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前言
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,機(jī)械產(chǎn)品日趨精密、復(fù)雜,改型也日益頻繁,對(duì)機(jī)床的性能、精度、自動(dòng)化程度等提出了越來(lái)越高的要求。機(jī)械加工工藝過(guò)程自動(dòng)化是實(shí)現(xiàn)上述要求的重要技術(shù)措施之一,不僅能夠提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)率,降低生產(chǎn)成本,還能改善工人的勞動(dòng)條件。為此,許多企業(yè)采用自動(dòng)機(jī)床、組合機(jī)床和專(zhuān)用機(jī)床組成自動(dòng)或半自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線。但是,采用這種自動(dòng)、高效的設(shè)備,需要很大的初期投資以及較長(zhǎng)的生準(zhǔn)備周期,只有在大批量的生產(chǎn)條件(如汽車(chē)、拖拉機(jī)、家用電器等工業(yè)主要零件的生產(chǎn)),才會(huì)有顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
在機(jī)械制造工業(yè)中,單件、小批量生產(chǎn)的零件約占機(jī)械加工總量的70%~80%??茖W(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和機(jī)械制造產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的日趨激烈,致使機(jī)械產(chǎn)品不斷改型、更新?lián)Q代,批量相對(duì)減少,質(zhì)量要求越來(lái)越高。采用專(zhuān)用的自動(dòng)機(jī)床加工這類(lèi)零件就顯得很不合理,而且調(diào)整或改裝專(zhuān)用的“剛性”自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線投資大、周期長(zhǎng),有時(shí)從技術(shù)上甚至是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的。采用各類(lèi)仿型機(jī)床,雖然可以部分地解決小批量復(fù)雜零件的精度很難達(dá)到的要求。
為了解決上述問(wèn)題,滿足多品種、小批量,特別是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、精度要求高的零件的自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn),迫切需要一種靈活的、通用的、能夠適用于產(chǎn)品頻繁變化的“柔性”自動(dòng)化機(jī)床。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,1952年,美國(guó)帕森斯公司(Parsons)和麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)合作,研制成功了世界上第一臺(tái)以數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)字控制(numerical control,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)NC)3坐標(biāo)直線插補(bǔ)銑床,從而使機(jī)械制造業(yè)進(jìn)入了 一個(gè)新階段。
因此,在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)到來(lái)時(shí),根據(jù)我們專(zhuān)業(yè)與企業(yè)的要求,在徐衛(wèi)國(guó)老師的指導(dǎo)下,本人選擇了數(shù)控車(chē)床的改造這一課題。通過(guò)研究,改造主要有三個(gè)部分:
(1)主軸箱
(2)電器
(3)自動(dòng)刀架
此課題有本人承擔(dān),本人改造主軸箱中的主軸部件是機(jī)床重要組成部分之一。除了與普通機(jī)床一樣要求具有良好的旋轉(zhuǎn)精度、靜剛度、抗振性、熱穩(wěn)定性及耐磨性外,由于數(shù)控機(jī)床在加工過(guò)程中不進(jìn)行人工調(diào)整,且數(shù)控機(jī)床要求的轉(zhuǎn)速更高,功率大。所以數(shù)控機(jī)床的主軸部件在上述幾方面要求更高且更嚴(yán)格。在主軸部件的改造方面,本人采取盡可能按原機(jī)床傳動(dòng)路線,并選用主軸脈沖發(fā)生器來(lái)輸出主軸轉(zhuǎn)速,主軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn),主軸脈沖發(fā)生器 發(fā)出1024個(gè)脈沖。數(shù)控車(chē)床的電器也很重要,車(chē)床的自動(dòng)化程度也就在此體現(xiàn)。
電器方面,本人參考CJK6256B簡(jiǎn)易數(shù)控車(chē)床的電器原理,該結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,能較好的實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)主軸電機(jī)主軸變頻器,刀臺(tái)電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn),風(fēng)扇等等的控制。
自動(dòng)刀架也是數(shù)控車(chē)床與普通車(chē)床的重要區(qū)別之一,它具有準(zhǔn)確的重復(fù)定位功能,具有較高的精度。
目錄
第一章數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)及主軸部件
1.1數(shù)控機(jī)床主傳動(dòng)裝置……………………………………………………4-6
1.1.1特點(diǎn)
1.1.2變速方式
1.1.3選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)
1.1.4選擇帶輪
1.1.5確定傳動(dòng)方式
1.2主軸組件設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………………………………7-9
1.2.1主軸主件類(lèi)型
1.2.2主軸設(shè)計(jì)
1.2.3主軸支承
1.2.4主軸停止功能1
1.3中間軸的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………10
1.4輸入軸的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………11
1.5主軸箱的裝配…………………………………………………………………12
第二章電器…………………………………………………………………………13-14
第三章自動(dòng)刀架……………………………………………………………………15
結(jié)論……………………………………………………………………16
參考文獻(xiàn)……………………………………………………………………………17
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………18
第一章數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)及主軸組件
1.1數(shù)控機(jī)床主傳動(dòng)裝置
1.1.1特點(diǎn)
數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)與普通機(jī)床的相比具有以下特點(diǎn):
(1) 主軸傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)速高,功率大,能滿足數(shù)控機(jī)床大功率切削和高速切削的要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)床高效率工作。
(2) 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)速范圍較大,變速迅速可靠,并能實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速,使切削工作始終在最佳狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行。
(3) 為實(shí)現(xiàn)刀具的快速或自動(dòng)裝卸,主軸上具有特殊的刀具安裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
(4) 主軸部件要求有較大的剛度和較高的精度。
1.1.2變速方式
本人根據(jù)原機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)采用雙向內(nèi)齒離合器來(lái)使主軸實(shí)現(xiàn)四級(jí)變速。
1.1.3選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)
選用Y160L-4 A型鼠籠轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)系列。功率15KW轉(zhuǎn)速1460r/min.額定轉(zhuǎn)矩2.2kn/m。
1.1.4選擇帶輪
根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出功率、輸出軸所需的轉(zhuǎn)速、工作時(shí)間,選擇并校核帶輪,確定小帶輪與大帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑,大帶輪如裝配圖 所示,基準(zhǔn)直徑為304mm,采用孔板式結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免齒輪傳動(dòng)時(shí)引起的振動(dòng)與噪聲,傳動(dòng)比較準(zhǔn)確,傳動(dòng)精度高、平穩(wěn)、噪聲小,維修保養(yǎng)方便,不需潤(rùn)滑。
采用無(wú)級(jí)變速主軸電機(jī)(直流或交流),主軸箱內(nèi)齒輪變速級(jí)數(shù)很少(一般最多為四級(jí))。主軸箱內(nèi)設(shè)置齒輪變速,主要目的是重復(fù)利用電機(jī)的恒功率,輸出范圍一般多用于大中型機(jī)床,一部分小型機(jī)床為了獲得強(qiáng)力切削也在應(yīng)用。變速級(jí)改變通常是用液壓控制齒輪滑移來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),一般小型數(shù)控機(jī)床的主軸箱步設(shè)置齒輪變速機(jī)構(gòu)其噪聲與振動(dòng)大大減少由于主軸功率特性在不斷改進(jìn),無(wú)齒輪變速的主傳動(dòng)得到越來(lái)越多的應(yīng)用。
液壓刀架使用廣泛,性能比較穩(wěn)定,電機(jī)帶動(dòng)的刀架沒(méi)有液壓管路,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。
1.1.5確定傳動(dòng)方式
傳動(dòng)路線如下:
離合器1撥叉向左— —Ⅲ—
電動(dòng)機(jī)—帶輪—Ⅰ—
離合器1撥叉向右 — Ⅱ —
離合器2撥叉向左—Ⅳ——Ⅴ
離合器2撥叉向右——Ⅱ——Ⅳ—— Ⅴ
離合器2撥叉向左——Ⅲ—Ⅳ——Ⅴ
離合器2撥叉向右——Ⅲ—Ⅳ——Ⅴ
1.2主軸組件設(shè)計(jì)
主軸組件由主軸、主軸支承、裝在主軸上的傳動(dòng)件和密封件等組成。機(jī)床加工時(shí),主軸帶動(dòng)工件或刀具直接參與表面成型運(yùn)動(dòng),所以主軸的精度、剛度和熱變形對(duì)加工質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率等有著重要的影響,而且由于數(shù)控機(jī)床在加工過(guò)程中心線的平均空間位置稱(chēng)為瞬時(shí)回轉(zhuǎn)中心線。瞬時(shí)回轉(zhuǎn)中心線相對(duì)于理想回轉(zhuǎn)中心線的距離,就是主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)誤差。而回轉(zhuǎn)不進(jìn)行人為調(diào)整,這些影響就更為重要。
(1) 回轉(zhuǎn)精度高
回轉(zhuǎn)中心線的空間位置,在理想的情況下應(yīng)是固定不變的, 稱(chēng)為理想中心線。實(shí)際上,由于主軸組件中各種因素的影響,回轉(zhuǎn)中心線的空間位置每一瞬間都是變化的,這些瞬時(shí)回轉(zhuǎn)中誤差的范圍,就是主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)精度。徑向誤差、角度誤差和軸向誤差很少單獨(dú)存在,當(dāng)徑向誤差和角度誤差同時(shí)存在時(shí),構(gòu)成徑向跳動(dòng),而軸向誤差和角度誤差同時(shí)存在時(shí)構(gòu)成端面跳動(dòng)。
(2) 剛度大
主軸組件的剛度是指受外力作用時(shí),主軸組件抵抗變形的能力。主軸組件的剛度越大,主軸受力后的變形越小。若主軸組件的剛度不足,在切削力及其它力的作用下,主軸將產(chǎn)生較大的彈性變形,不僅影響工件的加工質(zhì)量,還會(huì)破壞齒輪、軸承的正常工作條件,加快其磨損,降低精度。主軸部件的剛度與主軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、支承跨距、所選用的軸承類(lèi)型及其配置形式、軸承間隙的調(diào)整、主軸上傳動(dòng)元件的位置關(guān)系等有關(guān)。
(3) 抗振性強(qiáng)
主軸組件的抗振性是指切削加工時(shí),主軸保持平穩(wěn)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)而不發(fā)生振動(dòng)的能力。若主軸組件抗振性差,工作時(shí)容易產(chǎn)生振動(dòng),不僅會(huì)降低加工質(zhì)量,而且限制了機(jī)床生產(chǎn)率的提高,使就刀具的耐用度下降。
(4) 溫升低
主軸組件運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中的溫升過(guò)高會(huì)引起兩個(gè)方面的不良結(jié)果:一是主軸組件和箱體因熱膨脹而變形,主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)中心線和機(jī)床其它元件的相對(duì)位置發(fā)生變化,直接影響到加工精度;二是軸承等元件會(huì)因溫度過(guò)高而改變已調(diào)好的間隙,破壞正常工作,嚴(yán)重時(shí)甚至?xí)l(fā)生“抱軸”。數(shù)控機(jī)床為了解決溫升問(wèn)題,一般采用恒溫主軸箱。
(5) 耐磨性好
主軸組件必須有足夠的耐磨性,以便能長(zhǎng)期保持精度。主軸上易磨損的地方是刀具或工作安裝部位,以及移動(dòng)式主軸的工作表面。為了提高耐磨性,主軸的上述部位應(yīng)該淬火硬,或氮化處理,以提高硬度,增加耐磨性。主軸軸承也需要有良好的潤(rùn)滑,以提高其耐磨性。
1.2.1主軸組件的類(lèi)型
主軸組件按運(yùn)動(dòng)方式可分為五類(lèi):
(1)只有旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的主軸組件。這類(lèi)主軸組件結(jié)構(gòu)較為簡(jiǎn)單,如車(chē)床、銑床、和磨床等主軸組件。
(2)既有旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)又有軸向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的主軸組件。
(3)既有旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)又有軸向調(diào)整移動(dòng)的主軸組件。如滾齒機(jī)、部分立式銑床等的主軸組件。主軸在套筒內(nèi)作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),并可根據(jù)需要隨主軸套筒一起作軸向調(diào)整運(yùn)動(dòng)。主軸組件工作時(shí),用其中的夾緊裝置將主軸套筒夾緊在主軸箱內(nèi),以提高主軸部件的剛度。
(4)既有旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)又有徑向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的主軸部件。如臥式鏜床的平旋盤(pán)主軸組件、組合機(jī)床的鏜孔車(chē)端面頭主軸組件。主軸作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),裝在主軸前端面平旋盤(pán)上的徑向滑塊可帶動(dòng)刀具作徑向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)。
(5)主軸作旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)又作行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的主軸部件。
1.2.2主軸設(shè)計(jì)
主軸是主軸組件的重要組成部分,它的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸和形狀、制造精度、材料及其熱處理等。對(duì)主軸組件的工作性能都有很大的影響,其主要尺寸參數(shù)包括如下四個(gè)部分:
(1)主軸直徑
(2)內(nèi)孔直徑
(3)懸件長(zhǎng)度
(4)支承跨距
根據(jù)原有結(jié)構(gòu),本人采用原有主軸,改變主軸支承方案來(lái)增強(qiáng)主軸的強(qiáng)度與剛性。
1.2.3主軸支承
根據(jù)各段軸的直徑,確定主軸支承。前支承用3182132型雙短圓柱滾子軸承與8218推力球軸承,后支承采用3182124型雙短圓柱滾子軸承,中間輔助支承為128型單列滾珠軸承。這樣不僅保證主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)精度,也提高了主軸剛度和抗振性。由于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中會(huì)發(fā)熱,主軸必然會(huì)膨脹,為了吸收這個(gè)熱膨脹量,希望后支承能沿軸向移動(dòng),容易使軸承受損。因此從提高后支承剛性和適應(yīng)主軸熱膨脹的要求來(lái)說(shuō),前支承采用3182132型雙短圓柱滾子軸承為好,右端用端蓋頂住,左面用調(diào)整螺母來(lái)預(yù)緊。
1.2.4主軸停止功能
為使停車(chē)時(shí)克服旋件的慣性,采用液壓摩擦制動(dòng)器使主軸迅速停止,此裝置結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,性能較好,主軸通過(guò)齒輪嚙合傳至主軸脈沖器。
主軸原理
床頭箱中的雙向內(nèi)齒離合器和,由操縱油缸中的活塞帶動(dòng)撥叉和來(lái)控制它接通或放松,使主軸實(shí)現(xiàn)四級(jí)變速。停車(chē)時(shí)為克服旋轉(zhuǎn)件的慣性,采用液壓摩擦制動(dòng)器使主軸迅速停止。主軸運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)齒輪傳至主軸脈沖發(fā)生器,其傳動(dòng)比為。主軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn),主軸脈沖發(fā)生器發(fā)出個(gè)脈沖。
改變主電機(jī)正、反轉(zhuǎn)。主軸具有三個(gè)支承:前支承為雙列短圓柱滾子軸承;后支承為雙列短圓柱滾子軸承;中間輔助支承為型單列滾珠軸承。這樣不僅保證主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)精度,也提高了主軸剛度和抗振性。
.
1.3中間軸的設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)傳動(dòng)方式,中間軸與主軸通過(guò)一對(duì)斜齒輪來(lái)傳動(dòng),中間軸由兩段軸Ⅲ、Ⅳ共同組成,兩段都裝有與內(nèi)齒離合器55相嚙合的齒輪48、57,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)變速,用來(lái)使主軸迅速停止的液壓摩擦制動(dòng)器23就裝在前一段軸22上,中間軸后端用制動(dòng)器23固定,前端則用調(diào)整螺栓結(jié)構(gòu)62頂住,中間軸用滾動(dòng)軸承與單列圓錐滾子球軸承來(lái)支承,可用來(lái)支承較大的徑向力。其中,前一個(gè)單列圓錐滾子球軸承用軸肩與調(diào)整螺栓62來(lái)固定調(diào)整,后一個(gè)則用箱壁與斜齒輪61固定,深溝球軸承58用擋圈、套筒、軸肩來(lái)固定。
1.4輸入軸的設(shè)計(jì)
根據(jù)傳動(dòng)比與功率確定輸入軸的各段結(jié)構(gòu)。輸入軸也又兩段,分別為軸Ⅰ和軸Ⅱ,其后端與帶輪28通過(guò)鍵31來(lái)連接并用調(diào)整螺母30來(lái)預(yù)緊,前端用端蓋56頂住軸承。軸用深溝球軸承支承,兩段軸也分別裝有與離合器42相嚙合的齒輪39和47。通過(guò)離合器42與55一起實(shí)現(xiàn)四級(jí)變速。齒輪53用擋圈固定。同樣,深溝球軸承也用套筒與彈性擋圈固定。輸入軸后端為1:15的錐度,以便拆裝。
1.5主軸箱裝配
主軸箱裝配不作說(shuō)明,詳見(jiàn)裝配圖。
第二章 電器
電器部分,數(shù)控車(chē)床的電器有兩部分組成,強(qiáng)電部分與弱電部分。介與本人的專(zhuān)業(yè)水平有限,因此本人所改裝的車(chē)床主要采用簡(jiǎn)易數(shù)控車(chē)床CKJ6256B的電器結(jié)構(gòu)。弱電部分,由于本人能力有限,便不作詳細(xì)說(shuō)明,強(qiáng)電部分則參考上述車(chē)床的電器圖講一下電器結(jié)構(gòu),此部分由十一個(gè)部分構(gòu)成:
1.空氣開(kāi)關(guān)
2.主軸變頻器
3.刀臺(tái)電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)
4.冷泵電機(jī)
5.驅(qū)動(dòng)電源
6.工作燈
7.VC電源
8.控制電源
9.主軸電機(jī)風(fēng)扇
10.穩(wěn)壓源
11.潤(rùn)滑泵電機(jī)
以上結(jié)構(gòu)在圖中表達(dá)的很清楚。另外電器圖中的各個(gè)元件代號(hào)的名稱(chēng)如下:
QF 空氣開(kāi)關(guān)
FR 熱繼電器
M1 主電機(jī)
M2 刀臺(tái)電機(jī)
M3 冷卻電泵
M4、M5 軸流風(fēng)扇
FU 熔斷器
1RC~3RC 三相滅弧器
4RC~8RC 單相滅弧器
KM 交流接觸器
R 電阻
TC1 驅(qū)動(dòng)電源變壓器
TC2 照明控制電源變壓器
VC 24V直流穩(wěn)壓源
EL 工作燈
KA 中間繼電器
SQ2~SQ7 霍爾元件
SQ8 安全開(kāi)關(guān)
SQ9、SQ11、SQ13 X、Z軸軟限位
SQ10、SQ12、SQ14 回零開(kāi)關(guān)
SB1 急停開(kāi)關(guān)
SQ15、SQ16 接近開(kāi)關(guān)
根據(jù)本人的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),主要繪制了主軸電機(jī)與刀臺(tái)電機(jī)的電器原理,這一部分詳見(jiàn)原理圖。
第三章 自動(dòng)刀架
數(shù)控機(jī)床為了能在工作一次裝夾中完成多種甚至所有加工工序,以減少輔助時(shí)間和減少多次安裝工件所引起的誤差,必須具備自動(dòng)裝置。
一般數(shù)控機(jī)床常采用轉(zhuǎn)塔頭式換刀裝置,如數(shù)控車(chē)床的轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架、數(shù)控鉆鏜床的多主軸轉(zhuǎn)塔頭等,這種換刀裝置能裝6-8個(gè)刀具,由于受液壓刀架使用廣泛,性能比較穩(wěn)定,電機(jī)帶動(dòng)的刀架沒(méi)有液壓管路,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單。在這里本人采用四方自動(dòng)刀架,設(shè)計(jì)原則參考CK6136刀架,此刀架就是采用液壓來(lái)控制,下面就根據(jù)其裝配圖來(lái)說(shuō)明一下其工作原理。
刀架的松開(kāi)、轉(zhuǎn)位和夾緊采用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)循環(huán)位:刀架抬起——轉(zhuǎn)位——定位與夾緊——活塞空程退回。
活塞4上移,刀架松開(kāi),活塞齒條29移動(dòng)使刀架轉(zhuǎn)位,調(diào)整螺釘22和33可控制活塞齒條29的行程,實(shí)現(xiàn)初定位。當(dāng)活塞齒條29行程結(jié)束時(shí),觸頭25壓開(kāi)關(guān)發(fā)出訊號(hào),液壓油換向,活塞4落下,多齒盤(pán)20和21結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位。此時(shí)齒輪7和活塞齒條29脫開(kāi),而且多齒盤(pán)20上的觸頭9和多齒盤(pán)上21的四個(gè)觸點(diǎn)8中的一個(gè)接通,發(fā)出訊號(hào)判別刀架位置。接著活塞齒條29空程退回,觸頭25壓合開(kāi)關(guān)27發(fā)出訊號(hào)表示轉(zhuǎn)位結(jié)束。調(diào)整順序閥30和34的彈簧力以保證每個(gè)動(dòng)作按順序進(jìn)行。刀架上裝有四個(gè)快換刀夾,用刀夾上的銷(xiāo)11和刀架上的圓柱銷(xiāo)12定位。
刀架原理
刀架的松開(kāi)、轉(zhuǎn)位和夾緊采用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)循環(huán)位:刀架抬起——轉(zhuǎn)位——定位與夾緊——活塞空程退回。
活塞上移,刀架松開(kāi),活塞齒條移動(dòng)使刀架轉(zhuǎn)位,調(diào)整螺釘和可控制活塞齒條的行程,實(shí)現(xiàn)初定位。當(dāng)活塞齒條行程結(jié)束時(shí),觸頭壓開(kāi)關(guān)發(fā)出訊號(hào),液壓油換向,活塞落下,多齒盤(pán)和結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位。此時(shí)齒輪和活塞齒條脫開(kāi),而且多齒盤(pán)上的觸頭和多齒輪上的四個(gè)觸點(diǎn)中的一個(gè)接通,發(fā)出訊號(hào)判別刀架位置。接著活塞齒條空程退回,觸頭壓合開(kāi)關(guān)發(fā)出訊號(hào)表示轉(zhuǎn)位結(jié)束。調(diào)整順序閥和的彈簧力以保證每個(gè)動(dòng)作按順序進(jìn)行。刀架上裝有四個(gè)快換刀夾,用刀夾上的銷(xiāo)和刀架上的圓柱銷(xiāo)定位。
結(jié)論
本人通過(guò)此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)數(shù)控車(chē)床的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理有了更伸層次的了解,特別是它的主軸箱、電器和自動(dòng)刀架部分,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)與改造前的普通車(chē)床有著明顯的區(qū)別。它能更精確的進(jìn)行內(nèi)外圓柱面、圓錐面、圓弧面、圓柱螺紋和圓錐螺紋等加工。機(jī)床主軸的起動(dòng)、停止和變速,縱向和橫向進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的行程和速度,刀具的變換和冷卻,都可以自動(dòng)控制。并具有直線、錐度、直螺紋和錐螺紋等自動(dòng)循環(huán)機(jī)能。在該機(jī)床中采用液壓卡盤(pán)、液壓尾座、快換刀夾和機(jī)床外對(duì)刀裝置。該機(jī)床適合用于加工形狀復(fù)雜的中小批量的零件。禰補(bǔ)了普通機(jī)床加工精度不高與不能較好的加工復(fù)雜零件的缺點(diǎn)。
此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題,就本人個(gè)人而言,對(duì)于我們數(shù)控專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生來(lái)講有著很重要的意義,它能夠讓我們清楚的搞懂普通機(jī)床與數(shù)控機(jī)床之間的區(qū)別,能讓我們對(duì)三年所學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)有一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的、全面的、清楚的綜合與回顧。對(duì)我們的讀圖能力、實(shí)踐能力都有著較高的要求。
不過(guò),介于當(dāng)今社會(huì)的發(fā)展水平,現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的日新月異,新型的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)機(jī)械加工的要求是越來(lái)越高,它已不在停留在相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的加工上,它需要的是加工形狀復(fù)雜、精度高的零件,這就需要對(duì)機(jī)床有更高的要求,它要求有很高的自動(dòng)化程度,于是,市場(chǎng)上有了很先進(jìn)的各類(lèi)數(shù)控機(jī)床,但是其經(jīng)濟(jì)成本也令一些企業(yè)望而卻步,因此許多企業(yè)都采取了把普通機(jī)床改裝成數(shù)控機(jī)床。因此我們這一課題很有用,但是,隨之又產(chǎn)生了一系列問(wèn)題,改裝的數(shù)控機(jī)床雖然在經(jīng)濟(jì)上比較合適,但其加工精度、自動(dòng)化程度還是不近人意,所以本人認(rèn)為此課題最好能夠有所改進(jìn),本人希望從現(xiàn)在的普通機(jī)床的改裝改進(jìn)為老式數(shù)控機(jī)床的改進(jìn),把老式的數(shù)控機(jī)床的步進(jìn)電機(jī)改為伺服電機(jī),這樣便能夠更精確的來(lái)加工較為復(fù)雜的零件,從而達(dá)到要求。還有,本人認(rèn)為在電器方面也需要有更深程度的了解,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代企業(yè)對(duì)機(jī)械已有了更高的要求,它需要機(jī)械與電器相結(jié)合,形成機(jī)電一體化。從而提高自動(dòng)化程度,來(lái)適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的需要。
總之,通過(guò)此次設(shè)計(jì),本人對(duì)車(chē)床的認(rèn)識(shí)有了很大的提高,這將對(duì)我在今后的工作過(guò)程中有著很大的幫助,這將對(duì)我的一生起很大的作用。
致謝
感謝江陰職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院機(jī)電工程系各位老師的付出!
在老師的悉心教導(dǎo)下,我完成了三年的大專(zhuān)學(xué)業(yè),使我成為一名數(shù)控機(jī)床維修專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生。學(xué)院為我們定位為企業(yè)“班組長(zhǎng)”。作為一名生產(chǎn)一線的職工必須具有一定質(zhì)量的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)。三年中老師們所教授的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)為我將來(lái)進(jìn)修提供了條件,老師們教授的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)使我在一線工作中有了很大的幫助。
與此同時(shí),本文在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中,承我的指導(dǎo)老師徐衛(wèi)國(guó)先生的悉心指教,并得到其他幾位老師的關(guān)心和幫助,在此一并謹(jǐn)致謝忱。
畢業(yè)在即,衷心祝愿各位老師身體健康、萬(wàn)事如意!
參考文獻(xiàn)
華東紡織工學(xué)院、哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)、天津大學(xué)主編 《機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè)》 上??萍技夹g(shù)出版社 1979
范云漲、陳兆年主編 《金屬切削機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)》
機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1993
許高燕主編 《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)及課程設(shè)計(jì)》
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)出版社 2001
呂慧瑛主編 《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)》
上海交通大學(xué)出版社 2001
成大憲主編 《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》
化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 1998
王炳實(shí)主編 《機(jī)床電器控制》
機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 1999
彭曉南主編 《數(shù)控技術(shù)》 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2001
李宏勝主編 《機(jī)床數(shù)控技術(shù)及應(yīng)用》
附錄
主要技術(shù)參數(shù)
設(shè)計(jì)部分:
工件最大回轉(zhuǎn)直徑……………………………………………………………630毫米
工件最大長(zhǎng)度……………………………………………………………… 1500毫米
主軸孔徑……………………………………………………………………… 80毫米
主軸前端孔錐度………………………………………………………… 公制100號(hào)
主軸轉(zhuǎn)速范圍(16級(jí))………………………………………………32-1600轉(zhuǎn)/分
刀架縱進(jìn)給量和螺紋的螺距范圍0.01-20.47毫米
刀架橫向進(jìn)給量范圍(在直徑上)0.01-20.47毫米
刀架縱向與橫向進(jìn)給的脈沖當(dāng)量0.01毫米
刀架快速移動(dòng)速度:
縱向3.6米/分
橫向1.8米/分
付:外文翻譯
Numerical control technology development
Numerical control system develop biref history and trend the first electronic computer in the world borned in 1946, this indicates the mankind has created the tool that can strengthen and replace the mental labour partly . It, and mankind those that create to strengthen tool of manual labor compare among agriculture, industrial society, the qualitative leap has arisen , has established the foundation that the mankind enters the information-intensive society .
6 years later, namely in 1952, the technology of the computer was applied to the lathe , the first numerical control lathe has emerged in U.S.A.. From then on, the traditional lathe had produced the change of the quality. In nearly half a century, numerical control system go through two stage and six development of generation.
The stage of numerical control (NC ) (1952-1970 years) The operation of the early computer is low in speed, influence not also big scientific caculation and data processing at that time, but can't meet the needs of real-time control of the lathe . People have to adopt the digital logical circuit to " put up " and become the special-purpose computer of a lathe as the numerical control system, known as the hardware and connect numerical control (HARD-WIRED NC ) , abbreviate as the numerical control (NC ). With the development of components and parts, does this stage go through y′ú£?? of the sixth of the twelve Earthly Branches? First generation in 952 --Electron tube ; Second generation in 1959 --Transistor; The third generation in 1965 --Small-scale integrated circuit. The stage of numerical control of the computer (CNC ) (1970 - now) By 1970, the small-scale computer industry in common use has already appeared and produced by batch. Then transplant it over as the key part of system of numerical control, enter computer numerical control stage from now on (whether due " in common use two words " omit computer). By 1971, in the world for the first time two central part most of computer Company , INTEL of U.S.A. , --arithmetic unit and controller , adopt the technology intergration of the large scale integrated circuit on a chip, call it microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR ) , can call central authorities punish
Entrance (abbreviate as CPU).
The microprocessor is applied the numerical control system by 1974. This because being function too strong, minicom control one lathe ability have rich (use for controlling many lathes at that time, call it team control ), have more rational economy than the adoption microprocessor. And the minicomputer dependability at that time was unsatisfactory. Early microprocessor speed and function although enough high, can solve through many processor structure. Because the microprocessor is a key part of the all-purpose computer , so still called the numerical control of the computer.
By 1990, the performance of the PC (personal computer , is used to calling the computer at home ) has already developed into very high stage, can meet the demand which is regarded as the key part of the numerical control system . The numerical control system entered the stage based on PC from then on. In a word, the computer went through three generations too at numerical control stage. Namely the fourth generation in 1970 --Minicom ; The fifth generation in 1974 --The microprocessor and the sixth generation of 1990 --Because of PC (call PC-BASED abroad).
The ones that were also wanted and is pointed out are, though has already renamed as the numerical control of the computer (namely CNC ) abroad, and our country is still used to being called the numerical control (NC ). So our daily " numerical control " that speak, has already referred to " the numerical control of the computer " in fact.
Future development trend of numerical control 1. 3. 1 continue to open , based on PC six generation cubic meter to develop Characteristic of enriching on the basis of opening , low cost , high dependability , software and hardware resource that PC has etc., more systematic manufacturers of numerical control will go on this road . Adopt PC as front machine of it , is it deal with man-machine interface , programming , network communication ,etc. problem to come at least, undertaken the task of numerical control by the already existing system. The friendly man-machine interface that the PC has, will run through all numerical control systems. Telecommunication , will diagnose long-rangly and maintain more general.
Develop to high speed and high accuracy This is meeting the need that the lathe is developed in the high-speed and high-accuracy direction.
Develop toward intellectuality With the constant infiltration and development in the field of computer of artificial intelligence, the intelligent degree of the numerical control system will be improved constantly.
1)Use the adaptive control technology Numerical control system can of the detection procedure some important information, and adjust the relevant parameters of the system automatically, achieve the goal of improving systematic operation state.
2)Introduced to the expert system and guided and processedExperienced operator and experience of expert, universal law and special law of processing deposit system, regard parameter database of the craft as support, set up the expert system with artificial intelligence.
3)Introduce the trouble and diagnose the expert system (4)Intelligent digital servo drive Can through discern load automatically , adjust parameter automatically, is it urge system win the best operation to make. Second, necessity 2 of lathe numerical control transformation. 1, Watch the necessity transformed a little Looking from microcosmic, the numerical control lathe has the following and outstanding superiority more than the traditional lathe , and superiority the come from numerical control might of computer system include.
2. 1. 1 can process such complicated parts as the curve coming out in traditional machine tooling , curved surface ,etc. Because computer have superb operation ability, can instantaneous to calculate out each coordinate axis instantaneous amount of exercise that should move accurate, so can compound into the complicated curve or curved surface .
2. 1. 2 can realize automation that process, and flexible automation, thus efficiency raise than the traditional lathe by 3-7 times. Because the computer has memory and stores ability, can remember and store the procedure input , then carry out automatically according to the order that the procedure stipulates , thus realize automation. So long as numerical control lathe changes a procedure , can realize the automation that another work piece is processed , thus make single piece and produce automation of must using in small batches, so known as realizing " flexible automation ".
2. 1. 3 The precision of 3 processing parts is high, the size is dispersed degree small, it is easy to enable assembling, no longer need to " repair the damaged parts of a machine and supply replacements ".
2. 1. 4 concentration that can realize many processes , reduce the frequently carrying among the lathes of part.
2. 1. 5 has such many kinds of self-containment functions as autoalarm , controlling , automatic compensation automatically ,etc., therefore can realize nobody guards and processes for a long time
2. 1. 6 is by the above five spin-off advantages. For instance: Have reduce workers' labour intensity, has saved the workforce (a person can guard many lathes ), reduce frocks, shorten trial production of new products cycle and production cycle , can make fast reaction ,etc. to market demand . The above superiority could not be imagined by forefathers , was an extremely great break-through. In addition, the numerical control of the lathe pursues FMC Foundation in such enterprise's information-based transformations as (flexible manufacturing unit ) , FMS (flexible manufacturing system ) and CIMS (CIMS ) ,etc.. Numerical control technology has already become key technology of automation of manufacturing industry and basic technology.
2. 2, See the necessity transformed in macroscopic Look from macroscopic, the army of the industrially developed country, the people's mechanical industry, by the end of the 70 s, already begin to use the numerical control lathe on a large scale at the beginning of the eighties. Its essence is, adopt the information technology to carry on technological transformation to the traditional industry (including the army , the people's mechanical industry ). Except that adopt the numerical control lathe in the course of making, FMC, outside the FMS , pursue CAD , CAE , CAM , fictitious to make and pursue MIS (the management information system ) , CIMS ,etc. in production management in product development also. And increase the information technology , including the content in artificial intelligence ,etc. in the products that its produce.
Adopt information technology carry on the deep transformation to foreign countries army , the people mechanical industry (call it the informationization), make products of them competitiveness strengthen very at international military products and market of civilian goods finally. And we are 20 years for about backwardness than developed country in traditional industry of technological transformation of information. In the owning amount of lathe of our country, there is only 1 by 1995 in the proportion (numerical control rate ) of the numerical control lathe . 9%, and Japan had already been up to 20 in 1994. 8%, so a large number of electronic products are imported every year. This states the necessity of numerical control transformation of the lathe from macroscopic too. Third, the markets of the lathe and production line numerical control transformation 3. 1, Market of numerical control transformation of the lathe The total amount of the lathe at present of our country is more than 3,800,000, and the total amount of numerical control lathes is 11 among them. 340,000, namely the numerical control rate of lathe of