高三英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一篇 語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用攻略 專(zhuān)題一 單項(xiàng)填空 第11講 特殊句式和主謂一致課件.ppt

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第11講 特殊句式和主謂一致,考點(diǎn)1 倒裝句 【典例】1. (2015天津高考)Only when Lily walked into the office ______ that she had left the contract at home. A. she realized B. has she realized C. she has realized D. did she realize 【解析】選D。句意: 當(dāng)莉莉走進(jìn)辦公室的時(shí)候, 她才意識(shí)到她把合同落在家里了。only位于句首后面跟狀語(yǔ)或者狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 主句要部分倒裝。根據(jù)題干可知是過(guò)去的事情, 故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。,2. (2014陜西高考)No sooner ______ stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause. A. had Mo Yan B. Mo Yan had C. has Mo Yan D. Mo Yan has 【解析】選A。句意: 莫言一登上講臺(tái), 觀眾就報(bào)以雷鳴般的掌聲。no sooner. . . than. . . 一……就……, no sooner所在的句子用過(guò)去完成時(shí), 位于句首時(shí)要把had提前構(gòu)成部分倒裝。,3. (2014大綱版全國(guó)卷)______the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. A. Not do only B. Do not only C. Only not do D. Not only do 【解析】選D。句意: 護(hù)士們不僅想漲工資, 而且還想減少工作時(shí)間。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知, 逗號(hào)前面是not only位于句首構(gòu)成的倒裝句。not only位于句首引導(dǎo)句子時(shí), 用部分倒裝, 即把助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面。,4. (2013遼寧高考)At no time______the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them. A. they actually broke B. do they actually break C. did they actually break D. they had actually broken 【解析】選C。句意: 他們絕對(duì)沒(méi)有違反比賽規(guī)則, 懲罰他們是不公平的。at no time放在句首, 句子要倒裝。又根據(jù)句中的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過(guò)去時(shí), 故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握全部倒裝基本情況: (1)看到There be句型, 就要想到在There+be+主語(yǔ)+地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間的句型中, 主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)be動(dòng)詞后面, 這是倒裝。注意: 這種倒裝句在There seems/happened/used/. . . to be等句型中也同樣適用。 There happened to be a friend of mine in the park. (2)看到以here, there, in, out, up, down, away, then等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中, 句子就要倒裝, 以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 Out rushed the children.,2. 掌握部分倒裝的情況: (1)看到以so開(kāi)頭, 表示上句中謂語(yǔ)所述情況也適用于另一個(gè)人或另一事物的肯定句中, 表示“也一樣”“也這樣”的句子時(shí)就要倒裝。這種倒裝的句型是: so+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)。 We saw that movie yesterday, and so did they. (2)看到以neither, nor開(kāi)頭的句子, 表示“……也不這樣”時(shí), 句子就要倒裝, 其句型是: neither/nor+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)。 I have never gone abroad, and neither has he.,(3)看到以never, hardly, not only, little, seldom, nowhere, not until, hardly. . . when, no sooner. . . than, by no means等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞或詞組開(kāi)頭的句子中, 句子就要倒裝。其句型是: 否定或半否定的副詞或詞組+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)。 Never have I realized that water is so precious. (4)看到only在句首修飾一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 該句就要倒裝。句型為: only+狀語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)從句+ be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)。 Only in this way can we learn English well. (5)看到虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句中的if省略時(shí), 就要把句中的were, had, should移至主語(yǔ)之前。,考點(diǎn)2 省略句 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Video games can be a poor influence if ______ in the wrong hands. A. to leave B. leaving C. leave D. left 【解析】選D。句意: 視頻游戲如果任其泛濫將產(chǎn)生極壞的影響。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知此處考查省略結(jié)構(gòu), 完整句子為if they are left. . . 。,2. (2014福建高考)The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, ____, reaching 30℃in summer. A. if not B. if ever C. if any D. if so 【解析】選B。句意: 這兒氣候宜人, 如果曾經(jīng)有過(guò)(高溫)的話, 夏天溫度也很少達(dá)到30攝氏度。if ever意為“如果曾經(jīng)有過(guò)或即使有過(guò)的話”, 其作用是緩和語(yǔ)氣。,3. (2013浙江高考)There are some health problems that, when ______ in time, can become bigger ones later on. A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated 【解析】選A。句意: 有些健康問(wèn)題, 如果不及時(shí)治療, 日后會(huì)變成大問(wèn)題。that引導(dǎo)problems的定語(yǔ)從句; when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句, 補(bǔ)全為when they are not treated in time, 定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)that代指problems, 與when從句的主語(yǔ)相同, 符合狀語(yǔ)從句省略的條件, 所以省略了主語(yǔ)they與be動(dòng)詞are。故選A。,4. (2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police______. A. not to do B. not to C. not do D. do not 【解析】選B。句意: 司機(jī)想把車(chē)停在路邊, 但是警察提醒他不可以。此處是ask sb. to do sth. 的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to指代前面的to park his car near the roadside, 為了避免重復(fù), 直接用to。,【解題技巧】 省略的基本情況: 1. 狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略用法。 如果從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致, 或從句的主語(yǔ)是it, 且從句的謂語(yǔ)含有be動(dòng)詞的某種形式(am/is/are/was/were), 可同時(shí)省略從句的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞的某種形式。,2. 不定式符號(hào)to的省略。 (1)感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch等和使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let等后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式省略to。 (2)do nothing but, can’t help but等結(jié)構(gòu)常接省略to的不定式。 We didn’t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. (3)在特定語(yǔ)境中為了避免重復(fù), 當(dāng)不定式再次出現(xiàn)時(shí), 在want, wish, hope, try, plan, like, love, hate后往往只保留to, 而省略后面的動(dòng)詞。但不定式后有be, have時(shí), 也保留be和have。 My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn’t want to.,(4)so和not的替代性省略。 用于避免重復(fù)前面所說(shuō)過(guò)的內(nèi)容, 替代詞so/not替代肯定或否定的名詞性從句?？膳cbelieve, do, expect, fear, guess, hope, say, speak, suppose, think, I’m afraid等連用。 —Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? —I suppose not.,考點(diǎn)3 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 【典例】1. (2015重慶高考)Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century______his musical gift was fully recognized. A. while B. though C. that D. after 【解析】選C。句意: 巴赫死于1750年, 但直到19世紀(jì)初他的音樂(lè)才能才得到完全認(rèn)可。強(qiáng)調(diào)句式it’s. . . that. . . , 此處強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)not until the early 19th century。,2. (2015湖南高考)It was when we were returning home ______ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A. which B. that C. where D. how 【解析】選B。句意: 正是當(dāng)我們回家的時(shí)候我意識(shí)到幫助那些困難中的人是多么好的感受。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以得知此句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句, 去掉It was和題線處所填的詞(that)句子依然成立。,3. (2014四川高考)Was it because Jack came late for school______Mr Smith got angry? A. why B. who C. where D. that 【解析】選D。句意: 史密斯先生很生氣是因?yàn)榻芸松蠈W(xué)遲到嗎? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型it is/was. . . that. . . , 這里是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問(wèn)句形式, 驗(yàn)證的方式是去掉Was it. . . that. . . 后, because Jack came late for school Mr Smith got angry, 句子意義完整。,【解題技巧】 1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的句式。,2. 判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的原則。 判斷句子是否為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以將It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 則該句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。否則則不是。 It is there that accidents often happen. →Accidents often happen there.,考點(diǎn)4 固定句式及其他 【典例】1. (2015湖南高考)Always______in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly. A. to keep B. to have kept C. keep D. have kept 【解析】選C。句意: 一定要一直銘記你的主要任務(wù)是讓這個(gè)公司平穩(wěn)地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)得知此處是祈使句, 相當(dāng)于you’d keep, that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。,2. (2014北京高考)______carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab. A. Observe B. To observe C. Observed D. Observing 【解析】選A。句意: 在實(shí)驗(yàn)室做實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)要仔細(xì)觀察是否有變化發(fā)生。由句意可知這是一個(gè)祈使句, 因此選擇動(dòng)詞原形。,3. (2014大綱版全國(guó)卷)______me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the lab result. A. Calling B. Call C. To call D. Having called 【解析】選B。句意: 明天給我打電話, 我會(huì)讓你知道實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。此處是“祈使句+and+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。故選B。,4. (2014重慶高考)—I spent two weeks in London last summer. —Then you must have visited the British Museum during your stay, ____you? A. mustn’t B. haven’t C. didn’t D. hadn’t 【解析】選C。句意: ——去年夏天我在倫敦度過(guò)了兩周。——那你待在倫敦期間一定參觀了大英博物館, 是嗎? 對(duì)已發(fā)生的過(guò)去情況進(jìn)行推測(cè), 若陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分有must have done, 而且有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分用didn’t。,【易錯(cuò)誤區(qū)】didn’t還是mustn’t (1)誤導(dǎo)原因: must表示“必須, 禁止”時(shí), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用must(mustn’t)。 (2)去偽存真: 當(dāng)must用來(lái)表示對(duì)過(guò)去的情況進(jìn)行“推測(cè)”(must+have done)時(shí), 如強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般句中有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用“didn’t +主語(yǔ)”; 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成(一般沒(méi)有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)), 反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用“haven’t/hasn’t+主語(yǔ)”。,【解題技巧】 準(zhǔn)確把握下列句式: 1. 祈使句的固定句式。 祈使句+and+簡(jiǎn)單句; 祈使句+or+簡(jiǎn)單句; 名詞詞組+and+簡(jiǎn)單句。 2. 感嘆句的固定句式。 (1)What+a(n)+單數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)! (2)What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)! (3)How+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)! (4)How+形容詞/副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)!,3. 反意疑問(wèn)句。 (1)陳述句中有否定副詞: hardly, never, seldom, little, few, nowhere, nothing等詞, 反意疑問(wèn)句部分用肯定形式。但當(dāng)陳述部分的否定詞帶有否定前綴, 那么, 該陳述部分作肯定處理, 附加疑問(wèn)句部分一般仍用否定形式。 He was unsuccessful, wasn’t he?,(2)復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句: 大多數(shù)復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句都對(duì)主句提問(wèn), 但當(dāng)I don’t think/suppose/believe/imagine引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 這種賓語(yǔ)從句的反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)與從句的主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)部分一致, 而且用肯定形式。 I don’t believe she has done it, has she? (3)陳述部分中mustn’t表示“禁止”時(shí), 附加疑問(wèn)句部分用must。陳述部分中的must表示“一定”“想必”等推測(cè)意義時(shí), 附加疑問(wèn)句部分根據(jù)陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,考點(diǎn)5 主謂一致 【典例】1. (2014湖南高考)All we need ______ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. A. are B. was C. is D. were 【解析】選C。句意: 我們所需要的就是一小塊土地, 能夠在一年的生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)在上面種植各種各樣的果樹(shù)。句子的主干為All we need______a small piece of land, 其中we need是定語(yǔ)從句, all在此指的是a small piece of land, 且根據(jù)語(yǔ)境知為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài), 故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用is。,2. (2013福建高考)The famous musician, as well as his students, ____to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited 【解析】選B。句意: 那位著名的音樂(lè)家及其學(xué)生受邀在2012年臺(tái)北花博會(huì)開(kāi)幕式上表演。as well as連接兩個(gè)并列的名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和前面的名詞一致。本題只是陳述在過(guò)去的時(shí)間發(fā)生的事, 故用一般過(guò)去時(shí), 由于the famous musician和invite之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系, 故選B。,3. (2013湖南高考)The university estimates that living expenses for international students ______ around $8, 450 a year, which ______ a burden for some of them. A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 【解析】選A。句意: 這所大學(xué)估計(jì)(一名)國(guó)際生的生活開(kāi)銷(xiāo)每年大約是8 450美元, 這對(duì)其中的一些學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)是一大負(fù)擔(dān)。living expenses生活開(kāi)銷(xiāo), 為復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); $8, 450為金錢(qián)概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。,4. (2013江蘇高考)Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development. A. is B. are C. was D. were 【解析】選A。句意: 一般說(shuō)來(lái), 學(xué)生的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)和來(lái)自他人的高期望值對(duì)他們的發(fā)展是必要的。此處考查主謂一致中的就前原則, 除了with外, 還有together with, along with, as well as, but, except, rather than等。根據(jù)就前原則, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與inner motivation一致, 因此使用單數(shù)形式。然后根據(jù)generally確定使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,【解題技巧】 牢記下列情況的主謂一致: 1. 主語(yǔ)后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的名詞時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 2. 由and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念、同一事物或同一人時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。,3. “no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞+no/each/every+單數(shù)名詞; many a+單數(shù)名詞; more than one+單數(shù)名詞”等形式作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 4. 有些集體名詞作主語(yǔ), 如public, government, family, class, team, group等詞, 強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的各個(gè)成員時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式; 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 5. 由or, either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . , not only. . . but also等連接并列主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語(yǔ)在單復(fù)數(shù)形式上一致。,6. 在there be句式中的主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 7. 表示時(shí)間、重量、距離、價(jià)格、金錢(qián)、體積等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表達(dá)一個(gè)整體概念時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1 誤判句式結(jié)構(gòu) ①Give more time, ____he will make more progress. ②(變式)Given more time, ____he will make more progress. A. or B. so C. / D. and,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)題①逗號(hào)前為祈使句, 所以應(yīng)用連詞來(lái)連接前后兩個(gè)句子, 構(gòu)成“祈使句+and/or/but+陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)前后兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 應(yīng)選D。 (2)題②逗號(hào)前為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ), 后面是一個(gè)句子, 故空格處不能用連詞, 故選C。,易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2 誤判倒裝語(yǔ)序和正常語(yǔ)序 ①Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours______a decision. ②(變式)After they had discussed the matter for several hours______a decision. A. did they reach B. they reached C. have they reached D. they have reached,【點(diǎn)撥】 (1)“only+狀語(yǔ)從句”放在句首時(shí)句子用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序, 主句部分要用部分倒裝, 故題①選A。 (2)題②前沒(méi)有only, 為after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句, 主句不用部分倒裝, 故題②選B。,易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)3 誤判強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和其他句式 ①Was it five o’clock ______ the fire broke out? ②(變式)Was it at five o’clock ______ the fire broke out? A. when B. that C. which D. in which,【點(diǎn)撥】 判斷句子是否為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以將It is/was和that/who去掉, 如果剩余部分依然完整, 則該句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型, 否則就不是。 (1)根據(jù)以上原則, 題①則變成five o’clock the fire broke out句子不完整, 故不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型, 而是狀語(yǔ)從句, 故選A。 (2)根據(jù)以上原則, 題②則變成at five o’clock the fire broke out句子完整, 是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型, 故選B。,