50-10t雙梁橋式起重機小車主起升機構設計【含CAD圖紙、說明書】

50-10t雙梁橋式起重機小車主起升機構設計【含CAD圖紙、說明書】,含CAD圖紙、說明書,50,10,橋式起重機,車主,機構,設計,cad,圖紙,說明書,仿單 畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書 徐州工程 學院 機械設計制造及其自動化 專業(yè) 設計（論文）題目 50/10t雙梁橋式起重機小車主起升機構設計 學 生 姓 名 班 級 起 止 日 期 指 導 教 師 教研室主任 發(fā)任務書日期 1.畢業(yè)設計的背景： 起升機構是用來實現貨物升降的,它是天車中最基本的機構.起升機構主要有驅動 裝置、傳動裝置、卷繞裝置、取物裝置及制動裝置等組成。 起升機構的構造是：電動機通過聯軸器與減速的高速軸相連，而減速器的低速軸 帶動卷筒，將鋼絲繩卷上或放下，經過吊鉤組，是吊鉤上升或下降。 其中聯軸器為齒輪聯軸器，通常將齒輪聯軸器制成兩個半齒輪聯軸器，中間用一 段軸連起來，這根軸稱為浮動軸或補償軸。制動器一般為常閉式的，它裝有電磁鐵或 電動推桿作為自動的松閘裝置與電動機電氣連鎖。減速器一般采用半封閉式的標準兩 級圓柱齒輪減速器。 卷筒安裝在轉軸上，卷筒軸一端支撐在雙列調心球軸承上，另一端與減速器低速 軸連接，支撐在減速器軸的內腔和軸承座中。 2.畢業(yè)設計(論文)的內容和要求： 畢業(yè)設計的主要內容： 橋式起重機是機械制造工業(yè)和冶金工業(yè)中應用廣泛的一種起重機械,它既不占據地面作業(yè)面積. 又不妨礙地面上的作業(yè)可以在起升高度和大、小車軌道所允許的空間內擔負任意位置的吊運工作。 本課題設計的橋式起重機的重要組成部分━小車起升機構.根據所給設計參數對小車主起升機構 進行設計。 主要參數: 主鉤 副鉤 起升機構工作級別 M5 起重量 50t 10t 小車自重 15.5t~18.5t 軌距 2500mm 起升高度 12m 16m 運行機構工作級別M5 輪距3400mm 起升速度9m/min 16m/min 小車運行速度 40-45m/min 3.主要參考文獻： [1] 倪慶紅、王殿臣．起重輸送機械圖冊．機械工業(yè)出版社，1991.5 [2] 高敏．天車工培訓教程．機械工業(yè)出版社，1992.10第一版 [3] [蘇]布勞德．起重機可靠性和統(tǒng)計動力學，中國鐵道出版社1985 [4] [蘇]沃依松、安德列也夫．起重機取物裝置，1986.6第一版 [5] 機械設計手冊編委會．機械設計手冊，2004.8第一版 [6] 邱宣懷．機械設計．高等教育出版社，1997第四版 [7] 鄒青．機械制造技術基礎課程設計指導教程，2004.8 [8] 范思沖．畫法幾何及機械制圖．機械工業(yè)出版社，1996.6 [9] 謝鐵邦、李柱、席宏卓．互換性與技術測量．華中科技大學出版社，1998 [10] 周宏甫．機械制造技術基礎．高等教育出版社，2003.4 [11] 郭玲文．AutoCAD2004．機械工業(yè)出版社，2003 [12] 張質文、劉泉德．起重運輸機械．中國鐵道出版社，1983 [13] 陳瑋璋．起重機計算實例．中國鐵道 [14] 胡宗武、顧迪民．起重機設計計算．北京科學技術出版社，1989 [15] 橋式起重機的設計與計算．機械工業(yè)出版社 [16] 楊長、付東明．起重機械機械工業(yè)出版社，1992 4.畢業(yè)設計(論文)進度計劃(以周為單位)： 起 止 日 期 工 作 內 容 備 注 第一周 第二周 第三周 第四周 第五周 第六周 第七周 第八周 第九周 第十周 第十一周 第十二周 第十三周 第十四周 第十五周 第十六周 收集資料，翻譯外文資料。 收集資料，翻譯外文資料。 確定傳動方案，計算主要零部件尺寸。 確定傳動方案，計算主要零部件尺寸。 繪制零件圖(高速浮動軸) 繪制部件圖（CL7聯軸器） 繪制部件圖（帶制動輪聯軸器） 繪制部件圖（滑輪） 繪制部件圖(制動器) 繪制部件圖（卷筒） 繪制裝配圖 繪制裝配圖 繪制裝配圖 繪制裝配圖 撰寫設計說明書 撰寫設計說明書 教研室審查意見： 室主任 年 月 日 學院審查意見： 教學院長 年 月 日 附 錄 附錄1 英文原文 Bridge Crane Bridge crane is having an elevated track running in a bridge-type crane, also known as the crane. Bridge Crane in the laying of the bridge on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge laying on the track in the horizontal operation, a scope of work of a rectangle, it can take full advantage of having the space below lifting materials from the ground equipment hindered. Bridge Crane widely used in indoor warehouses, factories, wharves and open storage yard and other places. Able to carry items, stood up, lifting status, and adjust operations, mainly for the workshop, sections and steel production lines yard, etc.. Lifting capacity usually in the 10 to 100 t. Bridge crane itself for horizontal movement, the winch frame for the vertical movement of the winch suspended from the hook for vertical movement, the direction of movement of three of the crane can work. In order to prevent bridge crane driver not clear in the specific hook campaign, on the ground are equipped with lifting the general command or folder, put hook. If hanging overhead crane hoisted electromagnetic lifting plate, often operated by the drivers themselves. Bridge cranes can be divided into general overhead crane, simple girder bridge crane for bridge crane and metallurgical three. Ordinary general overhead crane from lifting trolley, having run institutions, having composed of a metal structure. Lifting up from the car and from institutions, agencies and the car running small frame consists of three parts. Lifting bodies, including the motor, brakes, reducer, and the pulley drum group. Motor through the reducer, driven rotating drum so that the wire rope around 42.50 or 42.50 down to lifting weights. Small frame is from the brackets and install or run agencies and institutions, such as car parts rack, usually welded structure. Crane running the driving mode can be divided into two categories: one category is the concentrated drive, which uses a motor-driven initiatives on both sides of the drive shaft driven wheel; were driven to another, that is, on both sides of the initiative the wheels with a motor drive. Small, medium and larger overhead crane with brake, and motor reducer combination into one of the "triple play" drive, the weight of the ordinary from the overhead crane for easy installation and adjustment, often drive the use of universal - axis. Crane normally used only four active and driven wheels, if a great weight, increase common approach to reduce wheel round pressure. When more than four wheels, must adopt a balanced hinged frame device so that the crane load evenly distributed in the wheels. Bridge metal structure from the main sorghum and sorghum-composed of the main beam is divided into single-and double-girder bridge having two categories. Single-beam bridge from the main beam and a single on both sides of the span at the end of sorghum, dual-beam bridge by the two main sorghum and sorghum-component. Liang Liang Gang and the end of the link-beam ends with wheels, for supporting an elevated bridge in the running. A main beam welding on track for the lifting trolley running. Having the structure of the main beam type is more a typical box structure, the four truss structure and fasting truss structure. Box structure can be divided into two-track box girder, partial double-track box-beam, single-bias-rail box and several main sorghum. Dual-track box girder is the extensive use of a basic form, the main beam from the upper and lower flange on both sides of the plate and vertical web composition, layout rail car in the center of the flange plates online, and its simple structure , manufacturing convenient, suitable for mass production, but larger forces. Partial tracks box-girder and partial double-track box-section of the main beam are from the upper and lower ranges flange plates and thick web of the main components, rail car in the main web layout above, the short Xiangbenna omit the stiffening plate, which tracks box-side main beam from a wide flange box instead of the main sorghum two main sorghum, respect smaller, but more complex manufacturing. 4 truss-type structure from four plane truss structure into a closed space, in the general level of the surface Truss shops follow plate, light weight, rigidity, but compared with other structures, and its dimensions, creating more complex, fatigue lower intensity, has been less productive. Partial fasting truss structure similar to the main tracks box-girder from the four components of a closed steel structure, in addition to the main web for the Solid shaped beam, the other three plate in accordance with the design requirements cut into many windows, forming a no-ramps Fasting Truss, in the lower level of the surface occupied by taking truss plate, cranes and the operation of electrical equipment installed in the bridge house, lighter forces, the overall stiffness, and that in China is a more widely used type. General overhead crane used mainly driven power, the general is in the driver indoor manipulation, but also remote control. From the weight of up to 500 tons, up to 60 m span. Simple beam bridge crane known as sorghum cranes, and the structure and composition of ordinary bridge crane similar to a weight, span and speed are smaller. Bridge is the main sorghum or other steel I-beam and plate steel girder section composed of simple, hand-pull or electric hoist accompanied by gourd simple as lifting trolley car, the car usually in the word sorghum run on the next flange . Bridge can be elevated along the orbit, but also along the elevated suspension in the following orbit, such as a crane hoisted sorghum crane. Metallurgical dedicated bridge crane in the steel production process can be involved in a specific process operation, and its basic structure and general overhead crane similar, but in small vehicles are equipped with lifting the work of special agencies or devices. This feature is the work of a crane used frequently, poor, working-level higher. Dual-beam bridge crane factories on the track along the vertical direction of movement, the lateral movement and trolley movements campaign to hook work. Applied to machining and assembly shop, a metal structure workshop, mechanical workshops, metallurgy and casting workshop and warehouse type lifting work. With scores from the weight of the form, molecular weight mainly Gouqi, the denominator as vice Gouqi weight. There are five main types. Casting Crane: for the lifting of hot metal into Mixer, furnaces and molten steel into lifting equipment or continuous ingot steel ingot mould used. Sheng barrels lifting the car, a flip-sheng, deputy trolley barrels, and other auxiliary work. Tongs crane: Using tongs high temperature steel ingot will be vertically being lifted onto a deep soaking pits, or put it out the car shipped spindles. Stripper Crane: an ingot from the mandatory extrusion ingot mold. There are special small car Stripper devices, spindles Stripper under way and the shape of the model: Some Stripper crane-is attributable to suppress billets, ingots filed with the clamp module; Some of the clamp punctured ingot mould, with Ingot filed small pair of pliers. Feeding Crane: Charge will be added to the open hearth furnace. Trolley bottom of the column with the pick-and inciting material to me and it into the furnace. The main column to bypass the vertical axis rotation, pick-and rotary can swing from top to bottom. Deputy car repair furnace for such auxiliary operations. Forging Crane: to meet with hydraulic forging large workpieces. Trolley displayed on the main hook up special feeder to support and flip the workpiece; Vice car used to lift the workpiece. Dual-beam bridge crane, the biggest weight from 100 tons, the hook-and-grab, electromagnetic, metallurgical cranes, quenching crane, manual double girder bridge crane, electric hoist double girder overhead crane with the crane unit JB / T14405 "generic bridge crane" standard, the quality of products to JB/T53442 "universal overhead crane product quality grade" first-class requirements. Its structural features of starting up and running with the car running on the bridge, a metal structure for the double-girder box form. From the characteristics of the device in accordance with the classification for the hook, grab, electromagnetic and multipurpose bridge crane, mainly for the mines, factories, wharves and warehouses, and other material handling operations frequent stops, as a crane quenching equipment, a high-speed heat treatment process of decline . Metallurgical casting molten steel crane to transport packet is indispensable than smelting industrial equipment. The use of modern means of science and technology, will enable any crane structure with a jump-speed performance. Can be used with high-level rotating hook for stacking operations. Single-girder bridge crane, the largest weight of 10 tons from, hook-and-grab, electromagnetic, flying single-girder bridge crane, manual single-girder bridge crane with the crane unit JB/T1306 "electric single-girder bridge Crane "and JB/T2603" electric single-girder overhead crane hoisted the "standard requirements. Its structure is characterized manual or electric hoist monorail car along the main beam under the flange I-beam operation, material handling operations, normally used for workshops, warehouses and other material handling operations, which manual does not allow for single-girder crane No electricity or power occasions. Grab motor with the monorail or bulk materials can also be used to grab operations, the unit crane compact structure, operational flexibility, can be used to ground, can also be used to operate the cab. Special circumstances can also be used for remote operation. Industrial production or storage is indispensable equipment. Crane normal working hours to allow a lifting of the greatest quality as rated starting weight. Rated crane hook from the hook and the weight does not include the fixed pulley group themselves. Grab sucker and electromagnetic devices, such as the quality of admission included in the ratings from the weight. In accordance with the standard provisions of the bridge crane from the weight of a series of priority number system is R10, from 3.2 t, beginning with the increment of 1.25 Gongpi 4,5,6.3,8,10,12.5,16,20,25,32, 40,50 t……. But domestic products only under the bridge crane years of production practices, from the above series of elected part of the actual composition of a series of weight. Is the most commonly used Series 5 t, 10t, 16t, 20t, 32t and 50 t. Normally, when a weight of more than 10 t, or from the establishment of two bodies, namely the lifting of lifting bodies and institutions, both from the weight of a ratio of about 1:4. Main body from the weight or, for lifting heavy cargo lifting of the weight from the small, but faster, lighter for the lifting of the goods or for supporting efforts to enhance work efficiency. General may be the biggest crane lifting weights to determine the starting weight, taking into account the conditions of work reproduced or process requirements. Crane does not allow the use of overloading, in the lifting of the frequent changes of the occasion, crane should consider certain margin. In some cases, the occasional object to the lifting of overweight available when two cranes coordinated operations. In the process fixed, the lifting of the weight will remain basically unchanged, the use of cranes loaded with the basic circumstances, can be lifted up from vice, to simplify the structure of a crane and lower costs. Foreign large-tonnage it is not all bridge crane with a lifting body vice, but necessary option. The use of overhead crane safety matters: (1) Each crane must be obvious from the weight rated local hang the signs. (2) Work, it was not allowed on the bridge or hook couriers. (3) No Operator's Certificate and is not allowed to drink driving cranes. (4) Operating must focus on the spirit, not talk, smoking or do not do. (5) To clean the car; while Luanfang equipment, tools, flammable materials, explosive materials and dangerous goods. (6) The cranes could be allowed to use super. (7) The following situations while lifting: bundling is not solid; mechanical overload; signal unknown; Cable; buried in the ground or frozen items; suspended on some items; no security protection measures for the flammable and explosive - and dangerous goods; drive liquid items do not meet the safe use of wire rope; fault movements institutions. (8) The cranes in the absence of obstructions on the lines running, as well as hanging hook or spreader of the base must be more than 2 m from the ground. If the crossing barriers, obstacles to be more than 0.5 m high. (9) From the weight lifting rated less than 50 per cent of the objects, allowing the two bodies at the same time movements hanging from the weight rating greater than 50% of the objects, only a body can move. (10) Has the main, the Vice hook overhead crane, not to increase or decrease the same time, Vice hook (exceptional). (11) While in the objects on a cause or hammering and welding in the work of the following items (can support). (12) It must be a power outage, and hung in a gated power operation signs, before the examination or maintenance work. If it is necessary to live, work, there must be security protection, and a personal care. (13) While casually throw things down from the board. (14) Limit switches and interlock devices, it is necessary to carry out regular checks. (15) Not used as a parking collision limit switch approach. (16) Movements brake problems, not lifting weights. (17)Were not allowed in the hanging objects or equipment over the operation. (18) Crane unit welding, it is necessary to set up specialized ground, do not use fuselage ground. (19) Hook in a position under the limit, must remain on the roll more than two laps with the safety of Min Quan. (20) Crane allowed mutual collisions, but also does not allow use of a crane to promote another crane to work. (21) Lifting heavy objects, liquid metal and explosive and dangerous goods, must be slowly lifting from the ground 100 to 200 mm, the reliability of brake test. (22) Repair and inspection of the lights by its voltage must be below 36 V. (23) Bridge crane cover all electrical equipment should be grounded. If trolley track is not in the main beam welding, the welding earth measures to be taken. Earthing available cross-sectional area greater than 75 mm2 galvanized flat iron or 10 mm2 of bare copper or galvanized more than 30 mm2 bar. Cab of the crane or grounding location should be more than two. Crane power to any point in the neutral grounding resistors, should be less than 4 ?. (24) Security technology to regular inspection, good pre-preparatory work. 原文翻譯 橋式起重機 橋式起重機是橋架在高架軌道上運行的一種橋架型起重機，又稱天車。橋式起重機的橋架沿鋪設在兩側高架上的軌道縱向運行，起重小車沿鋪設在橋架上的軌道橫向運行，構成一矩形的工作范圍，就可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運物料，不受地面設備的阻礙。 橋式起重機廣泛地應用在室內外倉庫、廠房、碼頭和露天貯料場等處。能對物品進行搬運、翻身、調整吊運狀態(tài)等作業(yè)，主要用于各車間、分段生產線和鋼材堆場等處。起重能力一般在10～100 t。橋式起重機本身作橫向移動，車架上的絞車作縱向移動，吊在絞車上的吊鉤作垂向移動，三個方向的運動的合成才能使起重機起作用。為了防止橋式起重機在駕駛員看不清楚具體的吊鉤運動方式，地面上一般配備有起重工進行指揮或夾、放吊鉤。如果橋式起重機懸掛電磁吊吊運鋼板，則往往由駕駛員自己操作。橋式起重機可分為普通橋式起重機、簡易粱橋式起重機和冶金專用橋式起重機三種。 普通橋式起重機一般由起重小車、橋架運行機構、橋架金屬結構組成。起重小車又由起升機構、小車運行機構和小車架三部分組成。 起升機構包括電動機、制動器、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動機通過減速器，帶動卷筒轉動，使鋼絲繩繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下，以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機構和小車運行機構等部件的機架，通常為焊接結構。 起重機運行機構的驅動方式可分為兩大類：一類為集中驅動，即用一臺電動機帶動長傳動軸驅動兩邊的主動車輪；另一類為分別驅動、即兩邊的主動車輪各用一臺電動機驅動。中、小型橋式起重機較多采用制動器、減速器和電動機組合成一體的“三合一”驅動方式，大起重量的普通橋式起重機為便于安裝和調整，驅動裝置常采用萬向聯軸器。 起重機運行機構一般只用四個主動和從動車輪，如果起重量很大，常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。當車輪超過四個時，必須采用鉸接均衡車架裝置，使起重機的載荷均勻地分布在各車輪上。 橋架的金屬結構由主粱和端粱組成，分為單主粱橋架和雙粱橋架兩類。單主粱橋架由單根主粱和位于跨度兩邊的端粱組成，雙粱橋架由兩根主粱和端粱組成。 主粱與端粱剛性連接，端粱兩端裝有車輪，用以支承橋架在高架上運行。主粱上焊有軌道，供起重小車運行。橋架主粱的結構類型較多比較典型的有箱形結構、四桁架結構和空腹桁架結構。 箱形結構又可分為正軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形雙粱、偏軌箱形單主粱等幾種。正軌箱形雙粱是廣泛采用的一種基本形式，主粱由上、下翼緣板和兩側的垂直腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在上翼緣板的中心線上，它的結構簡單，制造方便，適于成批生產，但自重較大。 偏軌箱形雙粱和偏軌箱形單主粱的截面都是由上、下翼緣板和不等厚的主副腹板組成，小車鋼軌布置在主腹板上方，箱體內的短加勁板可以省去，其中偏軌箱形單主粱是由一根寬翼緣箱形主粱代替兩根主粱，自重較小，但制造較復雜。 四桁架式結構由四片平面桁架組合成封閉型空間結構，在上水平桁架表面一般鋪有走臺板，自重輕，剛度大，但與其他結構相比，外形尺寸大，制造較復雜，疲勞強度較低，已較少生產。 空腹桁架結構類似偏軌箱形主粱，由四片鋼板組成一封閉結構，除主腹板為實腹工字形粱外，其余三片鋼板上按照設計要求切割成許多窗口，形成一個無斜桿的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面鋪有走臺板，起重機運行機構及電氣設備裝在橋架內部，自重較輕，整體剛度大，這在中國是較為廣泛采用的一種型式。 普通橋式起重機主要采用電力驅動，一般是在司機室內操縱，也有遠距離控制的。起重量可達五百噸，跨度可達60米。 簡易梁橋式起重機又稱粱式起重機，其結構組成與普通橋式起重機類似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均較小。橋架主粱是由工字鋼或其他型鋼和板鋼組成的簡單截面粱，用手拉葫蘆或電動葫蘆配上簡易小車作為起重小車，小車一般在工字粱的下翼緣上運行。橋架可以沿高架上的軌道運行，也可沿懸吊在高架下面的軌道運行，這種起重機稱為懸掛粱式起重機。 冶金專用橋式起重機在鋼鐵生產過程中可參與特定的工藝操作，其基本結構與普通橋式起重機相似，但在起重小車上還裝有特殊的工作機構或裝置。這種起重機的工作特點是使用頻繁、條件惡劣，工作級別較高。 雙梁橋式起重機依靠沿廠房軌道方向的縱向移動，小車的橫向移動和吊鉤的升降運動來進行工作。適用于機械加工與裝配車間、金屬結構車間、機械維修車間、冶金與鑄造車間以及種類倉庫的吊運工作等。起重量用分數形式表示，分子為主鉤起重量，分母為副鉤起重量。主要有五種類型。 鑄造起重機：供吊運鐵水注入混鐵爐、煉鋼爐和吊運鋼水注入連續(xù)鑄錠設備或鋼錠模等用。主小車吊運盛桶，副小車進行翻轉盛桶等輔助工作。 夾鉗起重機：利用夾鉗將高溫鋼錠垂直地吊運到深坑均熱爐中，或把它取出放到運錠車上。 脫錠起重機：用以把鋼錠從鋼錠模中強制脫出。小車上有專門的脫錠裝置，脫錠方式根據錠模的形狀而定：有的脫錠起重機用項桿壓住鋼錠，用大鉗提起錠模；有的用大鉗壓住錠模，用小鉗提起鋼錠。 加料起重機：用以將爐料加到平爐中。主小車的立柱下端裝有挑桿，用以挑動料箱并將它送入爐內。主柱可繞垂直軸回轉，挑桿可上下擺動和回轉。副小車用于修爐等輔助作業(yè)。 鍛造起重機：用以與水壓機配合鍛造大型工件。主小車吊鉤上懸掛特殊翻料器，用以支持和翻轉工件；副小車用來抬起工件。 雙梁橋式起重機，最大起重量100噸，吊鉤式，抓斗式，電磁式，冶金起重機，淬火起重機，手動雙梁橋式起重機，電動葫蘆雙梁橋式起重機 本單元起重機符合JB/T14405《通用橋式起重機》標準的規(guī)定，產品質量達到JB/T53442《通用橋式起重機產品質量分等》一等品要求。 其結構特點式具有起升及運行機構的小車位于橋架上運行，金屬結構為箱形雙主梁形式。按照取物裝置特點分類為吊鉤，抓斗，電磁以及多用途橋式起重機，主要用于礦山，工廠，碼頭及倉庫等作業(yè)頻繁的物料搬運站，淬火起重機作為熱處理工藝裝備具有高速下降特性。冶金鑄造起重機適用于運鋼水包，是冶煉工業(yè)比不可少的設備。采用現代科技手段，可使起重機的任何一個結構具備跳速性能。還可配用旋轉吊鉤用于高層堆放作業(yè)。 單梁橋式起重機，最大起重量10噸，吊鉤式，抓斗式，電磁式，懸掛單梁橋式起重機，手動單梁橋式起重機 本單元起重機符合JB/T1306《電動單梁橋式起重機》及JB/T2603《電動單梁懸掛橋式起重機》標準規(guī)定。其結構特點是電動葫蘆或手動單軌小車沿主梁工字鋼下翼緣運行，進行物料搬運作業(yè)，通常用于車間，倉庫等物料搬運作業(yè)，其中手動單梁起重機用于不允許用電或者無電源場合。配合馬達抓斗或單軌抓斗還可用于散裝物料作業(yè)，本單元起重機結構緊湊，操作靈活，既可用于地面操作，也可用于司機室操作。特殊要求情況下，還可以進行遙控操作。是工業(yè)生產或貯運不可缺少的裝備。 起重機正常工作時允許一次起吊的最大質量稱為額定起重量。吊鉤起重機的額定起重量不包括吊鉤和動滑輪組的自重。抓斗和電磁吸盤等取物裝置的質量計入額定起重量內。按標準規(guī)定，橋式起重機的起重量系列采用的是R10優(yōu)先數系，從3.2 t開始，按1.25公比遞增為4，5，6.3，8，10，12.5，16，20，25，32，40，50t……。但目前國內的橋式起重機產品只是根據多年的生產慣例，從上述數列中選出一部分組成實際的起重量系列。最為常用的系列是5t，10t，16t，20t，32t和50t。通常，當起重量超過10t時設兩個起升機構，即主起升機構和副起升機構，二者起重量之比約為1：4。主起升機構的起重量大，用以起吊重的貨物；副起升機構的起重量小，但速度較快，用以起吊較輕的貨物或作輔助性工作，以提高工作效率。 一般應以起重機可能遇到的最大起吊重物來確定起重量，同時考慮轉載工作的條件或工藝過程的要求。起重機不允許超載使用，因此在起吊物經常發(fā)生變化的場合，起重機應考慮一定的裕量。在某些情況下，偶爾需吊運超重物件時，可用兩臺起重機協(xié)同作業(yè)。在工藝流程固定，起吊物重量基本不變，起重機基本滿載使用的情況下，可以取消副起升機構，以簡化起重機的結構，降低成本。國外的大噸位橋式起重機也并不是都帶有副起升機構的，而是按需要選裝。 橋式起重機的使用安全事項: （1）每臺起重機必須在明顯的地方掛上額定起重量的標牌。 （2）工作中，橋架上不許有人或用吊鉤運送人。 （3）無操作證和酒后都不許駕駛起重機。 （4）操作中必須精神集中、不許談話、吸煙或做無關的事情。 （5）車上要清潔干凈；不許亂放設備、工具、易燃品、易爆品和危險品。 （6）起重機不允許超荷使用。 （7）下列情況不許起吊：捆綁不牢；機件超負荷；信號不明；斜拉；埋或凍在地里的物件；被吊物件上有人；沒有安全保護措施的易燃品、易爆器和危險品；過滿的液體物品；鋼絲繩不符合安全使用要求；升降機構有故障。 （8）起重機在沒有障礙物的線路上運行時，吊鉤或吊具以及吊物底面，必須離地面2m以上。如果越過障礙物時，須超過障礙物0.5m高。 （9）對吊運小于額定起重量50%的物件，允許兩個機構同時動作；吊大于額定起重量50%的物件，則只可以一個機構動作。 （10）具有主、副鉤的橋式起重機，不要同時上升或下降主、副鉤（特殊例外）。 （11）不許在被吊起的物件上施焊或錘擊及在物件下面工作（有支撐時可以）。 （12）必須在停電后，并在電門上掛有停電作業(yè)的標志時，方可做檢查或進行維修工作。如必須帶電作業(yè)時，須有安全措施保護，并設有專人照管。 （13）不許隨便從車上往下亂扔東西。 （14）限位開關和聯鎖保護裝置，要經常檢查。 （15）不允許用碰限位開關作為停車的辦法。 （16）升降制動器存在問題時，不允許升降重物。 （17）被吊物件不許在人或設備上空運行。 （18）對起重機某部進行焊接時，要專門設置地線，不準利用機身做地線。 （19）吊鉤處于下極限位置時，卷筒上必須保留有兩圈以上的安全繩圈。 （20）起重機不允許互相碰撞，更不允許利用一臺起重機去推動另一臺起重機進行工作。 （21）吊運較重的物件、液態(tài)金屬、易爆及危險品時，必須先緩慢地起吊離地面100~200mm，試驗制動器的可靠性。 （22）修理和檢查用的照明燈，其電壓必須在36V以下。 （23）橋式起重機所有的電氣設備外殼均應接地。如小車軌道不是焊接在主梁上時，應采取焊接地線措施。接地線可用截面積大于75mm2的鍍鋅扁鐵或10mm2的裸銅線或大于30mm2的鍍鋅圓鋼。司機室或起重機體的接地位置應多于兩處。起重機上任何一點到電源中性點間的接地電阻，均應小于4Ω。 （24）要定期做安全技術檢查，做好預檢預修工作。