《英語(yǔ)寫作》PPT課件.ppt

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1、英語(yǔ)寫作課件 提要 ：本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異，明白自己在寫 英文時(shí)受到漢語(yǔ)哪些干擾，從提高單句的寫作能力著手， 消滅各種類型的基本錯(cuò)誤，從而提高整體的寫作能力。 1. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤 2. 用詞混淆 3. 搭配問(wèn)題 4. 漏詞 5. 累贅 6. 不一致 7. 不平衡 8. 錯(cuò)位 9. 垂懸 10. 應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)易犯的錯(cuò)誤 雖然通過(guò)中學(xué)或大學(xué)的英語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練 ， 但是許多人寫 出的文章錯(cuò)誤百出 ， 其中包括基本的拼寫 、 用詞 、 時(shí)態(tài) 、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的錯(cuò)誤 。 這些錯(cuò)誤的產(chǎn)生主 要是因?yàn)槭艿侥刚Z(yǔ)的干擾 。 許多學(xué)生不知道英文和 中文究竟有什么差別 ， 所以寫出來(lái)的英文往往是中 文式的 。

2、本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異 ， 明 白自己在寫英文時(shí)受到漢語(yǔ)哪些干擾 ， 從而消滅各 種類型的基本錯(cuò)誤 。 實(shí)踐表明 ， 多數(shù)學(xué)生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系 統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法 ， 而是最基本的單句寫作能力 。 文章無(wú)論長(zhǎng)短 ， 都是由句子組成的 ， 句子是表達(dá)思 想的最基本的單位 。 因此 ， 句子是否能寫得正確 、 達(dá)意和清楚 ， 將直接影響整篇文章的寫作質(zhì)量 。 要 提高寫作的能力 ， 必須從提高單句的寫作能力著手 。 6.1 標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤 英語(yǔ)屬印歐語(yǔ)系，漢語(yǔ)屬漢藏語(yǔ)系 英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)松散。語(yǔ)言學(xué)家以 “ 竹 節(jié)句法 ” 來(lái)比喻英語(yǔ)句子，即英語(yǔ)句子是由必不可 少的各種連接詞銜接

3、而成，宛如節(jié)節(jié)相連的竹子； 而漢語(yǔ)句子則被比喻為 “ 流水句法 ” ，所謂的流水 指少用乃至不用連接詞仍行文流暢。 英語(yǔ)是形合的，而漢語(yǔ)是意合的，這是中文和英 文的最大區(qū)別。英語(yǔ)句子中如果少了連接詞，如 or， but， if， so， because， when， although， in order that， so that等等，所要表達(dá)的意思就會(huì)支離破碎，而漢語(yǔ) 有時(shí)即便沒有連接詞，只從句子本身的意思也可以 把概念或關(guān)系表達(dá)清楚。 例如，中文可以說(shuō) “ 一個(gè)英國(guó)人，不會(huì)說(shuō)中國(guó)話， 有一次在中國(guó)旅行 ” 。 而英文要說(shuō) “ An English man who could not spe

4、ak Chinese was once traveling in China ” 又比如： “ 他笑了，我哭了 ” 。英文不能說(shuō) “ He laughed, I cried.” 而要說(shuō) “ He laughed, but I cried.” 這個(gè)例子是典型的標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法家稱之為 comma splices(接合 )， 翻譯成中文就是 “ 串句 ” 。下 面我們通過(guò)一些練習(xí)來(lái)提高英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用能力。 （ 1） 采用多種方法 ， 例如增加 and或 but， 使用主從句 、 分詞短語(yǔ) 、 不定式等改正下面的串句 。 a. 考試推遲了 ， 上課取消了 。 誤： The exam was p

5、ostponed, the class was cancelled. 正： The exam was postponed, and the class was cancelled. As the exam was postponed, the class was cancelled. b. 雨下了整整一夜 ， 天花板開始漏水 。 誤： It rained all night, the ceiling began to leak. 正： It rained all night, and the ceiling began to leak. The ceiling began to leak be

6、cause it had rained all night. The night-long rain caused the ceiling to leak. c. 他舉起一塊石頭 ， 石頭砸在他的腳上 。 誤： He lifted a rock, it fell on his feet. 正： He lifted a rock, but it fell on his feet. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his feet. d. 售票處排起了長(zhǎng)隊(duì) ， 所有票子都已售完 。 誤： Many people lined up at the ticket

7、booth, all the tickets had been sold out. 正： Many people lined up at the ticket booth, but all the tickets had been sold out. Many people lined up at the ticket booth, though all the tickets had been sold out. Many people lined up at the ticket booth, despite the fact that all the tickets had been s

8、old out. （ 2） 同樣一句話 ， 用了逗號(hào) ， 或者多用了一個(gè)逗號(hào) ， 或 者逗號(hào)的位置不同 ， 意思會(huì)完全改變 。 a. 作者原來(lái)的意思是： There were ten chairs in the room. Three of them were broken. The others were fine. 下面哪一 句最符合原意： (i) The chairs, which were in bad condition, were sent out to be repaired. (ii) The chairs which were in bad condition were se

9、nt out to be repaired. (iii) The chairs, which were in bad condition were sent out to be repaired. (iv) The chairs which were in bad condition, were sent out to be repaired. 正確選擇應(yīng)為 (ii)。 如果選 (i)， 則意味著所有椅子都?jí)牧?。 (iii)和 (iv)在語(yǔ)法上都不成立 。 b. 請(qǐng)指出下面兩個(gè)句子的意思有什么不同 。 (i) Although all their furniture was destroye

10、d when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures, and speeches, were saved. 盡管他們的房子被燒毀時(shí) ， 所有的家具都?xì)牧?， 但 是彼得大部分的唱片 、 講稿和演說(shuō)稿被保存下來(lái) 。 (ii) Although all their furniture was destroyed when their house burned down, most of Peters records, lectures and speeches, were saved. 盡管他們的房子被燒毀時(shí) ， 所有的

11、家具都?xì)牧?， 但 是彼得大部分的資料 ， 即講稿和演說(shuō)稿被保存下來(lái) 。 （ 3） 去掉多余的逗號(hào) 。 a. 誤： The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse, and organized robbery. 正： The rise in crime is attributed to drug abuse and organized robbery. b. 誤： He told me that he hoped to buy a new car, and to sell his old one. 正： He told me that he hop

12、ed to buy a new car and to sell his old one. c. 誤： His students, listened eagerly, busily taking down his words. 正： His students listened eagerly, busily taking down his words. d. 誤： A letter, that is written in pencil, is difficult to read. 正： A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read

13、. e. 誤： Indeed, overpopulation(人口過(guò)剩 ), a problem, most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majority of our other ecological(生態(tài)學(xué) ) difficulties. 正： Indeed, overpopulation, a problem most people have only recently begun to recognize, is the main source of the majori

14、ty of our other ecological difficulties. f. 誤： Americans, who go to other countries, expecting the same air conditioning, ice water, and private baths, found in hotels in the United States, are often very poor ambassadors. 正： Americans who go to other countries expecting the same air conditioning, i

15、ce water, and private baths found in hotels in the United States are often very poor ambassadors. （ 4） 增添必要的逗號(hào) ， 使句子變得完整 。 a. 誤： Robert entered the inn and ordered half a loaf of new bread some local butter some cheese a large onion and a pint of beer. 正： Robert entered the inn and ordered half a lo

16、af of new bread, some local butter, some cheese, a large onion, and a pint of beer. b. 誤： He should or rather must attend better to his studies. 正： He should, or rather must, attend better to his studies. c. 誤： The lady was dressed in gray the color of a pigeons feathers. 正： The lady was dressed in

17、gray, the color of a pigeons feathers. d. 誤： “ I do not know when he will come how he will come with whom he will come or whether he will come at all.” 正： “ I do not know when he will come, how he will come, with whom he will come, or whether he will come at all.” e. 誤： We do not have tell you the t

18、rue a very good opinion of him. 正： We do not have, tell you the true, a very good opinion of him. （ 5） 分號(hào)常用在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上關(guān)系比較密切的分 句之間 。 我們常常可以通過(guò)使用分號(hào)來(lái)代替串句中 的逗號(hào) ， 就可以改正串句的錯(cuò)誤 。 a. 誤： One moment he was friendly the next he was indifferent(漠不關(guān)心 ). 正： One moment he was friendly; the next he was indifferent. b.

19、誤： He knew what he wanted however he did not know how to get it. 正： He knew what he wanted; however he did not know how to get it. c. 誤： You must work hard otherwise you will not pass the examination. 正： You must work hard; otherwise you will not pass the examination. d. 誤： There seemed no chance of

20、 coming to an agreement therefore it was decided to break off negotiations. 正： There seemed no chance of coming to an agreement; therefore it was decided to break off negotiations. （ 6） 引號(hào)主要用于直接引語(yǔ) ， 但也可用于書名或用 于要引起人們注意的單詞或短語(yǔ)上 。 引號(hào)還分雙引號(hào) 和單引號(hào) ， 美國(guó)英文一般用雙引號(hào) 。 請(qǐng)給序列句子添 上引號(hào) ， 同時(shí)注意標(biāo)上其他必要的符號(hào) ， 如逗號(hào) 、 句 號(hào) 、 冒號(hào)

21、、 問(wèn)號(hào) 、 驚嘆號(hào)等 。 a. 誤： How do you spell the word Renaissance(復(fù)興 ) 正： How do you spell the word “Renaissance” ? b. 誤： I know he said but I cant wait 正： “ I know, ” he said, “but I cant wait. ” c. 誤： After the lecture he had but one comment Useless 正： After the lecture he had but one comment: “Useless. ”

22、 d. 誤： Then addressing(招呼 ) me she said with enforced calmness My son is ill 正： Then addressing me, she said, with enforced calmness: “My son is ill. ” （ 7） 請(qǐng)給下列句子添上撇號(hào) （ 省字號(hào) ） 。 a. Too many ands suggest immaturity of style. Too many ands suggest immaturity of style. b. How many As have you got in th

23、e terminal exams? How many As have you got in the terminal exams? c. Do you see Mr. Jones car over there? Do you see Mr. Jones car over there? d. Congreve seldom crossed his ts, his 7s looked like 9s, and his ands were usually s. Congreve seldom crossed his ts, his 7s looked like 9s, and his ands we

24、re usually s. 6.2 用詞混淆 英文一些單詞極易混淆 。 有的發(fā)音相似 ， 甚至相同 ， 但意義卻完全不同；有的拼寫大同小異 ， 意思卻大相 徑庭；有的貌似反義詞 ， 卻是同義詞 。 （ 1） 英文里有 3對(duì)詞 （ 只有 3對(duì) ） ， 表面上看絕對(duì)是 反義詞 ， 意義上卻是同義詞 。 你能從下面 6對(duì)詞中找 出這 3對(duì)詞嗎 ？ a. flammable / inflammable 易燃的 (同義詞 ) b. hinge / unhinge 裝上鉸鏈 / 取下鉸鏈 (反義詞 ) c. valuable / invaluable 寶貴的 (同義詞 ) d. integrate / d

25、isintegrate 集成 / 分解 (反義詞 ) e. furl / unfurl 卷起 / 鋪開 (反義詞 ) f. ravel / unravel 解開 (同義詞 ) （ 2）下面是一些中國(guó)學(xué)生經(jīng)?；煜膯卧~。請(qǐng)你指 出下列各對(duì)單詞在詞義或用法上的差別。 a. the diseased / the deceased 病人 / 死人 b. illusion / delusion 幻想 / 錯(cuò)覺 c. attribute / contribute (把某結(jié)果 )歸因于 / 是 (某結(jié)果的 )部分原因 d. complement / compliment 補(bǔ)充 / 恭維 e. council

26、 / counsel 委員會(huì) / 忠告 f. credible / credulous 可信的 / 輕信的 g. human / humane 人的 / 人道的 h. moral / morale 道德 / 士氣 i. proceed / precede 著手；繼續(xù)進(jìn)行 / 領(lǐng)先于 j. principle / principal 原則；原理 / 校長(zhǎng)；主要的 k. incident / incidence 事件 / 死亡率；影響范圍 l. capital / capitol 首都；資金 / 國(guó)會(huì)大廈 m. model / module 模型；模特兒 / 模塊；登月艙 n. drive / d

27、river 驅(qū)動(dòng) (動(dòng)詞 )；驅(qū)動(dòng)器 / 驅(qū)動(dòng)器； 驅(qū)動(dòng)程序 o. assemble / assembly 組裝；匯編 (動(dòng)詞 ) / 組件； 匯編 (名詞 ) （ 3） 下面每個(gè)句子中都有一個(gè)詞用錯(cuò)了，請(qǐng)加以糾正 a. U. S. laws concerning the sell (sale) and consumption of alcohol may seem very liberal or very constraining to you, depending on your nationality. b. In the United States, it is illegible (

28、illegal) to purchase alcoholic drinks, including beer and wine, until you reach the age of 21. c. Laws governing alcohol can variable (vary) from state to state. d. For example, it is illegal in some states to walk along the street with an open contain (container) of beer. e. In some states, alcohol

29、ic beverages can be purchased only in special, state-runned (run) stores. f. Colleges and universities often have policies that refrain (restrict) the consumption of alcoholic beverages on campus. 6.3 搭配問(wèn)題 英文中有許多動(dòng)詞需要與介詞或副詞搭配使用 ， 例如 come， break， give， take， put等等 ， 如果要列出它們 所有的搭配情況 ， 那么可以構(gòu)成一本厚厚的字典 。 這

30、 里 ， 我們只是希望通過(guò)一些練習(xí) ， 引起學(xué)生對(duì)這種搭 配問(wèn)題的重視 。 當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)注意動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞搭配使用的時(shí)候 ， 不要錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為所有動(dòng)詞都必須與介詞或副詞搭配使 用 。 請(qǐng)做下面練習(xí) ， 每句話里都有 4個(gè)動(dòng)詞 ， 指出哪 些動(dòng)詞不需要與介詞或副詞搭配 ， 哪些動(dòng)詞需要搭配 ， 并把介詞或副詞寫出來(lái) 。 a. Many passengers ( criticize; condemn; complain about; find fault with ) the irregular bus services in the city. b. Our teacher ( apologize

31、d for; referred to; regretted; explained ) his absence yesterday. c. Nobody is (objecting to; opposing; resisting; interfering with ) the scheme to close down the factory. d. The man next door is ( paying for; purchasing; disposing of ; saving up for ) a second-hand car. e. My room-mate ( insists on

32、; enjoys; persists in; hates ) getting up early. f. His collection of records ( includes; consists of; comprises; covers ) jazz, blues, and raps. g. The opposition intends to ( accept; agree to; dissent from; modify ) the new proposal. h. Marys aunt was ( warned about; punished for; advised against;

33、 caught ) exceeding the speed limit. i. The man ( depended on; confessed to; considered; specialized in ) stealing for a living. 6.4 漏詞 該搭配使用的動(dòng)詞沒有使用介詞或副詞 ， 可以看作是 一種漏詞現(xiàn)象 。 除此之外 ， 還表現(xiàn)在許多地方 。 有的 學(xué)生寫的英文句子 ， 甚至連主語(yǔ)都沒有 。 例如 ， “ 講 座后開了個(gè)討論會(huì) ” 被翻譯成 “ After the lecture held a discussion.”正確的說(shuō)法應(yīng)該是 “ After the l

34、ecture a discussion was held.” 下面的句子都有漏詞現(xiàn)象 ， 請(qǐng)你加以改正 。 a. It is said that a persons childhood years are the most important years in a persons life. b. I dare say most people agree with the above statement. c. In my opinion the most important years in a persons life are those of early adulthood. d. In

35、 this period, a person experiences the most important stages in his life: higher education, love, and marriage. e. Many things will depend on his education background - what occupation he can take up, how much money he can earn, what kind of life he will lead and so on. f. Only when they come of age

36、( 成年 ) will they understand the true meaning of life, experience real joys and sorrows, and begin to assume their responsibilities in family and society. g. Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer. 6.5 累贅 中文有時(shí)為了表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)或情感等意思 ， 常常將一些句 子或字加以重復(fù) ， 或者稍作

37、改變 。 而英文則比較簡(jiǎn)潔 。 請(qǐng)將下面的中英文句子作一個(gè)對(duì)比： 中文：年輕人應(yīng)該向老年人學(xué)習(xí) ， 老年人也應(yīng)該向年 輕人學(xué)習(xí) 。 英文： The young should learn from the old and vice versa. 中文：我們要學(xué)習(xí) ， 學(xué)習(xí) ， 再學(xué)習(xí) 。 英文： We must keep studying. 或 We must study persistently. 下面劃線的部分表示用詞重復(fù) ， 請(qǐng)改進(jìn)這些句子 ， 使 它們變得簡(jiǎn)潔明了 。 a. 原句： The speaker was the chairman of the Department of Phy

38、sics of Tulane University. 改為： The speaker was the chairman of Tulane Universitys Department of Physics. b. 原句： I offered the tickets to the concert to the students to use on Saturday. 改為： I offered the students tickets to Saturdays concert. c. 原句： Speech is silver, and silence is gold. 改為： Speech i

39、s silver and silence gold. d. 原句： Her hair is light brown, and her eyes are bluish green. 改為： Her hair is light brown and her eyes bluish green. e. 原句： Some lawyers are arrogant(傲慢的 ), and some lawyers are simply reserved(沉默寡言的 ). 改為： Some lawyers are arrogant and others simply reserved. f. 原句： For

40、some students beer drinking has become a way of life, and other students drink beer in order to escape. 改為： For some students beer drinking has become a way of life, and for others a means of escape. g. 原句： Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont go ahead if you dont think the job suits you

41、. 改為： Go ahead if you think the job suits you and dont if not. h. 原句： Dogs often chase(追趕 ) cats and cats not usually chase dogs. 改為： Dogs often chase cats and not usually vice versa. i. 原句： The machine is working when the red light is on and the machine is not working when the red light is off. 改為：

42、 The machine is working when the red light is on and not otherwise. j. 原句： For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 改為： The diligent and kind people use money only to buy what they need. k. 原句： In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I li

43、ke him. 改為： In spite of his laziness, I like him. 6.6 不一致 英文句子的前后呼應(yīng)是一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題 ， 表現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ) 和謂語(yǔ) 、 主格和賓格 、 單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù) 、 時(shí)態(tài)一致等方面 。 如果出了差錯(cuò) ， 不僅僅是語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題 ， 而且很容易造成 意思上的誤解 。 例如 ， people后面跟 have是指 “ 人 民 ” ， 后面跟 has， 則指的是 “ 民族 ” 。 “ Each people have its own culture.”由于不注意這個(gè)問(wèn)題 ， 這 個(gè)句子就讓人無(wú)法理解 。 下面的句子都是用詞前后不一致的病句 ， 請(qǐng)加以改正 。 a

44、. Once one have (has) money, he can do what he want (wants) (to do). b. Riding the horse was (were) the two girls, Valerie and Therese. c. She took advantage of anyone or anything who or which (that) could further her career. d. Deciding that they could reach no decision that night, the jury retired

45、 to its (their) rooms to get some sleep. e. The foreman(工頭 ) shouted at both of us, Peter and I (me), before we had a chance to explain. f. It took them one and a half day (days) to complete the work. g. He hurried because he knew his family was (were) waiting for him anxiously. h. The United States

46、 Department of Agriculture supervise (supervises) the quality, cleanness, and purity of meat. i. The term “technology” refers to the discoveries and inventions that help people improve its (their) way of life. j. The ability to retain a mental record of earlier experiences are (is) referred to as me

47、mory. k. Every year Colorado is visited by millions of tourists who come for a variety of reason (reasons). l. Countries tend to specialize in the production and export of those goods and services that it (they) can produce relatively cheaply. m. Turkey and dressing are (is) a popular dish at Thanks

48、- giving. n. In the new building there are (is) a library, which has no books, and a music practice room, which has no musical instruments. o. Roy is the only one of our athletes who have (has) won a gold medal. p. This habit, which in itself are (is) harmless, are (is) likely to lead to others that

49、 is (are) decidedly harmful. 6.7 不平衡 如果在英文句子中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的平行成分， 那么這些成分應(yīng)該保持平衡。例如，你想表達(dá)下述 意思：“她既漂亮，又溫柔，還勤儉持家?！痹谥?文中“漂亮”和“溫柔”是形容詞，而“勤儉持家” 卻是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。寫成英文，最好使用三個(gè)平行的形 容詞： She is pretty, tender, and thrifty(節(jié)約的 )，而不 要像中文那樣寫成： She is pretty, tender, and manages the household thriftily。 請(qǐng)修改下面的句子，使它們的結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡。 a. 原句： T

50、o swim in a pool is not as much fun as swimming in a river. 改為： Swimming in a pool is not as much fun as (swimming) in a river. b. 原句： Knowing how to study and learn to budget time are important to college students. 改為： Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time are important to college st

51、udents c. 原句： Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and to avoid sugar in your diet. 改為： Dentists advise brushing your teeth after every meal and avoiding sugar in your diet. d. 原句： My orders said that I was assigned to Alaska and I should leave within two weeks. 改為： My orders said th

52、at I was assigned to Alaska and that I should leave within two weeks. e. 原句： We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but he knew very little about his own country. 改為： We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil but who knew very little about his own country. f. 原句： Our instructor suggested sever

53、al books for supplementary reading and that we should do research on the subject. 改為： Our instructor suggested that we read several supplementary books and that we should do research on the subject. 6.8 錯(cuò)位 英文句子的每個(gè)成分，如主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)合 狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)在句子中占有正確的位置。如果放錯(cuò)了位置， 那么這個(gè)句子不僅是個(gè)病句，而且很可能造成意思上 的誤解。中文則不同，詞序有較大的靈活性。例

54、如， 我不吃羊肉 /羊肉我不吃 /我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都 是正確的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表達(dá)，恐怕 只能說(shuō) I dont eat mutton，絕對(duì)不能說(shuō) I mutton dont eat。 a. 誤： Ralph Nader has throughout our country become a well known name. 正： Ralph Nader has become a well known name throughout our country. b. 誤： He is prone(傾向于 ) to whenever he senses a danger to th

55、e public speak out(大膽地說(shuō) ) on consumer goods. 正： He is prone to speak out on consumer goods whenever he senses a danger to the public. c. 誤： Nader thinks that the automobile is both unsafe to the occupants of the car and to the general public. 正： Nader thinks that the automobile is unsafe both to the

56、 occupants of the car and to the general public. d. 誤： Partly through his efforts safety devices ware installed in cars such as seat belts. 正： Partly through his efforts safety devices such as seat belts ware installed in cars. e. 誤： Naders concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter lat

57、ely. 正： Naders concern has lately been the automobile as a major air polluter. 或者 Naders recent concern has been the automobile as a major air polluter. f. 誤： According to Nader, the technology is available for the production of automobiles that are both efficient and pollution-free now. 正： Accordin

58、g to Nader, the technology is available now for the production of automobiles that are both efficient and pollution-free. g. 誤： Nader claims that facts are being suppressed about the technology available for improving automobiles by the industry and by the government. 正： Nader claims that facts are

59、being suppressed by the industry and by the government about the technology available for improving automobiles. h. 誤： Nader says that todays gasoline produce five major pollutants which are labeled “clean”. 正： Nader says that todays gasolines which are labeled “clean” produce five major pollutants.

60、 i. 誤： I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 正： I believe I can do it well and I will know the world outside the campus better. 6.9 垂懸 中國(guó)人可以這樣說(shuō)：“打了一小時(shí)籃球，胳膊都酸了?！?英文卻不能說(shuō)： Having played basketball for an hour, my arms began to ache，因?yàn)榘凑沼⑽恼Z(yǔ)法，這個(gè)句子會(huì)被誤 解為打籃球的是胳膊，而不

61、是你這個(gè)人。這種錯(cuò)誤稱為懸 垂，它是指句首的分詞短語(yǔ)與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不 清，找不到行為者，只好“晃來(lái)晃去”。 請(qǐng)改正下列句子的垂懸錯(cuò)誤。 a. 誤： At the age of six months, her father taught her to swim. 正： When she was six months old, her father taught her to swim. b. 誤： Going through the red light, the traffic police on duty stopped him. 正： Going through the red l

62、ight, he was stopped by the traffic police on duty. c. 誤： After three hours of practice, a drink was what the thirsty dancers wanted. 正： Having practiced for three hours, the thirsty dancers wanted a drink. d. 誤： Once out of the practice room, the piping music no longer gave him a headache. 正： Once

63、he got out of the practice room, the piping music no longer gave him a headache. e. 誤： After four weeks at sea, my wife was happy to see me back. 正： After four weeks at sea, I was affectionately(親切地 ) received by my wife. f. 誤： Examining the shopping receipts, it became obvious that I was overcharge

64、d at the store. 正： After I examined the shopping receipts, it became obvious that I was overcharged at the store. g. 誤： Finding nobody waiting at the stop, the bus drove on without stopping. 正： Finding nobody waiting at the stop, the driver drove the bus on without stopping. h. 誤： Approaching the la

65、ke, an amazing sight came into view. 正： As we approached the lake, an amazing sight came into view. i. 誤： To do well in the college, good grades are essential. 正： To do well in the college, a student needs good grades. 6.10 應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)易犯的錯(cuò)誤 由于定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，初學(xué)者在使用 時(shí)往往容易犯一些錯(cuò)誤，最常見的有如下七種： （ 1）在定語(yǔ)從句中加了多余的賓語(yǔ)

66、。如： a. 誤： Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. 正： Some of the boys I invited didnt come. b. 誤： The book that you need it is in the library. 正： The book that you need is in the library. （ 2）把定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯(cuò)。如： a. 誤： Anyone who break the law will be punished. 正： Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. b. 誤： Those who has finished may go home. 正： Those who have finished may go home. c. 誤： He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school. 正： He is the only one of the teach