太陽能熱水器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
太陽能熱水器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,太陽能熱水器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,太陽能熱水器,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
塔里木大學(xué)
畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）開題報告
課題名稱 太陽能熱水器結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
學(xué)生姓名
學(xué) 號
所屬學(xué)院 機械電氣化工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 農(nóng)業(yè)機械化及其自動化
班 級
指導(dǎo)教師
起止時間 2011/12/1至2012/5/30
機械電氣化工程學(xué)院教務(wù)辦制
填 表 說 明
一、學(xué)生撰寫《開題報告》應(yīng)包含的內(nèi)容：
1、本課題來源及研究的目的和意義；
2、本課題所涉及的問題在國內(nèi)（外）研究現(xiàn)狀及分析；
3、對課題所涉及的任務(wù)要求及實現(xiàn)預(yù)期目標(biāo)的可行性分析；
4、本課題需要重點研究的、關(guān)鍵的問題及解決的思路；
5、完成本課題所必須的工作條件及解決的辦法；
6、完成本課題的工作方案及進度計劃；
7、主要參考文獻（不少于7篇）。
二、本報告必須由承擔(dān)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）課題任務(wù)的學(xué)生在接到“畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）任務(wù)書”的兩周內(nèi)獨立撰寫完成，并交指導(dǎo)教師審閱。
三、開題報告要求手寫體，字?jǐn)?shù)在3000字以上，由學(xué)生在本報告冊內(nèi)填寫，頁面不夠可自行添加A4紙張。
四、每個畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）課題須提交開題報告一式三份，一份學(xué)生本人留存，一份指導(dǎo)教師存閱，一份學(xué)生所在學(xué)院存檔，備檢備查。
1太陽能熱水器的來源及研究的目的和意義
進入21世紀(jì)，隨著石油、煤、天然氣等這些不可再生自然能源價格的上漲，能源危機再次引起了人們的注意，如何很好的節(jié)約和利用能源，特別是可持續(xù)性能源，一直是人類所面臨的問題。在本次設(shè)計中我將從我國目前面臨的能源現(xiàn)狀出發(fā)，分析太陽能的基本特性的基礎(chǔ)上，對目前收集太陽能最成功的裝置太陽能熱水器進行結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。
太陽能熱轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的核心是采用高品質(zhì)、高轉(zhuǎn)換率的太陽能集熱器。未來的太陽能熱利用發(fā)展趨勢是太陽能與建筑結(jié)合，太陽能平板集熱器是與建筑結(jié)合最佳方式的太陽集熱器。但我國幅員遼闊，各地日照時間，日照角度等參數(shù)各不相同，因此可根據(jù)環(huán)境需要做成靈活多變的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和形體尺寸。
太陽能熱水器雖然在國內(nèi)用的比較多，但是在結(jié)構(gòu)方面有不少的不足之處，不能盡可能滿足用戶的使用，本次設(shè)計旨在提出一些可以優(yōu)化的方面。
一是提出集熱器旋轉(zhuǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)改進方案，二是提出集熱器日照角度變換的結(jié)構(gòu)改進方案，三是提出在熱水器自動控制方面的改進方案。
2 太陽能熱水器在國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及分析
（1）國內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀分析
當(dāng)前我國自主開發(fā)的全玻璃真空管太陽能熱水器在世界上處于領(lǐng)先平，并出口到日本、美國等發(fā)達(dá)國家。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，截止到1998年底，我國太陽能熱水器生產(chǎn)廠有1000多家，年產(chǎn)量在250萬平方米以上，年產(chǎn)值35億元，從業(yè)人員1.5萬人，用戶達(dá)3000多萬人，年產(chǎn)量及擁有量均居世界首位，成為我國節(jié)能領(lǐng)域的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，已引起國際能源界的關(guān)注，發(fā)展勢頭很好。進入90年代，中國在改革開放政策指引下，隨著太陽能熱水器的不斷改進、大眾文明意識的提高、人民生活水平的不斷提高以及對生活熱水需求的日益增長和擁有9億人口的農(nóng)村潛在，市場的開發(fā)，更是促進了太陽熱水工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，太陽能熱水器應(yīng)用同時也得到了一個大規(guī)模進展，并且形成了與空調(diào)、彩電、冰箱等一樣的大規(guī)模市場。太陽能熱水器是利用集熱器吸收太陽光，將光能轉(zhuǎn)化成熱能，并通過儲水箱將熱水儲存的裝置。目前，技術(shù)水平最高的太陽能熱水器是真空集熱管太陽能熱水器。真空集熱管的內(nèi)、外管之間是真空夾層，確保冬季管內(nèi)不結(jié)冰，能夠正常使用，內(nèi)管上有一層選擇性吸收鍍膜，膜層能充分吸收太陽光。真空管里的水，吸收熱量后，通過溫差循環(huán)，加熱儲箱內(nèi)的水。太陽能中央熱水系統(tǒng)采取以太陽能為主，電能為輔的能源利用方式。一般情況下全年90%的熱水來自太陽能，只需10%的電能作補充，365天全天候可以供應(yīng)熱水。太陽能熱水器可在全國大部分地區(qū)使用，并被廣泛應(yīng)用于家庭，在賓館沐浴、工業(yè)用水等方面獲得利用。同時，由于其經(jīng)濟和社會效益顯著。不用煤油電而用太陽能熱水器洗浴的城鄉(xiāng)居民全國有3000多萬，年節(jié)約能源200萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。太陽熱水不但為廣大城鄉(xiāng)用戶所接受，而且建設(shè)部已將它列入建筑節(jié)能新技術(shù)，準(zhǔn)備推廣，太陽熱水系統(tǒng)將與被動太陽采暖、光伏器件一起成為21世楊太陽能建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的一個組成部分。太陽熱水要擴展到為工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)服務(wù)。
太陽能產(chǎn)品本身還存在著使用不方便、不配套、質(zhì)量檔次不高的狀況。同時，由于受自身條件的限制，隨著春夏秋冬四季的變化，以及不同季節(jié)不同天氣的變化，由于真空集熱管太陽能熱水器的單一性能，出水溫度和熱水存量的不確定性給使用中帶來眾多不便，同時也造成了對太陽能的利用效率低下，太陽能熱水器也就在一定程度上滿足不了不同用戶的不同需要，從而影響了太陽能熱水器的長期發(fā)展。我國的太陽能熱水器發(fā)展趨勢十幾年來 ，我國太陽能熱水器行業(yè)從無到有，由小變大，發(fā)展非常迅速，但其普及率仍然很低，產(chǎn)品的品種、功能和質(zhì)量也都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足需要。今后，我國太陽能熱水器將怎樣發(fā)展，這里僅從產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)的角度，對其發(fā)展趨勢做個介紹。
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（2）國外研究現(xiàn)狀分析
在世界范圍內(nèi),太陽能熱水器技術(shù)已很成熟,并已形成行業(yè),正在以優(yōu)良的性能不斷地沖擊電熱水器市場和燃?xì)鉄崴魇袌?。國外的太陽能熱水器發(fā)展很早,但80 年代的石油降價,加之取消對新能源減免稅優(yōu)惠的政策導(dǎo)向,使工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家太陽能熱水器總銷售量徘徊在幾十萬平方米。
世界環(huán)境發(fā)展大會之后,許多國家又開始重視太陽能熱水器在節(jié)約常規(guī)能源和減少排放二氧化碳方面的潛力,僅據(jù)美國加州首府薩克門托市的計劃,到2000 年太陽能熱水器將取代該州47000 套家用電熱水器;到2000 年日本太陽能熱水器的擁有量將翻一番;以色列更是明文規(guī)定,所有新建房屋必須配備太陽能熱水器。目前,我國是世界上太陽能熱水器生產(chǎn)量和銷售量最大的國家。1992 年銷售量為50萬m2 ,為世界其他各國銷售量之和;1995 年銷售量翻番,達(dá)100萬m2 。據(jù)初步統(tǒng)計,1997 年我國太陽能熱水器銷售量300萬m2 ,目前,我國從事太陽能熱水器研制、生產(chǎn)、銷售和安裝的企業(yè)達(dá)到1000 余家,年產(chǎn)值20 億元,從業(yè)人數(shù)115 萬人。但從房屋的熱水器安裝率來說,以色列已達(dá)80% ,日本為11% ,臺灣達(dá)217 %,我國在千分之幾左右,其太陽能熱水器的推廣應(yīng)用潛力仍很大。國際上,太陽能熱水器產(chǎn)品經(jīng)歷了悶曬式、平板式、全玻璃真空管式的發(fā)展,目前其產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向仍注重提高集熱器的效率,如將透明隔熱材料應(yīng)用于集熱器的蓋板與吸熱間的隔層,以減少熱量損失;聚脂薄膜的透明蜂窩已在德國和以色列批量生產(chǎn)。隨著世界范圍內(nèi)的環(huán)境意識和節(jié)能意識的普遍提高,太陽能熱水器必將逐步替代電熱水器和燃?xì)鉄崴?。雖然太陽能熱水器目前仍存在市場價格高、受季節(jié)和天氣影響的不利因素,但太陽能熱水器具有不耗能、安全性、無污染性等優(yōu)勢,而且隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展其經(jīng)濟性也逐漸顯露出來。有關(guān)專家對三種熱水器的經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)比較結(jié)果表明，太陽能熱水器在經(jīng)濟上已具有較強的競爭力。
3任務(wù)要求及實現(xiàn)預(yù)期的可行性分析
任務(wù)要求：查閱相關(guān)文獻，進行歸納整理 ，并進行總結(jié)，從而梳理思路，進行收割機的設(shè)計
可行性分析：預(yù)計在一周時間時間左右對已經(jīng)查閱的相關(guān)文獻資料進行歸納總結(jié)，整理，建立設(shè)計思路，擬定總過程的總體法案；然后就進行設(shè)計方面，大概在一月之內(nèi)，實施具體設(shè)計（畫出總裝圖零件圖等）；然后根據(jù)具體要求撰寫設(shè)計說明書，需10天左右，最后需要幾天時間做最后的整理，準(zhǔn)備答辯，
4研究的，關(guān)鍵的問題及解決的思路
成功設(shè)計出小型太陽能結(jié)構(gòu)機械部分應(yīng)有以下幾個任務(wù)要求：
（1）采用齒輪傳動，驅(qū)動為電機；
（2）選擇合適的傳動裝置，來達(dá)到小型太陽能結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計目標(biāo)。
（3）本課題需要重點研究的、關(guān)鍵的問題及解決的思路
本課題重點研究的是怎樣設(shè)計小型太陽能結(jié)構(gòu)的機械部分，采用適合的傳感器以及傳動裝置來達(dá)到設(shè)計任務(wù)的目標(biāo)。
（1）根據(jù)小型太陽能結(jié)構(gòu)需要旋轉(zhuǎn)和升降的要求和自動化程度來選擇適合的動力源；
（2）確定傳動機構(gòu)和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)；
（3）根據(jù)小型太陽能結(jié)構(gòu)的大小，通過手里要求計算出機構(gòu)中各個零件尺寸的大小、型號等并畫出裝配圖；
（4）對受力部件，零件尺寸進行校核計算。
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5所必須的工作條件
相關(guān)文獻 計算器
6工作方案及工作進度
第一周~第三周 查找文獻資料，并完成開題報告
第四周~第五周 對查閱的文獻資料進行歸納整理，設(shè)計太陽能熱水器的總體方案
第六周~第九周 對太陽能熱水器的結(jié)構(gòu)進行具體的設(shè)計
第十周~第十二周 撰寫設(shè)計說明
第十三周~第十四周 整理資料準(zhǔn)備答辯
參考文獻
[1] 畢文峰,王侃宏,喬華,崔堅. 平板集熱器冬季工況集熱性能分析.煤礦現(xiàn)代化, 2005,(01)
[2] 周子成,田軍.用于太陽能熱泵的真空管集熱器的研究. 制冷學(xué)報, 1990,(02)
[3] 郁道光, 宋可生, 焦小浣. 真空管平板集熱器最小陽光入射角的一種證明及光學(xué)性能分析.太陽能學(xué)報,1991,(01)
[4] 申銀俊,劉秀文.真空玻璃管集熱器及其優(yōu)點[J].稀有金屬材料與工程,1986,(01)
[5] 劉鑒民. 太陽能集熱器性能的粗略估算. 太陽能,1983,(03)
[6] 方鐸榮, 李元哲. 平板集熱器最佳化設(shè)計的一種方法—成本/效率法.太陽能學(xué),1984,(01)
[7] 葉小華. 3.56XCPC—平板集熱器組合式太陽能開水器的設(shè)計研究[J].能源研究與信息,1986,(01)
[8] 呂錫民.國內(nèi)太陽能熱水器使用狀況調(diào)查分析.能源季刊,1997 ,27 (3):105～117
[9] 才立煒. 推廣太陽能熱水器技術(shù)中應(yīng)重視的問題. 農(nóng)村能源,2001,(01)
[10] 曾廣強. 太陽能熱水器的應(yīng)用. 工程建設(shè)與設(shè)計,1994,(06)
[11] 略談目前我國太陽能熱水器行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀. 家電科技,2004,(Z1)
[12] 郭景. 太陽能熱水器與建筑有機結(jié)合的4個建議.現(xiàn)代家電,2003,(07)
[13] 孫桓.機械原理（第7版）.高等教育出版社,2006.
學(xué)生簽名 金海鴿
2012 年 12 月 20 日
指導(dǎo)教師審閱意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名
年 月 日
.—1—
畢業(yè)論文英文文獻翻譯
學(xué) 院 工程技術(shù)學(xué)院
專 業(yè) 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
年 級 2005級
姓 名 劉才華
學(xué) 號 2005151234
指導(dǎo)教師 郭玉明 李紅波
職 稱 教 授 講師
2009 年6 月
Solar energy utilization
Abstract The history of utilization of solar energy in recent times can be calcu- lated from the year of 1615 when French engineer invented the prototype solar-driven engine in the world. The invention was regarding a pumping machine, which the air was heated by utilizing the solar energy to expand to do work on drawing water. During the period of 1615 to 1900, many sets of solar-powered device and other solar energy device were developed in the world. All of these device were mostly employed photospot method to collect the sunlight, which the power of engine was not so effective, and actuating medium were mainly the water steam that were expensive in cost and impractical in value. Most of the machine were designed and manufactured by the fans of solar energy.
Keyword Energy solar energy exploit course
1 energy consumption
Energy means the power which does work and drives machines.
All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated.
With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis.
At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted.
Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles.
Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleum consumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years.
Since the first "energy crisis" of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices.
Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.
2 the development of new energy
As known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the "energy crisis" makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective.
Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money.
Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensive; it should not add to the earth's total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs.
Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions.
３Three new energy use
Solar energy
utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat.
Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipes containing heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes.
With the installation of more heating devices and the probable development of some cheap, direct solar electrical generating capacity, it is likely that during the coming centry solar energy will be providing an appreciable percentage of energy needs in areas receiving abundants.
4 solar energy utilization of seven stage
１. The First Stage (1900---1920)
In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.
The typical built device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collecting area could reach 1250m2.
2.?The Second Stage (1920-1965)
For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor stage, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935---1945) while the solar energy couldn’t satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.
3.?The Third Stage (1945-1965)
For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.
In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developed as the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.
Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:
a.?One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in 1952;
b.?The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was built in Florida of U.S in 1960;
c.?An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.
In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar energy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.
4.?The Fourth Stage (1965---1973)
In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and government.
5.?The Fifth Stage (1973---1980)
After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine the fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economic attack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countries were frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in the world. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy structure should be completely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.
From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy and other renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established to facilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan published the sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energy development projects includedsolar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solar thermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered and large scale photovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the government of Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.
The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space have started to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilization working exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China. After this meeting, the solar energy research and promotion had been brought into the government program and awarded support of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solar energy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solar energy research institutes were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurge on utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.
During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:
a.?Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.
b.The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.
c.?The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact, this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station has not yet been realized.
d.?Products such as solar water heater and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.
6.?The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)
The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.
The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break down people’s confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar energy.
Influenced on the turndown of solar energy in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage and large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported such viewpoint, but it was very harmful which will result in unfavorable influence on the development of solar energy industry.
During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress which facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for great achievement by less input.
7.?The Seventh Stage (1992---Until Now)
Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Under such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of important document were published including the Environment and Development Manifesto, Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and development were brought into the integrated framework, and sustainable model was established. After this conference, each country enhanced the development of clean energy technologies, and developed the solar energy in line with the environmental protection so as to make the utilization of solar energy be well developed.
After this conference, Chinese government also turned their attention towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and biomass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Ministry of Science and Technology worked out the Outline for Development of New and Renewable Energy from 1996 to 2010, which definitely pointed out the goads, objectives and relative tactic and measure towards the development of new and renewable energy from 1996 to 2010 in China. The publishing and implementation of the document further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China.
In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important document, i.e. Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996---2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further showed each country’s commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively utilize the solar energy.
After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a developing stage with the characteristic that:
a.?The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize the development strategy in the world;
b.?Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shor
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