心理學(xué)碩士論文：主觀社會(huì)階層對(duì)跨期選擇的影響

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1、心理學(xué)碩士論文：主觀社會(huì)階層對(duì)跨期選擇的影響 摘要 　　人們比較不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)選項(xiàng)的利益，進(jìn)而做出判斷決策的過(guò)程就是跨期選擇。 　　根據(jù)階層的社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論，社會(huì)階層形成的環(huán)境特征產(chǎn)生了特定的思維和行為方式，本研究整合有關(guān)階層的最新研究視角，探討主觀社會(huì)階層對(duì)跨期選擇的影響，以及提出了兩個(gè)可能的調(diào)節(jié)變量：機(jī)會(huì)成本和威脅線索。分別考察它們?cè)诙哧P(guān)系中的調(diào)節(jié)作用。豐富了與階層有關(guān)的研究領(lǐng)域和促進(jìn)了對(duì)影響跨期選擇個(gè)體變量的理解。 　　研究 1A 初步探討主觀社會(huì)階層與跨期選擇之間的關(guān)系。采用問(wèn)卷法，以 150名本科生為被試，主

2、觀社會(huì)階層通過(guò)讓被試報(bào)告主觀上的社會(huì)地位，跨期選擇選用的是固定順序滴定任務(wù)，以延遲折扣率為指標(biāo)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，主觀社會(huì)階層越高的大學(xué)生，其延遲折扣率越小，表明更加偏好延遲等待（LL），即能夠延遲滿(mǎn)足；而主觀社會(huì)階層越低的大學(xué)生，其延遲折扣率越大，表明更加偏好立即獎(jiǎng)賞（SS）。 　　研究 1B 通過(guò)操縱主觀社會(huì)階層，探討主觀社會(huì)階層與跨期選擇之間的因果關(guān)系，跨期選擇任務(wù)是具體情境下的雙選項(xiàng)任務(wù)，評(píng)估 7 點(diǎn)量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，相對(duì)于主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生，主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生在跨期選擇任務(wù)中更偏好立即獎(jiǎng)賞（SS），而主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生在跨期選擇任務(wù)中更偏好

3、延遲等待（LL）。 　　研究二通過(guò)引入機(jī)會(huì)成本變量，采用 2（階層啟動(dòng)：高/低）2（機(jī)會(huì)成本提示：有/無(wú)）的被試間實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，以 147 名在校本科生為被試，隨機(jī)分配到四種條件下，因變量通過(guò)評(píng)估 7 點(diǎn)量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在有機(jī)會(huì)成本提示的條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生要比主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生更偏好立即獎(jiǎng)賞（SS）；在無(wú)機(jī)會(huì)成本提示的條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生要比主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生更偏好立即獎(jiǎng)賞（SS）；機(jī)會(huì)成本提示只會(huì)影響高階層組的被試，而對(duì)低階層組并無(wú)影響。 　　研究三通過(guò)引入威脅線索變量，采用 2（階層啟動(dòng)：高/低）

4、2 （威脅線索： 　　有/無(wú)）的被試間實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)，以 102 名在校本科生為被試，隨機(jī)分配到四種條件下，因變量通過(guò)評(píng)估 7 點(diǎn)量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在有威脅線索條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生比主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生更偏好立即滿(mǎn)足（SS）；在控制組條件下，不同主觀社會(huì)階層的跨期選擇偏好之間沒(méi)有顯著差異。 　　基于以上研究得出結(jié)論：不同主觀社會(huì)階層影響個(gè)體跨期選擇偏好，與高階層相比，低階層在跨期選擇中更偏好立即滿(mǎn)足（SS）；機(jī)會(huì)成本在主觀社會(huì)階層與跨期選擇的關(guān)系中起調(diào)節(jié)作用：在有機(jī)會(huì)成本提示的條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生要比主觀社會(huì)階層

5、低的大學(xué)生更偏好立即滿(mǎn)足（SS）；在無(wú)機(jī)會(huì)成本提示的條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生要比主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生更偏好立即滿(mǎn)足（SS）；威脅線索在主觀社會(huì)階層與跨期選擇的關(guān)系中起調(diào)節(jié)作用：在有威脅線索條件下，主觀社會(huì)階層低的大學(xué)生比主觀社會(huì)階層高的大學(xué)生更偏好立即滿(mǎn)足（SS）；在控制組條件下，不同主觀社會(huì)階層的跨期選擇偏好之間沒(méi)有顯著差異。 　　關(guān)鍵詞：主觀社會(huì)階層，跨期選擇，機(jī)會(huì)成本，威脅線索 　　Abstract 　　People compare the benefits of different time poin

6、ts, and then the process ofmaking judgment decisions is the intertemporal choice According to the class of socialcognitive theory, social class formed the environmental characteristics of a particularway of thinking and behavior, this study integrated new research perspective of class,to explore the

7、 influence of subjective social class on intertemporal choice, and putforward the two moderator variables: the opportunity cost and threat clues Themoderator effect of them in the relationship is investigated It has enriched the researchfield related to social class and promoted the understanding of

8、 the intertemporal choiceof individual variables 　　Study 1A discusses the relationship between the subjective class andintertemporal choice preliminarily Using the questionnaire method, 150undergraduates as subjects, subjective class by making the participants reportsubjective social st

9、atus, intertemporal choice choose titration is a fixed sequence oftasks, to delay discount rate as index Results show that the individuals subjectiveclass level was significant for the forecast of delay discount rate, the stratum of thehigher college students, the smaller delay discount rate and sug

10、gests more preferencedelay for (LL), which can delay gratification; The lower the subjective class, the higherthe discount rate, indicating a preference for immediate reward (SS) 　　Study 1B by manipulating subjective class, this paper discusses a cause-and-effectrelationship between sub

11、jective class and intertemporal choice, intertemporal choicetask is under the specific situation of dual task options, assessment scale at 7 on behalfof intertemporal choice preference Results show that compared with the subjectiveclass of high college students, the subjective low class of college s

12、tudents in taskintertemporal choice preference for immediate reward (SS), and the class of highcollege students prefer to delay in the intertemporal choice large waiting (LL) 　　Study 2 using 2 (manipulating subjective class: high/low) x 2 (opportunity costwith/without) between the subje

13、cts of experimental design, 147 college undergraduatesas subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, the dependent variable byevaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choice preference The results showed that the subjective class and opportunity costs on the intertemporal choice

14、preferencehave a significant interaction, under the condition of opportunity cost hint, highsubjective class college students than low of college students preference for immediatereward (SS); Under the condition of no opportunity cost, college students with lowersubjective class preferred immediate

15、reward (SS) than college students with highersubjective class The opportunity cost prompt only affects the participants of the highclass group, but does not affect the lower class group 　　Studies 3 clues variables by introducing a threat, 2 (start classes: high/low) x 2(threat clues: wi

16、th/without) between the subjects of experimental design, with 102college undergraduates as subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, thedependent variable by evaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choicepreference 　　The results showed that college students with l

17、ower subjective class were morelikely to be satisfied with immediate gratification than those with higher subjectivestatus under threat cues Under the condition of control group, there was no significantdifference in the intertemporal choice preference between different subjective classes

18、 　　Based on the above studies, it is concluded that different subjective social classesinfluence individual intertemporal choice preference, and lower classes prefer instantgratification (SS) in intertemporal choice compared with high class Opportunity costmoderate in the relationship of class and

19、 intertemporal choice : under the condition ofopportunity cost hint, college students subjective social class is high than low class ofcollege students prefer to meet immediately (SS); Under the condition of noopportunity cost, the college students with lower subjective class are more likely tosatis

20、fy (SS) than the college students with higher subjective status Threat cuesmoderate in the relationship of class and intertemporal choice: under the condition of athreat cues, low stratum of college students is higher than subjective class collegestudents prefer to meet immediately (SS)

21、 　　Key Words：subjective social class, intertemporal choice, opportunity cost, threatcue 　　目錄 　　第 1 章 文獻(xiàn)綜述 　　1.1 社會(huì)階層心理學(xué)的研究 　　社會(huì)學(xué)家們認(rèn)為社會(huì)階層是劃分社會(huì)生活的重要維度（Durkheim, 2013）。關(guān)于社會(huì)階層的研究可以追溯到 19 世紀(jì) Marx 的著作中，Marx 和 Engels 通常把社會(huì)階層稱(chēng)作社會(huì)階級(jí)或者階級(jí)意識(shí)，從社會(huì)階級(jí)的勞動(dòng)關(guān)系視角對(duì)資本主義的

22、階級(jí)沖突進(jìn)行分析。然而 Kraus 和 Stephens（2012）認(rèn)為社會(huì)學(xué)關(guān)于階層的研究是基于宏觀的社會(huì)群體，缺乏從微觀角度探討社會(huì)階層對(duì)個(gè)人心理與行為產(chǎn)生的影響。心理學(xué)研究者們認(rèn)為盡管階級(jí)是社會(huì)階層的重要部分，但社會(huì)階層的內(nèi)涵遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越了階級(jí)，它包含了一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的社會(huì)文化背景，即在一個(gè)社會(huì)和歷史環(huán)境中包含的一套特定的文化理想、實(shí)踐方式和機(jī)制。所以在心理學(xué)的研究領(lǐng)域，研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)階層對(duì)個(gè)體生活的很多方面產(chǎn)生了影響，包括審美偏好（Snibbe& Markus, 2005），語(yǔ)言（Bernstein, 1971），身體健康（Gallo & Matthews, 2003），主觀幸福感（Diener, Ng, Harter, &Arora, 2010）以及認(rèn)知偏好（Nisbett, 2008）等。 　　社會(huì)階層作為一個(gè)重要變量已在國(guó)內(nèi)外的心理學(xué)研究中頻繁出現(xiàn)，但是有關(guān)社會(huì)階層如何塑造基本心理過(guò)程的理論和實(shí)證研究還有待進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大研究范圍，當(dāng)前先鋒者們已經(jīng)開(kāi)始關(guān)注階層的跨文化研究以及神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究(Park et al, 2013；Varnum & Kitayama, 2017)，這也是未來(lái)需要關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。