2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 詞義句義推斷題(1).doc

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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練 詞義句義推斷題(1) 詞義句義理解題是高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中常見(jiàn)的題型，主要考查考生依據(jù)特定語(yǔ)境對(duì)某一單詞、句子或句中某一部分的準(zhǔn)確理解能力。同學(xué)們應(yīng)通過(guò)本專(zhuān)題鞏固并加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練通過(guò)構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、同義、反義及語(yǔ)境等確定詞義句義的技能。 ◆設(shè)問(wèn)特點(diǎn)： 1. 從原文中找單詞，短語(yǔ)或句子設(shè)問(wèn)。 2. 所問(wèn)詞或句與該詞該句常見(jiàn)意思不同，不能望文生義。 3. 只有在具體的上下文中才可判斷準(zhǔn)確。 4. 該句語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)較難分析。 5. 所考單詞有的是生詞，有的是舊詞新意。 6. 正確選項(xiàng)的特征是放在原文中不僅句意合理，上下文也合理。 7. 錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)或是字面意思，或是故意編造。 ◆?？紗?wèn)題： 1. The word … in paragraph … refers to ______. 2. The word “…” could be replaced by ______. 3. Which of the following words can take the place of …? 4. The meaning of “…” in paragraph… is related to ______. 5. The underlined word “…” means ______. 6. What do you think the underlined expression stands for? 7. The underlined sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____. 8. Which of the following has the closest meaning to…(paragraph…)? 9. By saying “…” in the first (second…) paragraph, the author implies that ______. 10. The last word in Para… can best be defined as ______. ◆技巧點(diǎn)撥： 由于猜測(cè)詞義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)態(tài)度等，因此聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。在出這類(lèi)題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來(lái)麻痹考生，同學(xué)們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語(yǔ)境主觀(guān)臆斷。 1. 推斷詞義要回到原句中分析。 2. 推斷句義要看全段甚至全文。 3. 正確理解作者在全文中的情感態(tài)度對(duì)準(zhǔn)確判斷至關(guān)重要。 4. 不要受平時(shí)該詞最常見(jiàn)意思的影響。 5. 推斷句義應(yīng)先搞清句型結(jié)構(gòu)。 6. 正確答案不但應(yīng)在該處合理，在全文中也應(yīng)合理。 7. 熟記考試說(shuō)明規(guī)定的構(gòu)詞法的前綴和后綴用法，留神舊詞新意。 8. 猜測(cè)詞義句義的方法：英英釋義，根據(jù)同位語(yǔ)，參照同義詞或反義詞，根據(jù)上下文描寫(xiě)，參考關(guān)聯(lián)詞、替代詞和上下文。 ◆技巧操練： （一）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法判斷詞義 三種構(gòu)詞法，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化、派生，是我們猜測(cè)詞義需掌握的基本方法。 合成法：通過(guò)構(gòu)成合成詞的每個(gè)單詞的含義猜測(cè)和領(lǐng)會(huì)其含義； 轉(zhuǎn)化法：通過(guò)一個(gè)詞的本意猜測(cè)出它轉(zhuǎn)化后的意思，常見(jiàn)的是名詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞以及形容詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化； 派生法：由一個(gè)詞根加前綴（prefix）或后綴（suffix）構(gòu)成詞的方法稱(chēng)為派生法。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，前綴改變?cè)~義，后綴改變?cè)~性。 【試一試】 1. 猜測(cè)下面合成詞的詞義： (1) underwear (2) editor-in-chief (3) well-designed (4)underdeveloped (5) mass-produced (6) serious-looking (7) time-saving 2. 轉(zhuǎn)化法練習(xí)： (1) The road narrows gradually. _______________ (2) To get there, they had to journey over a desert. _______________ (3) She clocked 23.5 seconds in the women’s 200-meter finals. ___________; __________ (4) The dog nosed out a rat. _____________ 3. 派生法練習(xí) (1) 根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義 u Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? 劃線(xiàn)詞義為：___________________ u His anti-slavery policy had set millions of black free and his strength and wisdom had guided the nation through the war to peace and reunion. “reunion” here means______. A. ing back again B. being one again C. meeting someone again D. seeing someone again (2) 結(jié)合前綴和后綴猜測(cè)詞義 u prehistoric _____________ unthinkable______________。 根據(jù)派生法猜測(cè)下列句子中劃線(xiàn)詞的含義。 1. Can you understand the inscription on the tomb? A. words written by cutting into the surface B. names of famous people C. explanation D. main idea 2. A train is immobile when it _________. A. speeds along B. doesn’t move C. move silently D. goes backward 3. Because of the storm, the valley was impassable. A. not beautiful to look at B. not easy to pass C. full of water D. more beautiful （二）根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷詞義 這是提高閱讀速度和理解率必備的判斷斷詞義的能力。語(yǔ)境可能是一個(gè)句子、幾個(gè)句子、甚至一個(gè)段落或通篇文章。我們可分別將其稱(chēng)為小語(yǔ)境、中語(yǔ)境和大語(yǔ)境。 1. 小語(yǔ)境 (1) 定義式 常用詞有：be, mean, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to 等。 例1：Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym. 例2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms. (2) 例舉式 常用詞有：for example, for instance, such as, like 等。 例1：Newly-married young people often spend some of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions. 例2：Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who do sedentary work like reading, typing and sewing. (3) 重述式 常用詞有：and, or, similarly, that is (to say), in other words, namely, say, i.e. 等 例1：Red had the longest wavelength; that is, the distance between each wave is longest in red light than in any other color. 例2：The football player was penalized for his rudeness and the punishment was a good lesson for him. (4) 同位語(yǔ) 構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。 例：Dr. Baker is a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farming methods. （5）修飾限定式 從定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句提供的限定或修飾信息來(lái)猜測(cè)詞義。 例1：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 例2：The man is a tramp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work. 2. 中語(yǔ)境 (1) 對(duì)比關(guān)系：有些表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和副詞等使前后的意思構(gòu)成對(duì)比。我們可以利用這種對(duì)比關(guān)系，判斷生詞的含義。常用的詞有：although; even though/if; while; but; yet; however; instead; rather than; unlike; far from; on the other hand; unfortunately等。 例1：The main point of the plan is clear to me, but the details are still hazy. 例2： Unlike her gregarious sister, she is a shy, quiet person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. 例3：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 例4：If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. (2) 同義關(guān)系和平行關(guān)系：作者在寫(xiě)文章時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，同一概念常用不同的同義詞。 這種同義關(guān)系為我們猜詞帶來(lái)了方便。常用詞：and; or; not only…but also…; besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way, like, just as, also, as well as, in other words或用 分號(hào)引出相同或類(lèi)似的詞。另外在特定的情況下，作者經(jīng)常通過(guò)一連串同一類(lèi)型或同 一范疇的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)其思想。如果有一生詞在這一系列的同一范疇的詞語(yǔ)中，可以通 過(guò)這些詞語(yǔ)的特征和語(yǔ)義范圍推斷出生詞的詞義范圍。 例1：Doctors believe smoking detrimental to your health; they also regard drinking harmful. 例2：The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. A. supervise B. review C. take the place of D. start to enforce (3) 因果關(guān)系：在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)生詞詞義。常見(jiàn)的提示詞有：because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore等。 例：When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” means that the colors_____. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customers C. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused the customers to lose interest (4) 根據(jù)替代、說(shuō)明、描述等關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義:在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。 例1：William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線(xiàn)），good and ill together.” The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means . A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy 例2：He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he won’t give it up halfway. 3. 大語(yǔ)境 例1：Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. “Perhaps it’s like this in the kingdom of heaven,” I thought confusedly. Q: By “we were all beside ourselves”, the writer means that they all ___________. A. felt confused B. went wild with joy C. looked on D. forgot their fights 例2：All her life, my mother wanted busy children. It was very important that her house should remain at all things clean and tidy. You could turn your back for a moment in my mother’s house, leave a half written letter on the dining room table, a magazine open on the chair, and turn around to find that my mother had “put it back where it belonged” as she explained. …… Now my sister has developed a second-hand love of clean windows, and my brother does the cleaning in his house, perhaps to avoid having to be the one to lift his feet. I try not to think about it too much, but I have at this later time started to dust the furniture once a week. Q: The underlined part in the passage suggests that my sister _________. A. is happy to clean windows B. loves to clean used windows C. is fond of clean used windows D. likes clean windows as my mother did ◆即講即練 One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast. We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide range of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked, “My I get you something?” “A coffee would be nice.” Then I bought him a cup of coffee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked, “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?” “Who?” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the world’s richest and most powerful men! My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity. 56. What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean? A. Unfriendly. B. Untidy. C. Gentle. D. Kind. 57. The author bought coffee for the old man because . A. he thought the old man was poor B. he wanted to start a conversation C. he intended to show his politeness D. he would like to thank the old man 58. How did the author probably feel after he talked with his friend? A. Proud. B. Pitiful. C. Surprised. D. Regretful 59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story? A. We should learn to be generous. B. It is honorable to help those in need. C. People in high positions are not like what we expect. D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.