng)該是一個對材料的連續(xù)不斷的重新評價過程。新材料不斷出現(xiàn),而一些原有的材料的能夠獲得的數(shù)量可能會減少。環(huán)境污染、材料的回收利用、工人的健康及安全等方面經(jīng)常會對材料選擇附加新的限制條件。為了減輕重量或者節(jié)約能源,可能會要求使用不同的材料。來自國內(nèi)和國際競爭、對產(chǎn)品維修保養(yǎng)方便性要求的提高和顧客的反饋等方面的壓力,都會促使人們對材料進(jìn)行重新評價。由于材料選用不當(dāng)造成的產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。此外,材料與材料加工之間的相互依賴關(guān)系已經(jīng)被人們認(rèn)識得更清楚。因此,為了能在合理的成本和確保質(zhì)量的前提下獲得滿意的結(jié)果,設(shè)計工程師的制造工程師都必須認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地選擇、確定和使用材料。
制造任何產(chǎn)品的第一步工作都是設(shè)計。設(shè)計通常可以分為幾個明確的階段:(a)初步設(shè)計;(b)功能設(shè)計;(c)生產(chǎn)設(shè)計。在初步設(shè)計階段,設(shè)計者著重考慮產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該具有的功能。通常要設(shè)想和考慮幾個方案,然后決定這種思想是否可行;如果可行,則應(yīng)該對其中一個或幾個方案作進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)。在此階段,關(guān)于材料選擇唯一要考慮的問題是:是否有性能符合要求的材料可供選擇;如果沒有的話,是否有較大的把握在成本和時間都允許的限度內(nèi)研制出一種新材料。
在功能設(shè)計和工程設(shè)計階段,要做出一個切實可行的設(shè)計。在這個階段要繪制出相當(dāng)完整的圖紙,選擇并確定各種零件的材料。通常要制造出樣機(jī)或者實物模型,并對其進(jìn)行試驗,評價產(chǎn)品的功能、可靠性、外觀和維修保養(yǎng)性等。雖然這種試驗可能會表明,在產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入到生產(chǎn)階段之前,應(yīng)該更換某些材料,但是,絕對不能將這一點作為不認(rèn)真選擇材料的借口。應(yīng)該結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的功能,認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀、成本和可靠性。一個很有成就的公司在制造所有的樣機(jī)時,所選用的材料應(yīng)該和其生產(chǎn)中使用的材料相同,并盡可能使用同樣的制造技術(shù)。這樣對公司是很有好處的。功能完備的樣機(jī)如果不能根據(jù)預(yù)期的銷售量經(jīng)濟(jì)地制造出來,或者是樣機(jī)與正式生產(chǎn)的裝置在質(zhì)量和可靠性方面有很大不同,則這種樣機(jī)就沒有多大的價值。設(shè)計工程師最好能在這一階段完全完成材料的分析、選擇和確定工作,而不是將其留到生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段去做。因為,在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段材料的更換是由其他人進(jìn)行的,這些人對產(chǎn)品的所有功能的了解不如設(shè)計工程師。
在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計階段中,與材料有關(guān)的主要問題是應(yīng)該把材料完全確定下來,使它們與現(xiàn)有的設(shè)備相適應(yīng),能夠利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備經(jīng)濟(jì)地進(jìn)行加工,而且材料的數(shù)量能夠比較容易保證供應(yīng)。
在制造過程中,不可避免地會出現(xiàn)對使用中的材料做一些更改的情況。經(jīng)驗表明,可采用某些便宜材料作為替代品。然而,在大多數(shù)情況下,在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)以后改換材料要比在開始生產(chǎn)前改換材料所花費的代價要高。在設(shè)計階段做好材料選擇工作,可以避免多數(shù)這樣的情況。在生產(chǎn)制造開始后出現(xiàn)了可供使用的新材料是更換材料的最常見的原因。當(dāng)然,這些新材料可能降低成本、改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的性能。但是,必須對新材料進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的評價,以確保其所有性能都滿足要求。應(yīng)當(dāng)記住,新材料的性能和可靠性很少像現(xiàn)有材料那樣為人們所了解。大部分的產(chǎn)品失效和產(chǎn)品責(zé)任事故案件是由于在選用新材料作為替代材料之前,沒有真正了解它們的長期使用性能而引起的。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計人員和公司在選擇材料時,采用最好的程序。在材料過程中,五個最常見的問題為:(a)不了解或者不會使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮擦黑年品可能的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決);(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其長期性能數(shù)據(jù)是如此的時候;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對上述五個問題的分析,可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由存在的結(jié)論。對這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對材料的性質(zhì),特點和加工方法有一個全面而基本的了解.
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