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1、,*,*,Lecture 17.The,d,-Block Elements.General properties,PhD.Halina Falfushynska,Lecture 17.The d-Block Elemen,1,Why Study Descriptive Chemistry of Transition Metals,Transition metals are found in nature,Rocks and minerals contain transition metals,The color of many gemstones is due to the presence
2、of transition metal ions,Rubies are red due to Cr,Sapphires are blue due to presence of Fe and Ti,Many biomolecules contain transition metals that are involved in the functions of these biomolecules,Vitamin B12 contains Co,Hemoglobin,myoglobin,and cytochrome C contain Fe,Why Study Descriptive Chemis
3、tr,2,Why Study Descriptive Chemistry of Transition Metals,Transition metals and their compounds have many useful applications,Fe is used to make steel and stainless steel,Ti is used to make lightweight alloys,Transition metal compounds are used as pigments,TiO,2,=white,PbCrO,4,=yellow,Fe,4,Fe(CN),6,
4、3,(prussian blue)=blue,Transition metal compounds are used in many industrial processes,Why Study Descriptive Chemistr,3,Myoglobin,a protein that stores O,2,in cells,Myoglobin,a protein that stor,4,Coordination Environment of Fe,2+,in Oxymyoglobin and Oxyhemoglobin,Coordination Environment of Fe,5,F
5、errichrome,(Involved in Fe transport in bacteria),Ferrichrome(Involved in Fe tr,6,Periodic Table,f block transition elements,d block transition elements,Periodic Tablef block transiti,7,Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Y,Zr,Nb,M,o,Tc,Ru,Rh,Pd,Ag,Cd,La,Hf,Ta,W,Re,Os,Ir,Pt,Au,Hg,IIIB,IVB,VB,VIB,VIIB,IB,II
6、B,VIIIB,d-Block Transition Elements,Most have partially occupied d subshells,in common oxidation states,ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnYZrNbMoTcRu,8,1s,2s,3s,4s,2p,3p,3d,Energy,Sc,1s,2,2s,2,2p,6,3s,2,3p,6,3d,1,4s,2,4p,1s2s3s4s2p3p3dEnergySc4p,9,Electronic Configurations,ScAr3d,1,4s,2,TiAr3d,2,4s,2,VAr3d,3,4s,2,
7、CrAr3d,5,4s,1,MnAr3d,5,4s,2,ElementConfiguration,Ar=1s,2,2s,2,2p,6,3s,2,3p,6,Electronic Configurations Sc,10,Electronic Configurations,Fe Ar 3d,6,4s,2,Co Ar 3d,7,4s,2,Ni Ar 3d,8,4s,2,Cu Ar3d,10,4s,1,Zn Ar3d,10,4s,2,Element Configuration,Ar=1s,2,2s,2,2p,6,3s,2,3p,6,Electronic Configurations Fe,11,Gen
8、eral Properties of the,d,-Block Elements and Their Trends,Fourth-period,d,-block elements form ionic bonds with somewhat less ionic character than do the metals of the,s,-block.,Lower oxidation states(+2,+3)usually correspond to ionic character.,For Co through Zn,relative energies of the 4,s,and 3,d
9、,subshells are such that few(or no)3,d,electrons are lost in forming ions.,For Zn,the 4,s,3,d,energy difference is so large that only 4,s,electrons are lost.,General Properties of the d-Bl,12,The-d-Block-Elements-General-properties：d區(qū)元素的一般性質(zhì)ppt課件,13,Some Properties of the Fourth Period,d,-Block,In t
10、he fourth-period,d,-block,only scandium is active enough to displace H,2,from H,2,O.,These elements have moderate to high melting points and moderately high densities.,Electrical and thermal conductivities of these elements are very high.,Copper is second only to silver in electrical conductivity.,S
11、ome Properties of the Fourth,14,Atomic Radii of the,d,-Block Elements,Size does not appear to increase significantly between fifth and sixth period elements.,The electrons in 4,f,orbitals are not very good at screening valence electrons from the nucleus.,Thus,the strength of attraction of valence el
12、ectrons to the nucleus is greater than expected in the sixth period.The phenomenon is known as the,lanthanide contraction,.,Atomic Radii of thed-Block El,15,Characteristic properties:,Color:,The complexes of the d-block metal ions are usually colored,except,very often,those of d,0,and d,10,metal ion
13、s.The colors are due to:,a)electronic transitions of d-electrons within the d sub-shell.These are known as d,d transitions.d,0,and d,10,metal ions do not show these transitions.,b)electronic transitions from the metal ion to the ligand(ML transitions)or ligand to the metal ion(LM transitions),which
14、are known as charge-transfer transitions,and these can occur for d,0,to d,10,metal ions.,c)The ligands themselves may be colored,and this color may contribute to the color of the complex.,Characteristic properties:Colo,16,Characteristic properties:,Paramagnetism:,When there are unpaired electrons in
15、 the d sub-shell,these will lead to paramagnetism.Thus,in Cr(H,2,O),6,3+,the three d electrons(it is d,3,)are unpaired.Thus,like the O,2,molecule which is paramagnetic,Cr(III)is paramagnetic.A d,10,metal ion(e.g.Zn(II)has a filled d sub-shell,and a d,0,metal ion(e.g.Ti(IV)has no d-electrons,so neith
16、er of these can be paramagnetic.,Variable oxidation states:,Most d-block metal ions display variable oxidation states.Thus,for example,Mn displays oxidation states from Mn(-III)(in Mn(CO)(NO),3,)through Mn(0)(in Mn,2,(CO),10,)to Mn(VII)(in MnO,4,-,).,Characteristic properties:Para,17,Oxidation states of first-row d-block ions:,Sc TiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn,111111,1,22,2,2,2,2,2,22,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,444,4,4,4,5,55,5,6,6,6,7,The most stable oxidation states are in,red,rarer oxidation states,pale blue:,
The-d-Block-Elements-General-properties：d區(qū)元素的一般性質(zhì)ppt課件
